The structure and chemical bonding in inverse sandwich B6Ca2 and B8Ca2 clusters: conflicting aromaticity vs. double aromaticity.

The typical electron-deficiency of the boron element renders fascinating architectures and chemical bonding to boron-based nanoclusters. We theoretically predict two di-Ca-doped boron clusters, B6Ca2 (D2h, 1Ag) and B8Ca2 (D8h, 1A1g), and both adopt interesting inverse sandwich geometries, showing an elongated D2h B6 or perfectly planar D8h B8 ring being sandwiched by two Ca atoms only, respectively. Natural atomic charge analyses indicate that the Ca atoms donate nearly all the 4s electrons to the B6 (or B8) ring, forming [Ca]2+[B6]4-[Ca]2+ and [Ca]2+[B8]4-[Ca]2+ charge transfer complexes. The interaction between the two Ca atoms and the boron rings is governed by robust electrostatics albeit by weaker B-Ca covalent interaction. Chemical bonding analyses show that B6Ca2 has 4σ and 6π delocalized electrons on the elongated B6 ring, leading to a conflicting aromatic system. B8Ca2, possessing 6σ and 6π delocalized electrons on the B8 ring, is doubly aromatic. Additionally, the B6Ca2 and B8Ca2 clusters show noticeable structural and electronic transmutation relative to their equivalent electronic B6Be2 and B8Mg2 clusters, respectively. The intrinsic reasons behind the transmutations are elucidated via in-depth bonding analyses.

Biochanin A Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis and p38MAPK Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro.

We have previously shown that biochanin A exhibits neuroprotective properties in the context of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanistic basis for such properties, however, remains poorly understood. This study was therefore designed to explore the manner whereby biochanin A controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, and inflammation within fetal rat primary cortical neurons in response to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury, and in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. For the OGD/R in vitro model system, cells were evaluated after a 2 h OGD following a 24 h reoxygenation period, whereas in vivo neurological deficits were evaluated following 2 h of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. The expression of proteins associated with apoptosis, ER stress (ERS), and p38 MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated in these samples. Rats treated with biochanin A exhibited reduced neurological deficits relative to control rats following MCAO/R injury. Additionally, GRP78 and CHOP levels rose following I/R modeling both in vitro and in vivo, whereas biochanin A treatment was associated with reductions in CHOP levels but further increases in GRP78 levels. In addition, OGD/R or MCAO/R were associated with markedly enhanced p38 MAPK phosphorylation that was alleviated by biochanin A treatment. Similarly, OGD/R or MCAO/R injury resulted in increases in caspase-3, caspase-12, and Bax levels as well as decreases in Bcl-2 levels, whereas biochanin A treatment was sufficient to reverse these phenotypes. Together, these findings thus demonstrate that biochanin A can alleviate cerebral I/R-induced damage at least in part via suppressing apoptosis, ER stress, and p38 MAPK signaling, thereby serving as a potent neuroprotective agent.

Study on Force Mechanism for Therapeutic Effect of Pushing Manipulation with One-Finger Meditation Base on Similarity Analysis of Force and Waveform.

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the force mechanism for therapeutic effect of pushing manipulation with one-finger meditation. METHODS: A total of 15 participants were recruited in this study and assigned to an expert group, a skilled group and a novice group, with 5 participants in each group. Mechanical signals were collected from a biomechanical testing platform, and these data were further observed via similarity analysis and cluster analysis. RESULTS: Comparing the force waveforms of manipulation revealed that the manipulation forces were similar between the expert group and the skilled group (P>0.05). The mean value of vertical force was 9.8 N, and 95% CI rang from 6.37 to 14.70 N, but there were significant differences compared with the novice group (P<0.05). The result of overall similarity coefficient cluster analysis showed that two kinds of manipulation forces curves were existed between the expert group and the skilled group. CONCLUSION: Pushing manipulation with one-finger meditation is a kind of light stimulation manipulation on the acupoint, and force characteristics of double waveforms continuously alternated during manual operation.