Associations of prenatal blood pressure trajectory and variability with child neurodevelopment at 2 years old.

BACKGROUND: The patterns of blood pressure (BP) change throughout the pregnancy were related to adverse birth outcomes. However, little is known about the long-term effect of BP change patterns on child neurodevelopment. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the BP trajectory and BP variability during pregnancy and early childhood neurodevelopment. METHOD: A total of 2797 mother-newborn pairs were derived from the Wuhan Healthy Baby Cohort Study. BP was measured during each antenatal visit, and Mental and Psychomotor Development Indexes (MDI and PDI) were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) when the children were 2 years old. Delayed neurodevelopment was defined as scores of PDI or MDI less than - 1SD relative to the mean score of the study population. A group-based multi-trajectory model was adopted to identify multi-trajectories of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Visit-to-visit BP variability was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation (SD), and average real variability (ARV). Generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the associations of BP trajectories and variability with BSID scores and delayed neurodevelopment, respectively. RESULTS: Five distinct trajectories for SBP and DBP were identified, namely, "Low-increasing," "Low-stable," "Moderate-decreasing," "Moderate-increasing," and "High-stable" groups. Compared with the "Low-stable" group, the children whose mothers' BP fell into the other four groups had lower PDI scores, and mothers in the "Low-increasing," "Moderate-increasing," and "Moderate-decreasing" groups had 43% (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.03), 48% (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.08) and 45% (OR:1.45, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.04) higher risk of having offspring with delayed psychomotor neurodevelopment, respectively. High DBP variability was associated with lower BSID scores, and delayed psychomotor neurodevelopment (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.92 for DBP-SD; OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.02 for DBP-CV). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BP change patterns assessed by multi-trajectory and visit-to-visit variability were associated with lower BSID scores and delayed neurodevelopment. Health professionals should be aware of the influence of BP level and its oscillations during pregnancy on the risk of delayed neurodevelopment.

Association of air pollution exposure during gestational and the first year of life with physical growth in preschoolers.

This study explored the association of exposure to air pollutants during gestational and the first year of life with physical growth in preschoolers. The linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between air pollution and childhood growth. After adjusting for confounders, z-scores of body mass index (zBMI, and 95% confidence intervals, 95%CI) increased by 1.164(1.054,1.285), 1.136(1.050,1.228) and 1.165(1.041,1.303), associated with per interquartile range (IQR) increase in NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 µm and 10 µm) during gestational, respectively. The odds ratios (and 95%CI) of childhood overweight/obesity associated with per IQR increase in NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 during gestational were 1.425(1.168,1.737), 1.255(1.087,1.450) and 1.332(1.104,1.605). Positive associations were found between air pollution during the first year of life and zBMI or overweight/obesity. Our findings suggest exposure to air pollution were associated with childhood growth, and improving air quality is beneficial for childhood growth.

Exposure to ambient air pollution during trimesters of pregnancy and childhood allergic diseases in Wuhan, China.

The study explored the associations between maternal exposure to air pollution during different trimesters and allergic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis or/and eczema. Individual exposure to air pollutants was assessed by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method using daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 from air quality monitoring stations. Multiple logistic regression model was performed to estimate the associations between air pollution during each trimester of pregnancy and childhood allergic diseases. A total of 332 children (51.3%) were reported by their parents having been diagnosed with allergic diseases. After adjusting for covariates, allergic diseases were significantly associated with per interquartile range (IQR) increase in NO2, PM10, PM2.5 during the second trimester with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) being 1.292 (1.005,1.662), 1.210 (1.042,1,405) and 1.270 (1.004,1.606), respectively. These findings suggest that maternal exposure to certain air pollutants during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester, is associated with childhood allergic diseases.

Divergent improvement of two cultivated allotetraploid cotton species.

Interspecific genomic variation can provide a genetic basis for local adaptation and domestication. A series of studies have presented its role of interspecific haplotypes and introgressions in adaptive traits, but few studies have addressed their role in improving agronomic character. Two allotetraploid Gossypium species, Gossypium barbadense (Gb) and G. hirsutum (Gh) originating from the Americas, are cultivated independently. Here, through sequencing and the comparison of one GWAS panel in 229 Gb accessions and two GWAS panels in 491 Gh accessions, we found that most associated loci or functional haplotypes for agronomic traits were highly divergent, representing the strong divergent improvement between Gb and Gh. Using a comprehensive interspecific haplotype map, we revealed that six interspecific introgressions from Gh to Gb were significantly associated with the phenotypic performance of Gb, which could explain 5%-40% of phenotypic variation in yield and fibre qualities. In addition, three introgressions overlapped with six associated loci in Gb, indicating that these introgression regions were under further selection and stabilized during improvement. A single interspecific introgression often possessed yield-increasing potential but decreased fibre qualities, or the opposite, making it difficult to simultaneously improve yield and fibre qualities. Our study not only has proved the importance of interspecific functional haplotypes or introgressions in the divergent improvement of Gb and Gh, but also supports their potential value in further human-mediated hybridization or precision breeding.

Psychosocial characteristics and HIV-related sexual behaviors among cisgender, transgender, and gender non-conforming MSM in China.

BACKGROUND: While a growing number of studies focus on men who have sex with men (MSM), they typically ignore the heterogeneity of gender minorities within the MSM population. The recognition of new sub-groups among gender minorities (i.e., transgender and gender non-conforming), who also identify as MSM, play a considerable role in new HIV infections in China. Information on the psychosocial factors and HIV-related sexual behaviors require further consideration to understand the prevalence of HIV infection among MSM within these gender minority sub-groups. METHODS: From September 2017 to January 2018, MSM without HIV were recruited in Wuhan, Nanchang, and Changsha cities in China. Participants were asked to fill out a structured self-administered questionnaire to assess depression, perceived social support, resilience, identity concealment, and HIV-related risky sexual behaviors. RESULTS: A total of 715 MSM completed the structured questionnaire, the number of MSM identifying as gender minorities were 63 and accounted for 8.8% of the population. Compared to the cisgender MSM population, transgender MSM were more likely to have a one-night stand/occasional partner (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI =1.02-11.98), to have sex after drug use in the past 6 months (AOR = 2.57, 95%CI =1.05-6.29), and to have reported a significantly lower likelihood of identity concealment (mean difference = - 3.30, 95%CI = -5.86, - 0.74, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the significance of providing targeted interventions for different gender minorities within the MSM population. Research is required to further understand the relationship between gender identity, mental health, and HIV-related sexual behaviors.

Trimester-specific associations of maternal exposure to bisphenols with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone levels: A birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) during pregnancy could interfere with neonatal thyroid function. Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are increasingly used as the substitutes of BPA. However, little is known about the effects of maternal exposure to BPS and BPF on neonatal thyroid function. The current study was aimed to investigate the trimester-specific associations of maternal exposure to BPA, BPS, and BPF with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. METHODS: Between November 2013 and March 2015, a total of 904 mother-newborn pairs were recruited from the Wuhan Healthy Baby Cohort Study, providing maternal urine samples in the first, second, and third trimesters for bisphenol exposure assessment, and neonatal heel prick blood samples for TSH measurement. Multiple informant model and quantile g-computation were used to evaluate the trimester-specific associations of bisphenols individually and mixture with TSH, respectively. RESULTS: Each doubling concentration increase of maternal urinary BPA in the first trimester was significantly related to a 3.64 % (95% CI: 0.84 %, 6.51 %) increment in neonatal TSH. Each doubling concentration increase of BPS in the first, second and third trimesters were associated with 5.81 % (95 % CI: 2.27 %, 9.46 %), 5.70 % (95 % CI: 1.99 %, 9.55 %), 4.36 % (95 % CI: 0.75 %, 8.11 %) higher neonatal blood TSH, respectively. No significant association between trimester-specific BPF concentration and TSH was observed. The relationships between exposures to BPA/BPS and neonatal TSH were more evident in female infants. Quantile g-computation indicated that maternal co-exposure to bisphenols in the first trimester was significantly associated with neonatal TSH levels in a non-linear fashion. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to BPA and BPS were positively associated with neonatal TSH levels. The results indicated the endocrine disrupting effect of prenatal exposure to BPS and BPA, which should be of particular concern.

Perceived HIV Stigma, Depressive Symptoms, Self-esteem, and Suicidal Ideation Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in China: a Moderated Mediation Modeling Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Suicidal ideation is an important public health challenge among people living with HIV (PLWH) across the world and in China. HIV stigma, depression, and self-esteem have been associated with suicidal ideation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. METHODS: Study data were derived from a sample of 465 PLWH in China. Suicidal ideation after HIV diagnosis was used as outcome variable. HIV stigma, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem were measured using reliable instruments and used as predictor, mediator, and moderator, respectively. Mediation and moderated mediation model were used for data analysis. RESULTS: 31.6% of PLWH in China had suicidal ideation after HIV diagnosis. The association between perceived HIV stigma and suicidal ideation was partially mediated by depression (indirect effect = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.03]) with the path from perceived HIV stigma to depressive symptoms being moderated by self-esteem (interaction effect = - 0.02, 95% CI [- 0.03, - 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggested a mediation mechanism of HIV stigma on suicidal ideation through depressive symptoms, and self-esteem might weaken the mediation mechanism by moderating the perceived HIV stigma-depressive symptoms pathway.

Associations of prenatal exposure to bisphenols with BMI growth trajectories in offspring within the first two years: evidence from a birth cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal bisphenol exposure has been reported to be associated with lower birth weight and obesity-related indicators in early childhood. These findings warrant an investigation of the relationship between prenatal bisphenol exposure and the dynamic growth of offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of maternal bisphenol concentration in urine with the body mass index (BMI) growth trajectory of children aged up to two years and to identify the critical exposure periods. METHODS: A total of 826 mother-offspring pairs were recruited from Wuhan Children's Hospital between November 2013 and March 2015. Maternal urine samples collected during the first, second, and third trimesters were analyzed for bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S, and bisphenol F (BPF) concentrations. Measurements of length and weight were taken at 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months. Children's BMI was standardized using the World Health Organization reference, and group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify BMI growth trajectories. The associations between prenatal bisphenol exposure and BMI growth trajectory patterns were assessed using multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: The BMI growth trajectories of the 826 children were categorized into four patterns: low-stable (n = 134, 16.2%), low-increasing (n = 142, 17.2%), moderate-stable (n = 350, 42.4%), and moderate-increasing (n = 200, 24.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed that prenatal exposure to BPA during the second trimester [odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-4.43] and BPF during the third trimester (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.55-6.95) at the highest quartile concentration were associated with an increased likelihood of the low-increasing BMI trajectory. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis by infant sex, the positive association between the highest quartile of prenatal average urinary BPF concentration during the whole pregnancy and the low-increasing BMI trajectory was found only in girls (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.04-7.68). CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA and BPF (a commonly used substitute for BPA) is associated with BMI growth trajectories in offspring during the first two years, increasing the likelihood of the low-increasing pattern. Video Abstract (MP4 120033 kb).

Trajectories of Sexual Risk Behaviors and the Associated Factors Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in China.

Background: Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at high risk of HIV infection that accounts for an increasing proportion of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in China. However, little is known about the trajectories of sexual risk behaviors in this population. The study aimed to investigate longitudinal patterns of sexual risk behaviors among YMSM in China. Methods: Study data were collected from a prospective cohort study among 460 YMSM from 2017 to 2020. Based on the predicted HIV infection risk scores, distinct sexual risk behaviors trajectories of YMSM were estimated and plotted using the group-based censored normal model to identify the predictors of trajectories change over time. Results: Three sexual risk behaviors trajectories were identified: a decreasing low-risk group (7.6%), an intermediate-risk group (67.4%), and an ascending high-risk group (25.0%).Compared to the decreasing low-risk group, intermediate-risk group membership was associated with being from rural areas, current smoker and higher depressive symptoms; ascending high-risk group membership was associated with an education level of high school or lower, being from rural areas, younger age at sex debut with a man, current smoker, higher depressive symptoms and sexual minority stress. Conclusions: Sexual risk behaviors among YMSM changed over time within different trajectories. Identifying YMSM belonging to high-risk trajectories before HIV infection is vital for the intervention and may reduce HIV transmission.

Association between childhood sexual abuse and patterns of HIV risky sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in China: A latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence of risky sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) exacerbate the transmission of HIV. Previous studies had demonstrated that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was associated with one or more sexual behaviors, but few studies have been conducted among MSM in China. OBJECTIVE: This present study aimed to estimate latent classes of risky sexual behaviors and test for CSA differences in latent class memberships among Chinese MSM. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The eligible participants were MSM aged 16 years or older who reported ever having oral or anal sex with men in the past 6 months. METHODS: Data were obtained from an anonymous questionnaire between September 2017 to January 2018 in three cities in China, and contained questions about sexual-related behaviors and CSA experience. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify the patterns of sexual behaviors and binomial regression was used to examine the relationships among these variables. RESULTS: Among 628 MSM, 22.6% reported experiencing CSA. A two-classes pattern of sexual behaviors was identified, with 46.7% in the low-risk class and 53.3% in the high-risk class. MSM who experienced CSA were more likely to be high-risk group compared to those without CSA experiences [odds ratio (OR) = 1.981; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.329-2.954)]. CONCLUSIONS: CSA was prevalent among Chinese MSM. And MSM with CSA experiences are more prone to be assigned to the high-risk group. Future HIV interventions need to focus on MSM who experienced CSA.

Subgenome Bias and Temporal Postponement of Gene Expression Contributes to the Distinctions of Fiber Quality in Gossypium Species.

As two cultivated widely allotetraploid cotton species, although Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense evolved from the same ancestor, they differ in fiber quality; the molecular mechanism of that difference should be deeply studied. Here, we performed RNA-seq of fiber samples from four G. hirsutum and three G. barbadense cultivars to compare their gene expression patterns on multiple dimensions. We found that 15.90-37.96% of differentially expressed genes showed biased expression toward the A or D subgenome. In particular, interspecific biased expression was exhibited by a total of 330 and 486 gene pairs at 10 days post-anthesis (DPA) and 20 DPA, respectively. Moreover, 6791 genes demonstrated temporal differences in expression, including 346 genes predominantly expressed at 10 DPA in G. hirsutum (TM-1) but postponed to 20 DPA in G. barbadense (Hai7124), and 367 genes predominantly expressed at 20 DPA in TM-1 but postponed to 25 DPA in Hai7124. These postponed genes mainly participated in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. In addition, most of the co-expression network and hub genes involved in fiber development showed asymmetric expression between TM-1 and Hai7124, like three hub genes detected at 10 DPA in TM-1 but not until 25 DPA in Hai7124. Our study provides new insights into interspecific expression bias and postponed expression of genes associated with fiber quality, which are mainly tied to asymmetric hub gene network. This work will facilitate further research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying cotton fiber improvement.

Analysis of poor oral habits and related factors among preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand poor oral habits of preschool children and related factors, so as to provide evidence for child oral health promotion.@*Methods@#A total of 3 094 preschool children from 12 kindergartens in Wuhan and Ezhou were selected by cluster sampling method. Basic demographic information and child poor oral habits were evaluated through questionnaire survey. Chi square test was used for univariate analysis and binary Logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis.@*Results@#About 33.5% of preschoolers were found to have poor oral habits. Among them, biting nails and toys (4.4%), sucking fingers ( 3.8% ), mouth breathing (3.7%) ranked the highest. Multivariate analysis showed that only child( OR =1.26), picky eaters( OR =1.30), and exposure to second hand smoke ( OR =1.69) were associated with poor oral habits, while living in cities( OR =0.58), high family economic status ( OR =0.66), and good health ( OR =0.37), balanced diet ( OR =0.71), maternal high school education ( OR =0.72) were associated with better oral habits( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Preschool children s oral habits are affected by variable factors, attention should be paid to children who are the only child of the family, picky eaters, living in rural areas, and those exposed to second hand smoke.