Relationships between gender, age, family conditions, physical and mental health, and social isolation of elderly caregivers.

BACKGROUND: In an aging population an increasing number of elderly caregivers will be called upon to provide care over a long period, during which time they will be burdened both by caregiving and by the physiological effects of their own aging. Among them there will be more aged male caregivers, who will probably be less prepared than women to become caregivers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between caregivers' gender, age, family income, living arrangements and social support as independent variables, and depressive symptoms, comorbidities, level of frailty, grip strength, walking speed and social isolation, as dependent variables. METHODS: 176 elderly people (123 women) were selected from a sample of a population-based study on frailty (n = 900), who had cared for a spouse (79.3%) and/or parents (31.4%) in the past five years (mean age = 71.8 ± 4.86 years; mean monthly family income in minimum wages = 4.64 ± 5.14). The study used questionnaires and self-report scales, grip strength and walking speed tests. RESULTS: 65% of participants evaluated caregiving as being very stressful. Univariate analyses of regression showed low family income as a risk factor for depression; being female and low perceived social support as a risk for comorbidities; being 80 years of age and above for low grip strength; and being male for social isolation indicated by discontinuity of activities and social roles. In multivariate analyses of regression, poverty arose as a risk factor for depression and being female for comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Gender roles, age, income and social support interacted with physical and emotional health, and with the continuity of social participation of elderly caregivers. Special attention must be given to male caregivers.

Quality of life and depressive symptoms in Chagas disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Besides the typical organic aspects of Chagas disease, the patients need to face physical, psychological, social and economic difficulties, which can compromise their quality of life. Consequently they may develop feelings of sadness, grief and loss, and depressive symptoms. METHODS: This study assessed the quality of life and depressive symptoms in 110 Chagas disease patients using WHOQOL-BREF for measuring the quality of life; also it was used Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depressive symptom evaluation. RESULTS: Among all patients, 51% were women; 42.5% considered their quality of life as positive and 40.9% presented depressive symptoms. Chagas disease clinical form distribution was: cardiac 49.09%, indeterminate 26.36%, digestive 12.73%, and mixed 11.82%. There was no significant difference comparing the depressive symptom intensity on gender, age and marital status, although there was a significant difference comparing depressive symptoms in indeterminate clinical form patients with others. All domains of WHOQOL-BREF showed significant correlation coefficients (Pearson). CONCLUSIONS: At digestive form it was reported minor scores in the quality of life domains and greater ones on depressive symptom levels. There was a negative correlation between BDI and WHOQOL-BREF, suggesting that, among Chagas disease patients, the higher is the quality of life the lower is the intensity of depressive symptoms.

Trypanosoma cruzi: parasite persistence in tissues in chronic chagasic Brazilian patients.

Chagas disease in the chronic phase may develop into cardiac and/or digestive forms. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet clear and studies have been carried out to elucidate the role of parasite persistence in affected organs. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify Trypanosoma cruzi in paraffin-embedded tissue samples from chronic patients using NPCR (nested polymerase chain reaction) and QPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) methods. These results were correlated to anatomopathological alterations in the heart and gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Of the 23 patients studied, 18 presented the cardiac form and five presented the cardiodigestive form of Chagas disease. DNA samples were randomly isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of heart and GIT tissue of 23 necropsies and were analyzed through NPCR amplification. T. cruzi DNA was detected by NPCR in 48/56 (85.7%) heart and 35/42 (83.3%) GIT samples from patients with the cardiac form. For patients with the cardiodigestive form, NPCR was positive in 12/14 (85.7%) heart and in 14/14 (100%) GIT samples. QPCR, with an efficiency of 97.6%, was performed in 13 samples (11 from cardiac and 2 from cardiodigestive form) identified previously as positive by NPCR. The number of T. cruzi copies was compared to heart weight and no statistical significance was observed. Additionally, we compared the number of copies in different tissues (both heart and GIT) in six samples from the cardiac form and two samples from the cardiodigestive form. The parasite load observed was proportionally higher in heart tissues from patients with the cardiac form. These results show that the presence of the parasite in tissues is essential to Chagas disease pathogenesis.

Neuropathy of gastrointestinal Chagas' disease: immune response to myelin antigens.

Most reports of autoimmune response during infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi have dealt with the cardiomyopathic form of Chagas' disease, but little is known about the mechanisms of tissue damage involved in the gastrointestinal form, which was studied here. Chronically infected patients with a severe gastrointestinal form of Chagas' disease present increased antibody production and proliferative responses to peripheral myelin components, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), which is homologous to the P1 protein fraction of peripheral myelin. T lymphocytes preferentially recognize a region on the MBP molecule (1-30), which suggests that the MBP is a potential target on the peripheral nerve for autoimmune reactions in patients with gastrointestinal lesions resulting from Chagas' disease.

[Clinical and laboratory characterization of hypertensive Chagas disease patients without evident heart failure]. / Caracterização clínico-laboratorial de chagásicos hipertensos sem insuficiência cardíaca manifesta.

This study evaluated the characteristics of 125 Chagas disease patients aged > 25 years or over who were attended at the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas, State of São Paulo. Arterial pressure, age, gender, skin color, heart disease, body mass index, lipid profile, blood glucose level, alcohol and tobacco dependence, dyslipidemia, diabetes, anxiety disorders and obesity were investigated. It was found that the hypertensive Chagas disease patients were older than the non-hypertensive ones (p = 0.028). Among the hypertensive patients, there were more women (p = 0.015); higher blood glucose, LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels (p = 0.005, p = 0.024 and p = 0.017); more diabetics (p = 0.006); and more cardiac damage (p = 0.04) and left ventricular hypertrophy (p = 0.003). Only the age of patients with cardiac damage was shown to be higher (p = 0.003). The hypertensive Chagas disease patients presented clinical and laboratory characteristics that were similar to those of the general hypertensive population. This association may compound the harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.

[Clinical presentation of chronic Chagas disease in elderly individuals]. / Apresentação clínica da doença de Chagas crônica em indivíduos idosos.

This study had the aim of evaluating the clinical presentation of chronic Chagas disease among the elderly. It was a retrospective analysis of clinical records at an outpatient referral service. The sample was divided into two groups: elderly (>or= 60 years old) and non-elderly. Sex, comorbidities, clinical form, electrocardiogram and serological titers were evaluated. In the elderly group (61 cases), the mean age was 66.03+/-5 years; 67.2% were female; 59% presented comorbidities (most frequently systemic arterial hypertension, in 39.3%); 1.6% had the indeterminate clinical form, 88.5% the cardiac form and 36% the digestive form; and abnormalities were frequently found on electrocardiograms: 41% presented anterosuperior left bundle branch block (AS-LBBB), 32.8% presented right bundle branch block (RBBB) and 22.9% presented ventricular ectopic beats (VEB). In the non-elderly group (61 cases), the mean age was 39.30+/-8.36 years; 54.1% were female; 50.8% presented comorbidities (most frequently systemic arterial hypertension, in 26.2%); 18% had the indeterminate clinical form (p<0.05), 78.7% the cardiac form and 32.8% the digestive form; and abnormalities were frequently found on electrocardiogram: 24.6% presented AS-LBBB, 21.3% RBBB and 18% VEB. It was concluded that there were no clinical differences between elderly and non-elderly Chagas patients. The indeterminate clinical form predominated in patients less than 60 years old.

Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are associated with lower cognitive performance in community-dwelling elderly: Data from the FIBRA study.

BACKGROUND: Systemic hypertension (SH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and abdominal obesity may negatively impact cognitive performance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between SH, DM and abdominal obesity and cognitive performance among cognitively unimpaired elderly. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of individuals aged 65+ from seven Brazilian cities was conducted. SH and DM diagnoses were self-reported and abdominal circumference was objectively measured. Individuals who scored below the education-adjusted cutoff scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were excluded. RESULTS: Among 2,593 elderly, 321 (12.38%) had SH, DM and abdominal obesity concomitantly (Group I) and 421 (16.23%) had none of the three diseases (Group II). Group I had a higher proportion of individuals that were women, aged 70-74 years, illiterate and with lower income. Group I had a higher number of participants with low cognitive performance (28.04% vs. 17.58% in Group II). Variables associated with poor cognitive performance were: female gender (OR: 2.43, p < 0.001); and lower education (OR: 0.410, p < 0.001). The presence of the three diseases and age were not significant in the education-adjusted model. CONCLUSION: There was an association between cognition and the presence of SH, DM and obesity. However, education seems to be decisive in determining cognitive performance in the presence of these three conditions.

INTRODUÇÃO: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM) e obesidade abdominal são doenças crônicas comuns entre os idosos e podem afetar negativamente o desempenho cognitivo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre HAS, DM e OA sobre o desempenho cognitivo de idosos sem comprometimento cognitivo significativo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de uma amostra probabilística de indivíduos com 65 anos e mais, de sete cidades brasileiras (estudo FIBRA). Variáveis sociodemográficos, diagnóstico de HAS e DM foram relatados pelos participantes e a circunferência abdominal foi medida pelos pesquisadores. Aplicou-se o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), excluindo-se os que pontuaram abaixo da nota de corte ajustada para educação. RESULTADOS: Na amostra de 2.593 idosos, 321 (12,38%) foram identificados como tendo HAS, DM e OA simultaneamente (Grupo I) e 421 (16,23%) não tinham nenhuma das três (Grupo II). O Grupo I evidenciou proporção maior de mulheres, idosos com 70-74 anos, analfabetos e renda mais baixa. O Grupo I apresentou número maior de participantes com baixo desempenho cognitivo (28,04% vs. 17,58% no grupo II). As variáveis associadas com baixo desempenho cognitivo foram: sexo feminino (razão de chances, OR: 2,43, p < 0,001); baixa escolaridade (OR: 0,410, p < 0,001). A concomitância das três doenças e a idade não foram significativas no modelo ajustado para escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se associação entre baixo desempenho cognitivo e a presença das três doenças cardiometabólicas (HAS, DM e obesidade). No entanto, a escolaridade parece ser decisiva na determinação do desempenho cognitivo na presença destas três condições.

Association between race, obesity and diabetes in elderly community dwellers: data from the FIBRA study. / Associação entre cor/raça, obesidade e diabetes em idosos da comunidade: dados do Estudo FIBRA.

This study sought to investigate the effect of race on measures of body fat (body mass index - BMI, waist circumference - WC and waist-hip ratio - WHR), as well as its relationship with diabetes, among elderly individuals living in urban areas in seven places in Brazil, according to gender. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with a probabilistic sample comprising 2,566 individuals with 65 years of age or more who participated in the FIBRA Study (Frailty in Elderly Brazilians). We used several self-reported sociodemographic variables (gender, age, race, schooling and family income), anthropometric measures of general (BMI) and abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) and self-reported diabetes. Adjusting for schooling and income, white race was associated with higher WC values (p = 0.001) and WHR (p > 0.001) for male gender, regardless of diabetes status. However, when we considered only diabetic individuals, black race became associated with general (BMI) (p = 0.007) and central obesity (CC) (p > 0.001), only among women.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction risk in the very elderly.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high incidence and mortality of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) among the very elderly, risk markers for this condition remain poorly defined. This study was designed to identify independent markers of STEMI among individuals carefully selected for being healthy or manifesting STEMI in < 24 h. METHODS: We enrolled participants aged 80 years or older of whom 50 were STEMI patients and 207 had never manifested cardiovascular diseases. Blood tests, medical and psychological evaluations were obtained at study admission. Odds Ratio (OR) and attributed risk (AR) were obtained by multivariate regression models using STEMI as dependent variable. RESULTS: Low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [OR:4.41 (1.78-10.95); p = 0.001], reduced levels of HDL-C [OR:10.70 (3.88-29.46); p = 0.001], male gender [OR:12.08 (5.82-25.08); p = 0.001], moderate to severe depressive symptoms [OR:10.00 (2.82-35.50); p = 0.001], prior smoking [OR:2.00 (1.05-3.80); p = 0.034] and current smoking [OR:6.58 (1.99-21.70); p = 0.002] were significantly associated with STEMI. No association was found between STEMI and age, diabetes, hypertension, mild depressive symptoms, triglyceride or LDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case-control study carried out with very elderlies to assess STEMI risk. Our findings indicate that reduced HDL-C, GFR, male gender, smoking habits and moderate to severe depressive symptoms are markers of STEMI in this age group. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: In Individuals aged 80 or more years, a greater attention must be paid to low HDL-C and GFR at the expense of conventional STEMI risk factors for younger adults such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and high LDL-C or triglyceride.

The detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by nested-PCR in elderly patients: relationship to the clinical and epidemiological profile.

Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted primarily by triatomine bugs, although the incidence of new cases has decreased as a result of vector control. In Brazil, most of those affected have the chronic form of the disease and are generally elderly individuals who require appropriate clinical follow-up. In this work, we undertook a descriptive study in which 85 patients were interviewed and blood samples were collected for molecular analyses based on the amplification of parasite satellite DNA. The cardiac form of the disease was the most prevalent among the patients and hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity; polypharmacy was detected in 34% of the cases. Serological tests were positive in 95% of cases while 36% were positive in nested-polymerase chain reaction. These findings indicate an increased use of medications and a larger number of age-related diseases in elderly patients with Chagas disease, even in patients with low parasitemia. We conclude that elderly patients with Chagas disease require special attention and that further studies should be done with elderly individuals who carry this disease.

Use of a nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients and patients with doubtful serologies.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important endemic illness in Latin America. Serologic tests for T. cruzi detection in blood are sensitive, but their specificity is unsatisfactory. Direct detection of parasites in blood, either by xenodiagnosis or hemoculture, is highly specific but of low sensitivity. Molecular assays such as the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies certain repetitive sequences of nuclear DNA has been used as a good alternative tool for T. cruzi detection in human blood. The present study aimed to test PCR diagnosis in chagasic chronic patients and doubtful serologic patients attended in GEDOCH (Chagas Disease Study Group/UNICAMP, Brazil). A 149 bp fragment originated from nuclear DNA was specifically detected in chronic chagasic patients. The results of these tests were compared with serologic diagnosis performed using standard techniques and xenodiagnosis. We found that 43 out of 50 patients previously serodiagnosed as chagasic were positive using the N-PCR method. Thirteen of 30 patients with doubtful serologic results were confirmed as positive by N-PCR. Our results suggest that the N-PCR may be a complementary tool to serology in the diagnosis of Chagas disease, and that it is usefull for parasite detection in patients with chronic disease and patients with doubtful serologic results.

Cluster analysis to identify elderly people's profiles: a healthcare strategy based on frailty characteristics.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: The new social panorama resulting from aging of the Brazilian population is leading to significant transformations within healthcare. Through the cluster analysis strategy, it was sought to describe the specific care demands of the elderly population, using frailty components. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study based on reviewing medical records, conducted in the geriatric outpatient clinic, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: Ninety-eight elderly users of this clinic were evaluated using cluster analysis and instruments for assessing their overall geriatric status and frailty characteristics. RESULTS: The variables that most strongly influenced the formation of clusters were age, functional capacities, cognitive capacity, presence of comorbidities and number of medications used. Three main groups of elderly people could be identified: one with good cognitive and functional performance but with high prevalence of comorbidities (mean age 77.9 years, cognitive impairment in 28.6% and mean of 7.4 comorbidities); a second with more advanced age, greater cognitive impairment and greater dependence (mean age 88.5 years old, cognitive impairment in 84.6% and mean of 7.1 comorbidities); and a third younger group with poor cognitive performance and greater number of comorbidities but functionally independent (mean age 78.5 years old, cognitive impairment in 89.6% and mean of 7.4 comorbidities). CONCLUSION: These data characterize the profile of this population and can be used as the basis for developing efficient strategies aimed at diminishing functional dependence, poor self-rated health and impaired quality of life.

Understanding red blood cell parameters in the context of the frailty phenotype: interpretations of the FIBRA (Frailty in Brazilian Seniors) study.

Frailty and anemia in the elderly appear to share a common pathophysiology associated with chronic inflammatory processes. This study uses an analytical, cross-sectional, population-based methodology to investigate the probable relationships between frailty, red blood cell parameters and inflammatory markers in 255 community-dwelling elders aged 65 years or older. The frailty phenotype was assessed by non-intentional weight loss, fatigue, low grip strength, low energy expenditure and reduced gait speed. Blood sample analyses were performed to determine hemoglobin level, hematocrit and reticulocyte count, as well as the inflammatory variables IL-6, IL-1ra and hsCRP. In the first multivariate analysis (model I), considering only the erythroid parameters, Hb concentration was a significant variable for both general frailty status and weight loss: a 1.0g/dL drop in serum Hb concentration represented a 2.02-fold increase (CI 1.12-3.63) in an individual's chance of being frail. In the second analysis (model II), which also included inflammatory cytokine levels, hsCRP was independently selected as a significant variable. Each additional year of age represented a 1.21-fold increase in the chance of being frail, and each 1-unit increase in serum hsCRP represented a 3.64-fold increase in the chance of having the frailty phenotype. In model II reticulocyte counts were associated with weight loss and reduced metabolic expenditure criteria. Our findings suggest that reduced Hb concentration, reduced RetAbs count and elevated serum hsCRP levels should be considered components of frailty, which in turn is correlated with sarcopenia, as evidenced by weight loss.

Relationship between lower-limb muscle strength and functional independence among elderly people according to frailty criteria: a cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Muscle strength and functional independence are considered to be determinants of frailty levels among elderly people. The aim here was to compare lower-limb muscle strength (LLMS) with functional independence in relation to sex, age and number of frailty criteria, and to ascertain the influence of these variables on elderly outpatients' independence. DESIGN AND SETTING: Quantitative cross-sectional study, in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: The study was conducted on 150 elderly outpatients of both sexes who were in a cognitive condition allowing oral communication, between October 2005 and October 2007. The following instruments were used: five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) and Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL). Descriptive, comparative, multivariate, univariate and Cronbach alpha analyses were performed. RESULTS: The mean time taken in the FTSST was 21.7 seconds; the mean score for FIM was 82.2 and for IADL was 21.2; 44.7% of the subjects presented 1-2 frailty criteria and 55.3% > 3 criteria. There was a significant association between LLMS and functional independence in relation to the number of frailty criteria, without homogeneity regarding sex and age. Functional independence showed significant influence from sex and LLMS. CONCLUSION: Elderly individuals with 1 or 2 frailty criteria presented greater independence in all FTSST scores. The subjects with higher LLMS presented better functional independence.

Tratamento clínico de zumbido primário em adultos e idosos: revisão sistemática / Clinical treatment of primary tinnitus in adults and in the elderly: systematic review

O zumbido no ouvido é definido como uma ilusão auditiva ou sensação sonora endógena, não relacionada a nenhuma fonte externa de estimulação. É um sintoma frequente na população idosa. Até hoje, vários autores argumentam que o desconhecimento da etiologia do zumbido, aliado à subjetividade desta manifestação, mais a sobreposição das enfermidades e dos sintomas que, geralmente, acometem os pacientes idosos, dificultam a obtenção de um bom resultado terapêutico. O objetivo desta revisão foi levantar quais os tratamentos clínicos mais utilizados na prática clínica no tratamento do zumbido primário em adultos e idosos. Procedeu-se à verificação do status dos últimos 5 anos de estudos em textos de acesso livre, no banco de dados eletrônicos da PubMed. Apresentaram tratamentos clínicos para o zumbido primário 25 artigos; aqueles com resultados satisfatórios foram quatro artigos sobre acupuntura, dois sobre neuromodulação de resenha coordenada acústica, um sobre uso combinado de amplificação e gerador de som, e um sobre psicoterapia corporal, que incluíam tanto adultos e idosos, tendo a idade média entre 51 a 54 anos. Não se pode afirmar que os tratamentos propostos são eficazes na cura dos sintomas de zumbido em adultos e idosos, mas sim que existem algumas terapêuticas de baixo custo que apresentam respostas relativamente satisfatórias. (AU)

Tinnitus is defined as a hearing illusion or endogenous auditory sensation that is not related to any external stimulation source. It is a frequent symptom among elderly people. To date, many authors have argued that the lack of knowledge about the tinnitus etiology, added to the subjectivity of this manifestation, and the overlap of other diseases and symptoms that often occur with aged patients make the obtainment of a good therapeutic result difficult. The objective of this review was to find the most used clinical treatment in clinical practice for primary tinnitus on adults and elderly. The status of the last five years of studies in free full texts on PubMed database was checked. Twenty-five articles showed clinical treatment for primary tinnitus, with four articles about acupuncture, two about acoustic coordinate reset neuromodulation, one about sound generator associated with conventional amplification, and one about body-psychotherapy which included adults and elderly with an average age between 51 to 54 years old showing satisfactory results. It is difficult to state that the proposed treatment is efficient on healing the tinnitus symptoms on adults and elderly but there are some low-cost therapies showing relatively satisfactory responses. (AU)

[Satisfaction with life and functionality among elderly patients in a geriatric outpatient clinic]. / A satisfação com a vida e a funcionalidade em idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de geriatria.

Aging is often accompanied by functional limitations that affect self esteem, lowering the level of satisfaction with life. Studies highlight satisfaction with life as a predictor of quality of life and has a marked correlation with a decrease in functionality. Therefore, this study sought to examine the relationship between satisfaction with life and functional independence and performance of the lower limbs (muscle strength, gait speed and balance) among the elderly in outpatient care with respect to age groups and genders. A total of 125 elderly men and women aged 60 years and above, attending a geriatric outpatient clinic. The instruments used were: 1) Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to evaluate functional dependence; 2) Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) to measure physical performance; 3) Satisfaction with life. The sample was random, with a predominance of females, in which the older participants had greater functional impairment. In univariate logistic regression analysis and multivariate analysis, overall self reported and comparative satisfaction with life was more satisfactory among the oldest elderly. The results suggest that older individuals have better satisfaction with life even though they have greater functional impairment.

Associação entre autopercepção de saúde, estado nutricional e qualidade de vida de idosos / Association between self-perceived health, nutritional status and quality of life of elderlies

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre autopercepção de saúde, dados sociodemográficos, estado nutricional e percepção da qualidade de vida. Métodos A pesquisa foi realizada com 110 idosos em acompanhamento em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Vinhedo, São Paulo. A coleta de dados consistiu em: mensuração das medidas antropométricas (peso, altura e circunferência da cintura), aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado sobre características sociodemográficas, autopercepção de saúde, Mini Avaliação Nutricional e questionário abreviado de qualidade de vida World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref. Foi realizada análise de conglomerados pelo método de partição, estabelecendo a priori a criação de dois clusters. A análise comparativa da composição dos conglomerados obtidos foi feita a partir dos testes Qui-Quadrado e Mann-Whitney. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis que mais contribuíram na formação dos clusters foram domínio psicológico (R2=0,4319), domínio meio ambiente (R2=0,3403) e qualidade de vida global (R2=0,5604). A composição dos conglomerados, no Cluster 1, foi de idosos com pior autopercepção de saúde, do gênero feminino, com menor escolaridade (analfabetos + até oito anos), acentuada ou moderada redução da ingestão alimentar, inadequado consumo de líquidos (até cinco copos/dia) e menor pontuação nos quatro domínios e na qualidade de vida global do questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref. Já o Cluster 2 foi composto por idosos com melhor autopercepção de saúde, do gênero masculino, com escolaridade superior a oito anos, adequada ingestão alimentar, consumo de líquidos maior que cinco copos/dia e maior pontuação nos quatro domínios e na qualidade de vida global do questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref. Conclusão A pesquisa concluiu ser importante avaliar a autopercepção de saúde em idosos, bem como os fatores que a influenciam, como o estado nutricional e a percepção da qualidade de vida, a fim de realizar ações sociais e de saúde que satisfaçam os desejos e necessidades desse grupo populacional

Objective To evaluate the association between self-perceived health, sociodemographic data, nutritional status and perception of quality of life in a sample of elderly individuals in the city of Vinhedo (São Paulo State, Brazil). Methods This study comprised 110 elderly individuals attended by two Basic Health Units in the city of Vinhedo (São Paulo State, Brazil). Data collection: anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference), application of a semi-structured questionnaire regarding sociodemographic data and self-perceived health, and application of the Mini Nutritional Assessment and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaires. A cluster analysis was performed by partitioning method, establishing a priori two clusters. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare both clusters. Results The variables that most contributed to explain the clusters were psychological domain (R2=0.4319), environment domain (R2=0.3403) and global quality of life (R2=0.5604). The clusters obtained were: (1) Elderly women with poorer self-perception of health, less educated (illiterates + up to 8 years of schooling), with severe or moderate decrease in food intake and decreased fluid intake (up to 5 cups/day), and those with lower scores in the four domains and in global quality of life according to the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire; (2) Elderly men with better self-perceived health, more educated (more than 8 years of schooling), with adequate food intake and increased fluid intake (more than 5 cups/day), and those with higher scores in the four domains and in global quality of life according to the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire. Conclusion It is important to evaluate self-perceived health in elderly individuals, as well as the factors that influence this variable, such as nutritional status and self-perceived quality of life, in order to carry out social and health actions that satisfy the desires and needs of this population

Elderly outpatient profile and predictors of falls.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Falls are a serious public health problem and are one of the biggest reasons for hospitalization, morbidity and mortality among elderly people. Moreover, few studies on predictors of falls have been conducted in low and middle income countries. The aim here was to identify elderly outpatient profiles according to sociodemographic, clinical, physical and functional variables and correlate them with occurrences of falls among these subjects. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional descriptive study forming part of the project "Quality of Life of Frail Elderly People", carried out in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS The subjects were 145 elderly individuals (76.3 ± 7.8 years old), of whom 65% were women, who were living in the city of Campinas or nearby and were attended at the geriatric outpatient clinic of a University Hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical, physical and functional data, as well as fall occurrence data, were gathered. Cluster analyses and comparisons between groups were carried out. RESULTS Cluster analysis identified two distinct groups related to the study variables, and the determinants for this distinction were: gender, marital status, physical performance, handgrip strength and functional independence. These groups were compared according to occurrences of falls over the last year, and significant differences between them were found. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that greater occurrences of falls were associated with a profile of elderly people comprising female gender, single status, lower muscle strength and physical performance regarding balance and gait, and lower independence in motor tasks for activities of daily living.

Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are associated with lower cognitive performance in community-dwelling elderly: Data from the FIBRA study / A hipertensão, o diabetes e a obesidade estão associados ao menor desempenho cognitivo em idosos residentes na comunidade: dados do estudo fibra

ABSTRACT. Background: Systemic hypertension (SH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and abdominal obesity may negatively impact cognitive performance. Objective: To evaluate the association between SH, DM and abdominal obesity and cognitive performance among cognitively unimpaired elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional study of individuals aged 65+ from seven Brazilian cities was conducted. SH and DM diagnoses were self-reported and abdominal circumference was objectively measured. Individuals who scored below the education-adjusted cutoff scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were excluded. Results: Among 2,593 elderly, 321 (12.38%) had SH, DM and abdominal obesity concomitantly (Group I) and 421 (16.23%) had none of the three diseases (Group II). Group I had a higher proportion of individuals that were women, aged 70-74 years, illiterate and with lower income. Group I had a higher number of participants with low cognitive performance (28.04% vs. 17.58% in Group II). Variables associated with poor cognitive performance were: female gender (OR: 2.43, p < 0.001); and lower education (OR: 0.410, p < 0.001). The presence of the three diseases and age were not significant in the education-adjusted model. Conclusion: There was an association between cognition and the presence of SH, DM and obesity. However, education seems to be decisive in determining cognitive performance in the presence of these three conditions.

RESUMO. Introdução: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM) e obesidade abdominal são doenças crônicas comuns entre os idosos e podem afetar negativamente o desempenho cognitivo. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre HAS, DM e OA sobre o desempenho cognitivo de idosos sem comprometimento cognitivo significativo. Métodos: Estudo transversal de uma amostra probabilística de indivíduos com 65 anos e mais, de sete cidades brasileiras (estudo FIBRA). Variáveis sociodemográficos, diagnóstico de HAS e DM foram relatados pelos participantes e a circunferência abdominal foi medida pelos pesquisadores. Aplicou-se o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), excluindo-se os que pontuaram abaixo da nota de corte ajustada para educação. Resultados: Na amostra de 2.593 idosos, 321 (12,38%) foram identificados como tendo HAS, DM e OA simultaneamente (Grupo I) e 421 (16,23%) não tinham nenhuma das três (Grupo II). O Grupo I evidenciou proporção maior de mulheres, idosos com 70-74 anos, analfabetos e renda mais baixa. O Grupo I apresentou número maior de participantes com baixo desempenho cognitivo (28,04% vs. 17,58% no grupo II). As variáveis associadas com baixo desempenho cognitivo foram: sexo feminino (razão de chances, OR: 2,43, p < 0,001); baixa escolaridade (OR: 0,410, p < 0,001). A concomitância das três doenças e a idade não foram significativas no modelo ajustado para escolaridade. Conclusão: Verificou-se associação entre baixo desempenho cognitivo e a presença das três doenças cardiometabólicas (HAS, DM e obesidade). No entanto, a escolaridade parece ser decisiva na determinação do desempenho cognitivo na presença destas três condições.

Relationship between lower-limb muscle strength and frailty among elderly people.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Sarcopenia is the main factor involved in the development of frailty syndrome. The aims here were to investigate relationships between lower-limb muscle strength and the variables of sex, age and frailty criteria; compare lower-limb muscle strength with each frailty criterion; and assess the power of each criterion for estimating the risk of frailty among elderly outpatients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Geriatrics Outpatient Clinic of a university hospital in Campinas. METHOD: A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 150 elderly people of both sexes who were followed up as outpatients was assessed. Sociodemographic data (sex and age) and physical health data (frailty criteria and the five-times sit-to-stand test) were gathered. Descriptive, comparative and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The majority of the elderly people (77.3%) were 70 years of age or over, with predominance of females (64.2%) and had a low score for the five-times sit-to-stand test (81.4% scored 0 or 1); 55.3% of the elderly people presented three or more frailty criteria. A significant association was found between lower-limb muscle strength and the variables of age and number of frailty criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of lower-limb muscle strength were associated with advanced age and greater presence of signs of frailty. Moreover, lower-limb muscle strength was also associated with the criteria of reduced walking speed criteria and hand-grip strength.