RESUMEN
Innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Considerable data from different research teams have shown the importance of T lymphocytes in the pathophysiology of AKI and, more recently, prevention and repair. T cells can generate or resolve inflammation by secreting specific cytokines and growth factors as well as interact with other immune and stromal cells to induce kidney injury or promote tissue repair. There also are emerging data on the role of T cells in the progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease and organ cross-talk in AKI. These data set the stage for immunomodulatory therapies for AKI. This review focuses on the major populations of T lymphocytes and their roles as mediators for AKI and repair.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda/inmunología , Regeneración/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inflamación/inmunología , Linfocitos Intraepiteliales/inmunología , Riñón/fisiología , Células T Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Recuperación de la Función/inmunología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inmunología , Daño por Reperfusión/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Cyanobacteria have immense prospective as a platform for renewable energy; however, a major barrier in achieving optimal productivity is the low lipid yield. Fremyella diplosiphon, a model cyanobacterium, is an ideal biofuel agent due to its desirable fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To enhance lipid content, we overexpressed the sterol desaturase (SD) gene in F. diplosiphon B481 wild type by genetic transformation. This effort resulted in a transformant (B481-SD) with a 64-fold increase in the SD gene at the mRNA transcript level, with no loss in growth and pigmentation. The transformant was persistently grown for over 32 generations indicating long-term stability and vitality. We observed 27.3% and 23% increases in total lipid content and unsaturated FAMEs respectively in B481-SD transesterified lipids with methyl octadecadienoate as the most abundant unsaturated component. In addition, we detected an 81% increase in FAME composition in the transformant compared with the wild type. Theoretical physical and chemical properties confirmed a FAME profile with very high cetane number (65.972-67.494) and oxidative stability (50.493-18.66 h) in the engineered strain. Results of the study offer a promising approach to augment F. diplosiphon total lipid content and unsaturated FAMEs, thus paving the way to enhance biofuel capacity of the organism.