A comparative account of phototoxicity of anthracene and pyrene in the tadpoles of the anuran amphibian Fejervarya limnocharis using multiple toxicological end points.

Anthracene (Anth) and pyrene (Pyr), two of the priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), being lipophilic in nature, not only accumulate in animals, but also settle in the sediment of water bodies leading to continuous exposure for animals. Anth and Pyr when exposed to sunlight can be photoactivated and have harmful effects on aquatic organisms. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess the acute, sub-chronic, genetic and biochemical toxicity of Anth and Pyr in F. limnocharis tadpoles following short exposures to sunlight on a daily basis. In the bioaccumulation studies, it was found that both Anth and Pyr accumulated in the tadpole tissues in a concentration and time dependent manner. The LC50 values for Anth (under 15 min of daily sunlight exposure) were found to be 2.87, 2.59, 2.28, 1.80 mg/L at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of the exposures. The corresponding LC50 values for Pyr were 1.03, 0.80, 0.62, 0.42 mg/L. Sublethal exposure of Anth and Pyr affected the survivality, time to metamorphosis as well as morphometric parameters under sunlight exposure. In the genotoxicity assessment studies, particularly the micronucleus test and comet assay, it was found that Pyr led to a higher incidence of micronucleus formation and DNA damage in comparison to Anth. The exposure to PAHs resulted in significant changes in the activity of antioxidant-mediated protective response, specifically the SOD activity, which varied between the groups treated with Anth and Pyr. On the other hand, Pyr treated group showed a higher level of GSH as compared to Anth treated groups. Moreover, the elevation in MDA level in the Anth and Pyr treated groups suggests an increase in lipid peroxidation. Future research should focus on understanding the ecotoxicological risk faced by anuran amphibia due to PAHs that frequently occur in aquatic environments and developing strategies to mitigate these risks.

Heavy metal bioaccumulation triggers oxystress, genotoxicity and immunomodulation in head kidney macrophages of Channa punctatus Bloch.

Studies on heavy metal induced toxicity have been conducted in many water bodies across the globe and such effects have been evaluated in various fish species. The present study was designed to determine the load of some heavy metals in select sites in Southern Assam, India, along with estimating their concentration in tissues of Channa punctatus Bloch. inhabiting those niches. The effect of heavy metals in oxystress generation, genotoxicity and subsequent immune response in fish was also evaluated. In all of these sites, the concentration of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr were above the permissible ranges while their concentrations were several folds higher in the piscine tissues due to bioaccumulation and possible biomagnification. Kidney showed the highest metal pollution index followed by liver and gills. Generation of ROS was significantly elevated and that in turn triggered oxystress, as is evident from enhanced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and respiratory burst activity. These were in association with the compromised antioxidant enzyme levels with concomitant damage to DNA as evident from Comet parameters. The innate immune potential was significantly impaired as evident from the compromised cell adhesion, phagocytosis, intracellular killing activity in head kidney macrophages (HKM) along with decreased release of nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Immunosuppression was further validated at protein levels where compromised release of cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 and cell signaling molecules iNOS and NF-κß were noted. Thus the present study indicates genotoxicity along with a compromise in immune status of Channa punctatus Bloch. living in a habitat laden with heavy metals.

GCMS analysis of sadagura (smokeless tobacco), its enhanced genomic instability causing potential due to arsenic co-exposure, and vitamin-C supplementation as a possible remedial measure: a study involving multiple model test systems.

North-eastern states of India, including Assam, have a high prevalence of head and neck cancer cases. In these regions, Sadagura is a unique form of smokeless tobacco (SLT). There are fewer reports regarding the effects of simultaneous sadagura and arsenic co-exposure. Analysis of chemical compounds present in sadagura aqueous extract was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Estimation of arsenic contamination in groundwater and bioaccumulation in human tissues was performed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay and analysis of various peripheral blood parameters were performed among study volunteers. Chronic exposure (90 days) experiments were performed in mice test system in vivo to determine any possible protective potential of vitamin C (Vit-C) supplementation against sadagura and arsenic co-exposure. BMCyt assay results revealed a higher incidence of micronucleated cells (p < 0.001), and cell death biomarker among sadagura consumers residing in arsenic affected areas. Comet assay of mice femur bone marrow cells following chronic exposure of the test substances revealed a reduction in DNA damage due to Vit-C supplementation. Histological examination of the hepatic and renal tissues revealed marked improvement due to Vit-C supplementation in mice against sadagura and arsenic chronic co-exposure. Indiscriminate consumption, presence of various harmful compounds in sadagura along with arsenic co-exposure might be a vital link for the higher incidence of oral cancer in the region. Chronic Vit-C supplementation study results in mice show its effective remedial potential against combined sadagura and arsenic co-mediated genotoxicity and ultrastructural changes in major organs.

Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Exhibit Potential Anticancer Activity and can be Used as a Possible Cancer Therapeutic Agent: A Study Involving In Vitro and In Vivo Approach.

OBJECTIVES: New cases of cancers are increasing at an alarming rate globally. It has been hypothesized that modern cancer treatment is associated with lots of side effects and thus evoking the need to develop safer treatment measures. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-carcinogenic potential of a highly nutricious plant "Moringa oleifera" (MO) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: GC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (AEMO) was employed to identify the bioactive compound present. Anti-tumor activity of AEMO was assessed in EAC (Ehrlich acites carcinoma) induced solid tumor bearing mice by analyzing tumor weight (TW) and Tumor volume (TV). To assess AEMO induced cytotoxicity, EAC and HEp-2 (Human laryngeal carcinoma) cells were treated with AEMO (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml) for both 48 h and 72 h and trypan blue, MTT and LDH released assay was done. Further, cell cycle assay and apoptosis assay was done in EAC cells to understand the mechanism of AEMO induced tumor regression. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of quinic acid, octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), α-tocopherol (Vitamin-E) and É£-sitosterol as major bioactive compounds. AEMO administration reduced the TV and TW of tumor-bearing mice and increases the life span. Side effect analysis showed that AEMO treatment did not induce significant alterations of liver and kidney function and hematological parameters. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that AEMO treatment induced dose and time-dependent toxicity in both the cell lines tested. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed significant induction of apoptotic cells by changing the mitochondrial membrane potential in EAC cell line. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that AEMO has immense potential to inhibit the tumor progression without affecting the normal physiology and functioning of the body and thus can be used as a cancer therapeutic agent.

A Review on Role of Arecoline and Its Metabolites in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Lesions with an Insight into Current Status of Its Metabolomics.

Areca nut consumption is a popular habit in Southeast Asian countries. One of the important biologically active alkaloids of areca nut is arecoline, which plays a role in mediating the development of several pathologies of the primary exposure site, the oral cavity. Studies on the metabolism of arecoline revealed the formation of several metabolites which themselves might be toxic. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of arecoline might predispose an organism towards the development of oral cancer. The present review tries to accumulate all the relevant existing literature and then elucidate the molecular mechanism by which arecoline plays a role in the development of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Existing information regarding arecoline metabolism, enzymes involved in the metabolic process and biological effects of the metabolites of arecoline have also been compiled and compared to study the toxicity of metabolites with its parent compound arecoline and whether they play any role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer mediated by areca nut consumption. A repertoire of molecular targets has come up in the discussion whose expression profile is perturbed by arecoline. Construction of induction cascade from existing literature has given an idea about the process of molecular pathogenesis. The summarized and analysed data can help to determine the molecular mechanism and drug targets, which in turn could be helpful in the prevention or treatment of these pathological conditions. It also brings into light areas where further research needs to be directed.

Joint detection of claudin-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-A as a therapeutic target in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Abnormal expression of claudin-1 (CLDN-1) and junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) has been described in certain malignancies but their clinical relevance is poorly understood. The present study aims to elucidate the role of CLDN-1 and JAM-A in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Changes in the expression of these proteins were identified immunohistochemically on tissue sections from patients with OED and OSCC and compared with control. A correlation between the expression level of proteins and clinicopathological features was analyzed by Pearson's correlation χ2 test. The survival curve of the follow-up data was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method followed by the log-rank test. CLDN-1 and JAM-A were highly expressed in OED and OSCC tissues when compared to control. Also, delocalization of CLDN-1 from the membrane to the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed as the cell proceeds from normal to malignancy. Increased expression of CLDN-1 and JAM-A in both OED and OSCC were concomitant with histological grades. In addition, increased JAM-A was associated with perineural invasion of cancer cells. A positive correlation between the expression level of proteins was observed in OED (r = 0.733) and OSCC (r = 0.577). Kaplan-Meier analysis in patients with OSCC showed that the survival rate was lower in patients with high CLDN-1 and high JAM-A expression compared to low expressed patients. To conclude, the elevated level and delocalization of CLDN-1 and JAM-A suggest their use as tumor markers. A positive correlation between CLDN-1 and JAM-A suggests joint detection of these proteins as a future diagnostic tool in oral precancerous and cancerous conditions.

Melatonin attenuates radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in germ cells of male Swiss albino mice.

Increasing male infertility of unknown aetiology can be associated with environmental factors. Extensive use of mobile phones has exposed the general population to unprecedented levels of radiofrequency radiations (RFRs) that may adversely affect male reproductive health. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of RFR Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) type, 900 MHz and melatonin supplementation on germ cell development during spermatogenesis. Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups. One group received RFR exposure for 3 h twice/day for 35 days and the other group received the same exposure but with melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (MEL; 5 mg/kg bw/day). Two other groups received only MEL or remain unexposed. Sperm head abnormality, total sperm count, biochemical assay for lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity and testis histology were evaluated. Additionally, flow cytometric evaluation of germ cell subtypes and comet assay were performed in testis. Extensive DNA damage in germ cells of RFR-exposed animals along with arrest in pre-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis eventually leading to low sperm count and sperm head abnormalities were observed. Furthermore, biochemical assays revealed excess free radical generation resulting in histological and morphological changes in testis and germ cells morphology, respectively. However, these effects were either diminished or absent in RFR-exposed animals supplemented with melatonin. Hence, it can be concluded that melatonin inhibits pre-meiotic spermatogenesis arrest in male germ cells through its anti-oxidative potential and ability to improve DNA reparative pathways, leading to normal sperm count and sperm morphology in RFR-exposed animals.

Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in testicular germ cells in swiss albino mice.

Even though there are contradictory reports regarding the cellular and molecular changes induced by mobile phone emitted radiofrequency radiation (RFR), the possibility of any biological effect cannot be ruled out. In view of a widespread and extensive use of mobile phones, this study evaluates alterations in male germ cell transformation kinetics following RFR exposure and after recovery. Swiss albino mice were exposed to RFR (900 MHz) for 4 h and 8 h duration per day for 35 days. One group of animals was terminated after the exposure period, while others were kept for an additional 35 days post-exposure. RFR exposure caused depolarization of mitochondrial membranes resulting in destabilized cellular redox homeostasis. Statistically significant increases in the damage index in germ cells and sperm head defects were noted in RFR-exposed animals. Flow cytometric estimation of germ cell subtypes in mice testis revealed 2.5-fold increases in spermatogonial populations with significant decreases in spermatids. Almost fourfold reduction in spermatogonia to spermatid turnover (1C:2C) and three times reduction in primary spermatocyte to spermatid turnover (1C:4C) was found indicating arrest in the premeiotic stage of spermatogenesis, which resulted in loss of post-meiotic germ cells apparent from testis histology and low sperm count in RFR-exposed animals. Histological alterations such as sloughing of immature germ cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen, epithelium depletion and maturation arrest were also observed. However, all these changes showed recovery to varied degrees following the post-exposure period indicating that the adverse effects of RFR on mice germ cells are detrimental but reversible. To conclude, RFR exposure-induced oxidative stress causes DNA damage in germ cells, which alters cell cycle progression leading to low sperm count in mice.

Evaluation of genetic damage in tobacco and arsenic exposed population of Southern Assam, India using buccal cytome assay and comet assay.

Ground water is the principal source of drinking water in Assam. Ground water contamination of arsenic in drinking water is a great concern for human health and considered as a human carcinogen. The present cytogenetic biomonitoring study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxic effects associated with people of southern Assam consuming arsenic contaminated water and chewing tobacco. Employing the buccal cytome assay, exfoliated cells were analyzed in 138 individuals of age range 22-42 years and divided into four groups. Group I (n=54) are participants residing in localities where ground water contains arsenic concentration below the permissible limit (<10µg/l) and without any tobacco chewing history. Group II (n=32) participants from the same area but they are tobacco chewers. Group III (n=24) participants from localities where significantly high arsenic contamination in ground water were observed. Whereas the Group IV (n=28) consists of participants from the arsenic contaminated area and also tobacco chewers. Body mass index (BMI) in all the groups are found to be nearly same and in normal range. Statistically significant (P<0.001) increase in genotoxic, cell death parameters and cell proliferation biomarkers were observed in the Group IV compared to other groups. In the comet assay, percent of tail DNA gradually increases among the groups and has statistical significance. Spearman correlation revealed strong positive correlation between the arsenic exposed peoples and the binucleated cells (r=0.4763; P<0.001). Amount of chewing tobacco had significant positive correlation with micronucleus frequency (r=0.268; P<0.05) and karyolitic cells (r=0.217; P<0.05) and also in the percentage of tail DNA (r=0.5532, P<0.001). A statistically significant increase in glucose content and decrease in hemoglobin content as well as acetylcholine esterase in the blood of exposed individuals was observed. Our preliminary study indicate that population exposed to arsenic through drinking water may become more susceptible towards chewing tobacco induced nuclear damage as evaluated by buccal cytome assay and comet assay.

Importance of choline as essential nutrient and its role in prevention of various toxicities.

Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient included as a member of the vitamin B12 group owing to its structural similarities with that of the other members of the group. Its roles and functions, however, extend much wider than that of the vitamins with which it is grouped. Choline is vital for maintenance of various key metabolic processes which play a role in the prevention or progression of various health impairments. The occurrence of diseases like neural tube defect (NTD) and Alzheimer's is prevented by the metabolic role of choline. It is also indispensable for mitigation of various forms of toxic contamination. While adequate level of choline in the body is essential, an excess of choline can result in various forms of disorder. To maintain the optimal level of choline in the body can be a challenge. The vital roles played by choline together with the range of contradictions and problems that choline presents make choline an interesting area of study. This paper attempts to summarize and review some recent publications on choline that have opened up new prospect in understanding the multiple role played by choline and in throwing light on the role played by this wonder essential nutrient in mitigating various forms of toxic contamination.

Assessment of toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Fejervarya limnocharis exposed to tributyltin.

Tributyltin (TBT) is widely used in various commercial applications due to its biocidal properties. Toxicological and genotoxicological data on TBT exposure to amphibians is insufficient. Our study aimed to determine the acute toxicity and genotoxic potential of TBT in Fejervarya limnocharis tadpoles. Furthermore, oxidative stress was also investigated in TBT-treated tadpoles. Tadpoles of Gosner stage (26-30) were screened and subjected to increasing concentrations of TBT (0, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23 µg/L) for determining the LC50 values for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. LC50 values of TBT for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h were found to be 19.45, 15.07, 13.12, and 11.84 µg/L respectively. Based on the 96 h LC50 value (11.84 µg/L), tadpoles were exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of TBT for the evaluation of its genotoxic potential and effects on oxidative balance. The role of TBT on survivability, growth, and time to metamorphosis was also assessed. TBT exposure significantly altered the life history traits measured, increased mortality, and delayed the time taken to metamorphosis. Results indicated significant induction of micronucleus (MN, p < 0.001) and other erythrocytic nuclear aberrations (ENA, p < 0.01) in the TBT-treated groups. Significant alterations in comet parameters and oxidative balance were also observed in the treated groups. The present study findings might add to the cause of the gradual population decline seen in the amphibians. This study also demonstrates the alteration of the life-history traits, oxidative balance, and DNA damage upon TBT exposure which can have long-term consequences for the anuran amphibian F. limnocharis.

Evaluation of arsenic induced genotoxicity and its impact on life processes of Daphnia magna.

Heavy metals like arsenic is ubiquitously present in the environment. Geologic and anthropogenic activities are the root cause behind high concentration of arsenic in natural water bodies demanding strict monitoring of water quality prior to human consumption and utilization. In the present study, we have employed Daphnia magna for studying the biological effects of environmentally relevant high concentration of arsenic in water. In acute toxicity study, the LC50 value for 24hr exposure was found to be 2.504 mg/L, which gradually decreased with increase in time period (24hr- 96hr) to 2.011 mg/ L at 96hr. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated over 12 days using sub-lethal concentrations (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % of the 24-hr LC50). Survivability in Daphnia showed a decreasing trend from 96 % to 91 % with increase in arsenic concentrations from 5 % of LC50 24 hr value to 20 % of LC 50 24hr value respectively. Alongside decreased survivability, there was a significant reduction in body size, with organisms exposed to the highest concentration of arsenic measuring 0.87±0.01 mm compared to 1.51±0.10 mm in the control group. Reproductive potential declined concentration dependently with exposure, with the highest reduction observed at 20 % of LC50 24hr value, where offspring numbers decreased to 7±1 from 23±5 in the control. Heart rate decreased in concentration and time-dependent manners, with the lowest rates observed at the highest arsenic concentration (279±16 bpm after 24hr and 277±27 bpm after 48hr). Comet assay and micronucleus assay conducted after 48 hrs of exposure revealed concentration-dependent genotoxic effects in Daphnia magna. Our results indicate negative impact on physiology and reproduction of Daphnia magna at environmentally existent concentration of arsenic. Also Daphnia magna could serve as a sensitive test system for investigating arsenic contamination in water bodies.

Toxic effects of fenvalerate in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis: a multiparametric study.

Pyrethroids are among the most widely used insecticides. Fenvalerate (FEN), a synthetic pyrethroid, is frequently used in domestic and agricultural settings to control insects which ultimately find its way into the aquatic ecosystems. The larval stages of amphibians, which are experiencing a rapid population decline, are spent in aquatic habitats, thus making them vulnerable to FEN exposure. The potential toxic effects of pyrethoids in general and FEN in particular are not well understood. The present study was carried out to assess the toxicity of FEN in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis. FEN at different concentrations (0, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mg/L) induced substantial lethal effects. The estimated LC50 values were 8.54, 6.73, 5.44, and 4.44 mg/L at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h respectively. Exposure to environmentally relevant sub-lethal concentrations delayed metamorphosis and reduced survivality. FEN was found to be genotoxic in erythrocyte micronucleus and comet assay. Further, sub-lethal concentrations of FEN adversely affected the antioxidant defense mechanism of the exposed individuals with parallel increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids. The swimming behavior in the form of startle response, swirl response, and total movements was decreased with a concomitant decrease in AChE activity. In addition, FEN exhibited significant cardiotoxicity by decreasing the cardiac rate of the exposed individuals. The present findings clearly indicate that FEN can cause significant toxicity to the tadpoles of F. limnocharis affecting their survival and fitness in the natural environment.

Effects of changed water regime on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis.

Climate change is viewed as one of the important causes of the amphibian population decline. Aspects of climate change like increase in water temperature and drying up of habitats have been underrepresented. The expanding production and usage of metal nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make them likely to end up in aquatic ecosystems. To arrive at a realistic assessment of the impact of AgNPs in a warming world, we have investigated the effects of temperature on the acute toxicity of AgNPs in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. The various aspects of sub-lethal toxicities of AgNPs with increase in temperature were also investigated. Besides, the effects of habitat desiccation on the sub-lethal toxicities of AgNPs in the tadpoles were analysed. The LC50 values of AgNPs at four different time points were found to be significantly different between the two different temperatures. Alterations in survival pattern, life history traits, amplifications in genotoxic potential and oxidative stress were observed with increased water temperature following AgNP exposure. The phenomenon of habitat desiccation was also found to significantly affect the toxicity of AgNPs with respect to alterations in mortality rate, time to metamorphosis and morphometric parameters of metamorphosed tadpoles. The findings suggest that changed water regime such as increased water temperature as well as reduction in water level accelerated the toxic effects of AgNPs in F. limnocharis tadpoles which is likely to affect their natural populations.

Effects of radiation and vitamin C treatment on metronidazole genotoxicity in mice.

The impact of exposure to low dose radiation (LDR) on human health is not clear. Besides, cross adaptation or sensitization with pharmaceutical agents may modify the risk of LDR. In the present study, we analyzed the interaction of radiation and metronidazole (MTZ) in inducing chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) in the bone marrow cells of Balb/C mice in vivo. Further, we evaluated the efficacy of vitamin C to reduce MTZ induced genotoxicity. We found that 10, 20 and 40mg/kg of MTZ induced dose dependent increase in the frequency of CA (r=0.9923, P<0.01) as well as MN (r=0.9823, P<0.05) in polychromatic erythrocytes. However, MTZ did not affect the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to normochromatic erythrocytes indicating lack of cytotoxicity. Supplementation with vitamin C prior to MTZ treatment significantly reduced the frequency of CA (P<0.001) as well as MN (P<0.001). Radiation (0.5Gy) exposure prior to MTZ treatment produced a less than additive (for CA) to additive (for MN) effects. However, radiation exposure following MTZ treatment produced additive (for CA) and synergistic (for MN) effects. Further, vitamin C pre-treatment also reduced the genotoxicity indices following the combined treatment of MTZ and radiation. Our findings suggest that MTZ may sensitize bone marrow cells to radiation exposure and enhances genotoxicity. We recommend more studies on the interaction of LDR and marketed pharmaceuticals to minimize possible harmful outcomes through appropriate precautionary measures.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of tributyltin in the early embryonic chick, Gallus gallus domesticus.

Tributyltin (TBT) is used in many commercial applications, including pesticides and antifouling paints, due to its biocidal properties. We examined the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of TBT in the early chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus). Chick embryos (11 days) were treated with various doses of TBT to measure LD50 values for 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, which were determined to be 110, 54, and 18 µg/egg, respectively. The embryos were exposed to sub-lethal doses of TBT for evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. An increase in the incidence of micronuclei (MN) was observed but it was not statistically significant. Induction of other nuclear abnormalities (ONA) after 72 h TBT exposure was significant. A significant increase in comet assay tail DNA content was also detected in TBT-exposed embryos. Cytotoxicity was also evidenced by alteration in the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio and by an increase in the erythroblast population in treated organisms. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of TBT may have long-term complications in later stages of the life cycle.

Areca nut and smokeless tobacco exposure induces micronucleus, other nuclear abnormalities and cytotoxicity in early chick embryo.

Areca nut (AN) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) are indiscriminately consumed among the populations of Southeast and South Asian countries, even by women during the gestational period. This study aimed to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of AN and Sadagura (SG), a unique homemade SLT preparation, alone and in combination in early chick embryos. Fertile white leghorn chicken eggs were randomly divided into five treatment groups: vehicle control, positive control (Mitomycin C, 20 µg/egg), AN, SG, and AN+SG. AN, SG, and AN+SG were given at dosages of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/egg. The hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN) was performed in chick embryos to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the test agents. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential was assessed by studying erythroblast cell populations and the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) ratio. Our results indicated a significant increase (p < .001) in MN frequency and other nuclear abnormalities, suggesting the potential of AN and SG to cause genotoxicity. Also, AN and SG exposure alone and in combination considerably altered the erythroblast cell population (%) and the PCE to NCE ratio in all the treatment periods. Our findings established the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of both AN and SG alone and in combination during early embryonic development in the chick embryo.

Altered expression of junctional proteins as a potential biomarker in oral precancerous and cancerous patients.

Due to a lower survival rate in patients with advanced clinical stages of oral cancer, discovering a biomarker that could diagnose and predict disease progression is vital. Cell-cell junctional proteins play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue architecture but are often deregulated in different cancer. The present study investigates the expression of cell-cell junctional proteins viz: e-cadherin (E-cad) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in oral precancerous (OED) and cancerous (OSCC) patients to monitor if they can serve as practicable molecular markers. The ultrastructural junctional complex was studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the expression of proteins was performed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between the expression of protein and clinicopathological features of the patients was checked by Pearson's correlation test. Furthermore, the survival curve of the follow-up data was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We observed a disrupted junctional complex and a significantly decreased immunoexpression of E-cad and ZO-1 in OED and OSCC when compared to the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The expression of ZO-1 was associated with TNM stages, whereas E-cad was associated with histological grades as well as TNM stages. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of ZO-1 and E-cad proteins in OED and OSCC. Further, follow-up studies revealed that high ZO-1 and E-cad expressing patients survived longer than their low expressed counterparts. The present study shows disruption of junctional complex and alteration of junctional proteins expression that could draw the attention of health professionals to explore junctional proteins as a possible therapeutic target in oral cancer.

Role of quercetin on mitomycin C induced genotoxicity: analysis of micronucleus and chromosome aberrations in vivo.

Quercetin, a flavonol group of plant flavonoid, has generated immense interest because of its potential antioxidant, anti-proliferative, chemoprotective, anti-inflammatory and gene expression modulating properties. However, the pro-oxidant chemistry of quercetin is important as it is related to the generation of mutagenic quinone-type metabolites. In the present study, 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg of quercetin given through the intra peritoneal (i.p.) route induced 2.31 ± 0.27%, 4.72 ± 0.58% and 6.38 ± 0.68% (control value=0.67 ± 0.30%) respectively, of cells with micronucleus (MN) in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells and 10.93 ± 0.98%, 10.00 ± 0.89% and 14.27 ± 3.94% (control 2.61 ± 0.48) of cells with chromosome aberrations (CA) following 24h of the treatments. Higher frequencies of MN and CA were also observed after 48h of the treatments. To verify the effect of route of treatment on the quercetin induced damage, 100mg/kg b.w. was given through oral route which declined frequency of MN (P<0.001) as well as CA (P<0.05) as compared to the i.p. route for the same dose. Quercetin also induced higher frequency of metaphases with sticky chromosomes and C-mitosis. Pre-treatment with quercetin significantly reduced the frequency of mitomycin C (MMC) induced MN as well as CA, but no clear correlation between the dose and effect could be observed. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible interaction of quercetin with DNA as well as with other DNA damaging agents like MMC in vivo. The protective action of quercetin was not enhanced when given orally. Our findings suggest that quercetin may result in genomic instability in the tested dose range and significant reduction in MMC induced genotoxicity in the highest dose tested. These effects of quercetin are to be taken into consideration while evaluating the possible use of quercetin as a therapeutic agent.

The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMN(XL)): the role of life-style, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol.

The human buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is one of the most widely used techniques to measure genetic damage in human population studies. Reducing protocol variability, assessing the role of confounders, and estimating a range of reference values are research priorities that will be addressed by the HUMN(XL) collaborative study. The HUMN(XL) project evaluates the impact of host factors, occupation, life-style, disease status, and protocol features on the occurrence of MN in exfoliated buccal cells. In addition, the study will provide a range of reference values for all cytome endpoints. A database of 5424 subjects with buccal MN values obtained from 30 laboratories worldwide was compiled and analyzed to investigate the influence of several conditions affecting MN frequency. Random effects models were mostly used to investigate MN predictors. The estimated spontaneous MN frequency was 0.74‰ (95% CI 0.52-1.05). Only staining among technical features influenced MN frequency, with an abnormal increase for non-DNA-specific stains. No effect of gender was evident, while the trend for age was highly significant (p<0.001). Most occupational exposures and a diagnosis of cancer significantly increased MN and other endpoints frequencies. MN frequency increased in heavy smoking (≥40cig/day, FR=1.37; 95% CI 1.03-.82) and decreased with daily fruit consumption (FR=0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91). The results of the HUMN(XL) project identified priorities for validation studies, increased the basic knowledge of the assay, and contributed to the creation of a laboratory network which in perspective may allow the evaluation of disease risk associated with MN frequency.