GLUCOMANNAN AND GLUCOMANNAN PLUS SPIRULINA-ENRICHED SQUID-SURIMI ADDED TO HIGH SATURATED DIET AFFECT GLYCEMIA, PLASMA AND ADIPOSE LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN LEVELS IN GROWING FA/FA RATS.

Type 2 diabetes is a very prevalent chronic disease. Among dietary factors for its prevention and treatment, interest has grown in satiating fibre (konjac glucomannan) and spirulina. Our previous studies suggest that glucomannan itself and/or in conjunction to spirulina displayed hypolipemic and antioxidant effects when incorporated to squid surimi as functional ingredients. The present study aims to determine whether glucomannan- enriched or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched squid-surimi improve plasma glucose and insulin levels in Zucker fa/fa rats fed a high saturated fat diet. Twenty four growing rats, divided into three groups, were given modified AIN-93M diets for seven weeks: 30% squid-surimi control diet (C), 30% glucomannan-enriched squid-surimi diet (G) and 30% glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched squid-surimi diet (GS). All rats became hyperglycemics and hyperinsulinemics, but G and GS diets induced significantly lower glucose levels (20%; p < 0.05) but did not modify insulinemia with respect to C diet. GS animals showed higher HOMA-D (p < 0.05) than C ones suggesting increased insulin availability. Plasma leptin and adiponectin decreased in G and GS vs. C group (p < 0.05). Adipose adiponectin increased significantly in G and GS vs. C rats (16-20 times, p < 0.01). Leptin in adipose tissue was higher in GS vs. G group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both glucomannan-diets were able to reduce hyperglycemia and increase adipose tissue adiponectin levels in fa/fa rats, suggesting an anti-hypertrophic and insulin-sensitizing adipokine effect in this tissue. Spirulina inclusion increased insulin availability. Although results are promising, the utility of consuming glucomannan surimis as part of usual diets demands future studies.

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica de gran prevalencia. Entre otros factores dietéticos para su prevención y tratamiento, la fibra saciante (p. ej. glucomanano de konjac) y la espirulina han experimentado un interés creciente. Estudios previos sugieren que el glucomanano solo o en conjunción con la espirulina, incorporados a surimi de calamar, como ingredientes funcionales, induce efectos hipolipemiantes y antioxidantes. En el presente estudio tratamos de determinar si dichos surimis de calamar mejoran la glucemia y la insulinemia en ratas Zucker fa/fa alimentadas con una dieta hipersaturada. Veinticuatro ratas en crecimiento, divididas en tres grupos, fueron alimentadas durante siete semanas con las siguientes dietas AIN-93M modificadas: dieta control con 30% de surimi de calamar (C), dieta glucomanano con 30% de surimi de calamar enriquecido con 15% glucomanano (G) y dieta glucomanano/espirulina con 30% de surimi de calamar enriquecido con 15% de glucomanano y espirulina 3 g/kg dieta (GS). Todos los grupos presentaron hiperglucemia e hiperinsulinemia, pero las dietas G y GS redujeron significativamente los niveles de glucosa (20%; p < 0,05) con respecto a la dieta C, aunque no lograron modificar la insulinemia. Los animales alimentados con GS tuvieron valores de HOMA-D (p < 0,05) más elevados respecto al grupo C, sugiriendo un aumento de la disponibilidad de insulina. La leptina y la adiponectina plasmáticas disminuyeron en la dieta G y GS respecto a la C (p < 0,05). La adiponectina en tejido adiposo aumentó significativamente en G y GS vs. C (16-20 veces, p < 0,01). La leptina en tejido adiposo fue mayor en GS vs. G (p < 0,05). En resumen, ambas dietas con glucomanano fueron capaces de reducir la hiperglucemia e incrementar la adiponectina en tejido adiposo, sugiriendo para este tejido efectos antihipertróficos y sensibilizantes a la insulina. La inclusión de espirulina incrementó la disponibilidad de insulina. Aunque los resultados son prometedores, la conveniencia del consumo de surimis con glucomanano como parte de una dieta normal requiere futuros estudios.

Relationships between serum calcium and magnesium levels and lipoproteins, homocysteine and insulin resistance/sensitivity markers at birth.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between serum minerals and homocysteine, lipoprotein and glucose homeostasis markers at birth has been scarcely reported. This study aims to determine a) the relationship between calcium, magnesium, cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers (e.g. lipids, lipoproteins, homocysteine) and insulin sensitivity/ resistance markers (e.g. glucose, insulin, HOMA) in cord serum; and b) to find out the possible influence of reduced or increased levels of serum calcium and magnesium on those markers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight eutocic, normoweight and appropriated-for-gestational age, full-term, singleton without foetal distress newborns from the Mérida Study were studied. Parameter percentiles for serum calcium and magnesium as well as for the Ca/Mg ratio were stated. CVD and insulin sensitivity/resistance markers in neonates within the first quartile for calcium, magnesium and their ratio were compared with those of neonates within the forth quartile for these minerals. RESULTS: Serum calcium negative correlated with HDL-c (p<0.05), arylesterase (AE) (p<0.01), the Apo A1/Apo B (p<0.05) and AE/HDL-c (p<0.05) ratios. Also, negative and significant correlations were found between the Ca/Mg ratio and AE (p<0.01), and AE/HDL-c (p<0.05). Neonates within the highest quartile for Mg displayed significantly higher levels of LDL-c and homocysteine (p<0.05). Newborns within the Ca/Mg ratio first quartile presented higher activities of AE while those of with high Ca/Mg ratio showed low levels of insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium and magnesium levels appear related to CVD and insulin sensitivity/resistance markers at birth. Future follow-up studies, mostly in neonates, with high magnesemia and/or high Ca/Mg ratio at birth are recommended.

Introducción La relación entre los niveles de minerales en suero con los de homocisteína, lipoproteínas y marcadores homeostáticos de glucosa al nacimiento es poco conocida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue doble: a) determinar la relación entre calcio, magnesio, marcadores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (CVD) (p.e. lípidos, lipoproteínas, homocisteína) y marcadores de sensibilidad/resistencia a la insulina (p.e. glucosa, insulina, HOMA) en sangre de cordón; b) encontrar la posible influencia de los niveles elevados o reducidos de calcio y magnesio en suero sobre tales marcadores. Sujetos y Métodos Se testaron 48 recién nacidos a término, de parto eutócico, normopeso, peso adecuado para su edad gestacional, sin distrés fetal del Estudio Mérida. Se obtuvieron percentiles para calcio, magnesio y la relación Ca/Mg y se compararon los niveles de marcadores CVD y sensibilidad/resistencia a la insulina de los neonatos clasificados en el primer cuartil para calcio, magnesio y cociente Ca/Mg con aquellos del cuarto cuartil. Resultados El calcio sérico se correlacionó negativamente con HDL-c (p.

Fasting status and thermally oxidized sunflower oil ingestion affect the intestinal antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression of male Wistar rats.

The effect of thermally oxidized sunflower oil ingestion on antioxidant levels, enzyme activities and expressions in the small intestine of fed and fasted rats was studied. For three consecutive days, 12 male Wistar rats received 0.5 g of unused sunflower oil/100 g of body weight (controls, C) while another 12 were given 0.5 g of thermally oxidized sunflower oil/100 g of body weight (test group, T). On the night of day 3, 6 rats from each group were fasted (FC and FT, respectively) while the other 6 animals from each group were given free access to food (NFC and NFT, respectively). On day 4, FC and NFC rats received 1 g of unused oil/100 g of body weight, while FT and NFT rats were given 1 g of altered oil/100 g of body weight. Small intestines were extracted after 4 h exposure to the oils. Fasting and oil alteration significantly interacted modifying total, Se-GPx (both, P < 0.001) and non-Se-GPx (P < 0.05) activity, and GPx and Cu,Zn-SOD expressions (both P < 0.001). FT rats showed a significant increase in TBARS (P < 0.05) and catalase activity (P < 0.001) and a decrease in SOD, Se- and non-Se-dependent GPx activities (at least, P < 0.05) with respect to FC and NFT animals. SOD and GPx expressions decreased (p<0.001) but that of TNFalpha increased significantly (P < 0.001) in FT rats with respect to FC and NFT animals. Lengthy fasting and consumption of food containing oxidized fat should both be avoided to prevent intestinal oxidative stress.

Glucomannan and glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched squid-surimi added to high saturated diet affect glycemia, plasma and adipose leptin and adiponectin levels in growing fa/fa rats / Las dietas hipersaturadas que contienen surimi de calamar enriquecido con glucomanano y glucomanano/espirulina afectan a la glucemia y a los niveles plasmáticos y adiposos de leptina y adiponectina en ratas fa/fa en crecimiento

Type 2 diabetes is a very prevalent chronic disease. Among dietary factors for its prevention and treatment, interest has grown in satiating fibre (konjac glucomannan) and spirulina. Our previous studies suggest that glucomannan itself and/or in conjunction to spirulina displayed hypolipemic and antioxidant effects when incorporated to squid surimi as functional ingredients. The present study aims to determine whether glucomannan-enriched or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched squid-surimi improve plasma glucose and insulin levels in Zucker fa/fa rats fed a high saturated fat diet. Twenty four growing rats, divided into three groups, were given modified AIN-93M diets for seven weeks: 30% squid-surimi control diet (C), 30% glucomannan-enriched squid-surimi diet (G) and 30% glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched squid-surimi diet (GS). All rats became hyperglycemics and hyperinsulinemics, but G and GS diets induced significantly lower glucose levels (20%; p < 0.05) but did not modify insulinemia with respect to C diet. GS animals showed higher HOMA-D (p < 0.05) than C ones suggesting increased insulin availability. Plasma leptin and adiponectin decreased in G and GS vs. C group (p < 0.05). Adipose adiponectin increased significantly in G and GS vs. C rats (16-20 times, p < 0.01). Leptin in adipose tissue was higher in GS vs. G group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both glucomannan-diets were able to reduce hyperglycemia and increase adipose tissue adiponectin levels in fa/fa rats, suggesting an anti-hypertrophic and insulin-sensitizing adipokine effect in this tissue. Spirulina inclusion increased insulin availability. Although results are promising, the utility of consuming glucomannan surimis as part of usual diets demands future studies (AU)

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica de gran prevalencia. Entre otros factores dietéticos para su prevención y tratamiento, la fibra saciante (p. ej. glucomanano de konjac) y la espirulina han experimentado un interés creciente. Estudios previos sugieren que el glucomanano solo o en conjunción con la espirulina, incorporados a surimi de calamar, como ingredientes funcionales, induce efectos hipolipemiantes y antioxidantes. En el presente estudio tratamos de determinar si dichos surimis de calamar mejoran la glucemia y la insulinemia en ratas Zucker fa/fa alimentadas con una dieta hipersaturada. Veinticuatro ratas en crecimiento, divididas en tres grupos, fueron alimentadas durante siete semanas con las siguientes dietas AIN-93M modificadas: dieta control con 30% de surimi de calamar (C), dieta glucomanano con 30% de surimi de calamar enriquecido con 15% glucomanano (G) y dieta glucomanano/espirulina con 30% de surimi de calamar enriquecido con 15% de glucomanano y espirulina 3 g/kg dieta (GS). Todos los grupos presentaron hiperglucemia e hiperinsulinemia, pero las dietas G y GS redujeron significativamente los niveles de glucosa (20%; p < 0,05) con respecto a la dieta C, aunque no lograron modificar la insulinemia. Los animales alimentados con GS tuvieron valores de HOMA-D (p < 0,05) más elevados respecto al grupo C, sugiriendo un aumento de la disponibilidad de insulina. La leptina y la adiponectina plasmáticas disminuyeron en la dieta G y GS respecto a la C (p < 0,05). La adiponectina en tejido adiposo aumentó significativamente en G y GS vs. C (16-20 veces, p < 0,01). La leptina en tejido adiposo fue mayor en GS vs. G (p < 0,05). En resumen, ambas dietas con glucomanano fueron capaces de reducir la hiperglucemia e incrementar la adiponectina en tejido adiposo, sugiriendo para este tejido efectos antihipertróficos y sensibilizantes a la insulina. La inclusión de espirulina incrementó la disponibilidad de insulina. Aunque los resultados son prometedores, la conveniencia del consumo de surimis con glucomanano como parte de una dieta normal requiere futuros estudios (AU)

Relationships between serum calcium and magnesium levels and lipoproteins, homocysteine and insulin resistance/sensitivity markers at birth / Relaciones de los niveles séricos de calcio y magnesio con los de homocisteína, lipoproteínas, y marcadores de sensibilidad/ resistencia a la insulina al nacimiento

Background: The relationship between serum minerals and homocysteine, lipoprotein and glucose homeostasis markers at birth has been scarcely reported. This study aims to determine a) the relationship between calcium, magnesium, cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers (e.g. lipids, lipoproteins, homocysteine) and insulin sensitivity/ resistance markers (e.g. glucose, insulin, HOMA) in cord serum; and b) to find out the possible influence of reduced or increased levels of serum calcium and magnesium on those markers. Subjects and Methods: Forty-eight eutocic, normoweight and appropriated-for-gestational age, full-term, singleton without foetal distress newborns from the Mérida Study were studied. Parameter percentiles for serum calcium and magnesium as well as for the Ca/Mg ratio were stated. CVD and insulin sensitivity/resistance markers in neonates within the first quartile for calcium, magnesium and their ratio were compared with those of neonates within the forth quartile for these minerals. Results: Serum calcium negative correlated with HDL-c (p<0.05), arylesterase (AE) (p<0.01), the Apo A1/Apo B (p<0.05) and AE/HDL-c (p<0.05) ratios. Also, negative and significant correlations were found between the Ca/Mg ratio and AE (p<0.01), and AE/HDL-c (p<0.05). Neonates within the highest quartile for Mg displayed significantly higher levels of LDL-c and homocysteine (p<0.05). Newborns within the Ca/Mg ratio first quartile presented higher activities of AE while those of with high Ca/Mg ratio showed low levels of insulin. Conclusions: Calcium and magnesium levels appear related to CVD and insulin sensitivity/resistance markers at birth. Future follow-up studies, mostly in neonates, with high magnesemia and/or high Ca/Mg ratio at birth are recommended (AU)

Introducción La relación entre los niveles de minerales en suero con los de homocisteína, lipoproteínas y marcadores homeostáticos de glucosa al nacimiento es poco conocida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue doble: a) determinar la relación entre calcio, magnesio, marcadores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (CVD) (p.e. lípidos, lipoproteínas, homocisteína) y marcadores de sensibilidad/resistencia a la insulina (p.e. glucosa, insulina, HOMA) en sangre de cordón; b) encontrar la posible influencia de los niveles elevados o reducidos de calcio y magnesio en suero sobre tales marcadores. Sujetos y Métodos Se testaron 48 recién nacidos a término, de parto eutócico, normopeso, peso adecuado para su edad gestacional, sin distrés fetal del Estudio Mérida. Se obtuvieron percentiles para calcio, magnesio y la relación Ca/Mg y se compararon los niveles de marcadores CVD y sensibilidad/resistencia a la insulina de los neonatos clasificados en el primer cuartil para calcio, magnesio y cociente Ca/Mg con aquellos del cuarto cuartil. Resultados El calcio sérico se correlacionó negativamente con HDL-c (p<0,05), arilesterasa (AE) (p<0,01), cocientes Apo A1/Apo B (p<0,05) y AE/HDL-c (p<0,05). El cociente Ca/Mg correlacionó negativa y significativamente con AE (p<0,01) y AE/HDL-c (p<0,05). Los neonatos del cuarto cuartil para Mg presentaron niveles más elevados de LDL-c y homocisteína (p<0,05). Aquellos del primer cuartil para Ca/Mg presentaron actividades de AE más elevadas, mientras que los del cuarto cuartil para Ca/Mg, menores insulinemias. Conclusiones Calcemia y magnesemia aparecen relacionadas al nacimiento con marcadores CVD y de sensibilidad/ resistencia a la insulina. Se recomiendan estudios de seguimiento, particularmente en aquellos niños con niveles elevados de magnesio y/o cocientes Ca/Mg elevados al nacimiento (AU)

Glucomannan and glucomannan plusspirulina added to pork significantly block dietary cholesterol effects on lipoproteinemia, arylesterase activity, and CYP7A1 expression in Zucker fa/fa rats

Zucker fa/fa rats easily develop dyslipidemia and obesity. Restructured pork (RP) is a suitable matrix for including functional ingredients. The effects of glucomannan- RP or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched RP on plasma lipid/lipoprotein levels, cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) expression, and arylesterase activity in growing fa/fa rats fed high-energy, high-fat cholesterol-enriched diets were tested. Groups of six rats each received diet containing 15 % control-RP (C), 15 % glucomannan-RP diet (G), 15 % glucomannan + spirulina-RP diet (GS), and same diets enriched with 2.4 % cholesterol and 0.49 % cholic acid (cholesterol-enriched control (HC), cholesterol-enriched glucomannan (HG), and cholesterol-enriched glucomannan + spirulina (HGS) diets) over a 7-week period. C diet induced obesity, severe hyperglycemia, moderate hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Those facts were not significantly modified by G or GS diets. G diet increased CYP7A1 expression but decreased the total cholesterol/high density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol ratio (p < 0.05) vs. C diet. GS vs. G diet increased (p < 0.05) CYP7A1 expression. HC vs. C diet reduced food intake, body weight gain, and plasma glucose (p < 0.01) but increased cholesterolemia (p < 0.01), lipidemia (plasma cholesterol plus triglycerides) (p < 0.001), cholesterol/triglyceride ratio in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and HDL (p < 0.05), cholesterol transported by VLDL and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) + low density lipoproteins (LDL), total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and CYP7A1 expression (at least p < 0.05). HG and HGS diets vs. HC noticeably reduced lipidemia (p < 0.001), normalized VLDL and IDL + LDL lipid composition, and increased CYP7A1 expression (p < 0.01) but did not modify the cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. HGS vs. HG decreased triglyceridemia, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and increased arylesterase/HDL-cholesterol activity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, G- and GS-RP act as functional foods and notably blocked the dietary cholesterol effects. In addition, HGS-RP improved the glucomannan hypolipidemic effects, increased arylesterase/HDL-cholesterol activity, and decreased insulin resistance