Systems Approach to Identify Common Genes and Pathways Associated with Response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Major Depression Risk.

Despite numerous studies on major depressive disorder (MDD) susceptibility, the precise underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated which restricts the development of etiology-based disease-modifying drug. Major depressive disorder treatment is still symptomatic and is the leading cause of (~30%) failure of the current antidepressant therapy. Here we comprehended the probable genes and pathways commonly associated with antidepressant response and MDD. A systematic review was conducted, and candidate genes/pathways associated with antidepressant response and MDD were identified using an integrative genetics approach. Initially, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/genes found to be significantly associated with antidepressant response were systematically reviewed and retrieved from the candidate studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Also, significant variations concerning MDD susceptibility were extracted from GWAS only. We found 245 (Set A) and 800 (Set B) significantly associated genes with antidepressant response and MDD, respectively. Further, gene set enrichment analysis revealed the top five co-occurring molecular pathways (p ≤ 0.05) among the two sets of genes: Cushing syndrome, Axon guidance, cAMP signaling pathway, Insulin secretion, and Glutamatergic synapse, wherein all show a very close relation to synaptic plasticity. Integrative analyses of candidate gene and genome-wide association studies would enable us to investigate the putative targets for the development of disease etiology-based antidepressant that might be more promising than current ones.

Diagnosis and management of cemental tear: a case report.

A 32-year-old man complained of swelling after an extraction in the vicinity of the left maxillary premolars. The occlusal surface of the first premolar showed no caries while the second premolar was covered with a crown. Radiographic examination revealed a thin radiolucent defect subgingivally below the cementodentinal junction on the distal aspect. During a review of medical history, the patient presented an extracted fragment that was sent for histopathological examination. A root canal was performed and the defect was closed with mineral trioxide aggregate followed by glass ionomer cement. Histopathology revealed the fragment to be a cemental tear, a condition associated typically with old age, trauma, and traumatic occlusion. Dentists should be aware of this rare entity as a differential diagnosis in cases involving noncarious odontogenic pain.

Comparative Evaluation of the Push-Out Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine, and Endosequence Root Repair Material in Repair of Furcation Perforations: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: An in vitro comparative analysis was performed to calculate the push-out bond strength of commercially existing root repairing cements like glass ionomer cement (GIC), biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and endosequence root repair material (RRM) employed in furcation perforation, with or without blood contamination present. Materials and Methods: Eighty molars were selected and subjected to furcal perforations. They were categorized based on the cement used for repair (GIC, MTA, biodentine, and endosequence RRM); furthermore, they were sub-divided into two sub-groups, that is, blood contaminated and non-contaminated. For 24 hours, all the samples were kept in an incubator till the materials were fully set. Then these samples were examined for push-out bond strength measurement. Results: The 24-hour push-out bond strength of was the highest in biodentine and the lowest in glass ionomer cement. The push-out bond strength of endosequence RRM, MTA, and GIC was influenced by blood contamination. Conclusion: The push-out bond strength of biodentine was the highest as compared to endosequence RRM, MTA angelus, and GIC. The push-out bond strength of endosequence RRM and MTA angelus after 24 hours with or without blood contamination showed insignificant differences. Group 1A (GIC contaminated with blood) displayed the least push-out bond strength among other groups.

On the evidence of helico-spiralling recirculation within coherent cores of eddies using Lagrangian approach.

Oceanic eddies exhibit remarkable coherence and longevity compared to other transient features in the surrounding flow. They possess the ability to transport properties over extensive distances while maintaining their material identity intact. The Lagrangian Coherent Structure (LCS) framework has proven effective in capturing these coherent eddies, where they display a solid-body-like rotation. Although various LCS approaches have been employed to investigate different facets of coherent eddies, a comprehensive understanding of their three-dimensional structures and internal dynamics remains elusive. This study aims to advance our comprehension of coherent eddies' structural characteristics and delve into the precise nature of their internal dynamics by utilizing the Lagrangian Averaged Vorticity Deviation approach. Two eddies, one cyclonic and the other anti-cyclonic, were chosen from a high-resolution simulation carried out in the Bay of Bengal using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The findings unveil that these eddies have three-dimensional coherent cores resembling gently tapered cones that are broader at the surface and gradually narrow towards the bottom. Intriguingly, the dynamically coherent core of these eddies exhibits simultaneous upwelling and downwelling while maintaining their volumes during advection due to persistent material coherence. The three-dimensional trajectories followed by the fluid parcels inside the coherent core are helical. Their two-dimensional horizontal projections show alternating spiral bands of upwelling and downwelling which are the manifestations of Vortex Rossby Waves. These observations lead to a conceptual framework of a three-dimensional helico-spiralling recirculation pattern within the coherent cores of eddies.

Determination of gender from dental pulp by identification of Barr bodies: A comparative study.

Introduction: The determination of gender by dental pulp Barr bodies seems to be efficient tool especially in case of natural calamities where bodies are mutilated, charred, and unidentified. Different techniques are used for Barr bodies two of which are histopathological and cytological methods. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study is to check the reliability of human dental pulp for identification of gender using Barr bodies. Material and Methods: The study sample consisted of 60 extracted teeth from 20 male and 40 female patients aged 12-25 years. Inclusion criteria included non-carious freshly extracted teeth, Teeth were extracted and the pulp was obtained using a carborundum disc at 30,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The teeth were categorized into two groups. Group 1 and Group II include 20 females and 10 males each. In group I, rapid manual tissue processing technique was done and in Group II pulp tissue slides were prepared by cytopathological technique. The slides obtained were stained with H&E and Barr bodies were visualized. Statistical Analysis: On comparison of Barr bodies on males and females in dental pulp, the mean number of Barr body count in females was more than males. Accuracy and count were much more appreciated in histopathological technique than cytological procedure. Conclusion: The mean Barr body count was more in females than in male samples. In histopathological technique Barr bodies were more analyzed and appreciated than in cytopathological technique on checking the efficacy and evaluating its diagnostic significance of dental pulp for identification of gender.

Assessment of Oral Health and Prevalence of oral Conditions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Subjects Visiting Antiretroviral Therapy Centers.

BACKGROUND: Weakened immune system from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) makes the individual prone to various opportunistic infections which are life-threatening including various carcinomas and disorders affecting the neurological system. AIMS: The present trial was done to assess the prevalence of oral presentations and treatment needs in AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects visiting antiretroviral therapy centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 126 subjects. Oral cavity was assessed and dentition, periodontal condition, and lesions and conditions affecting the oral mucosa were identified along with their treatment needs. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation and the results were formulated. RESULTS: Candidiasis was seen in 25.39% (n = 32) of total subjects. Concerning the periodontal status of HIV-infected study population, it was seen that maximum attachment loss both in males and females was within the range of 0-3 mm. Regarding decayed, missing, and filled teeth scores, these were statistically significantly higher in males (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that the majority of subjects infected with HIV present one or more oral presentation and lesion, with candidiasis being the most common condition.

Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Following Tubercular Intestinal Perforation.

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a rare clinical entity characterized by the compression of third part of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta due to loss of intervening mesenteric fat pad. This article reports a case of a patient operated for tubercular intestinal perforation following which she developed postprandial abdominal pain and recurrent vomiting in the postoperative period. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of abdomen was done which showed gastric dilatation extending till the third part of duodenum with decreased aorto-mesenteric angle, compatible with the diagnosis of SMA syndrome. The patient was managed conservatively on total parenteral nutrition. Six weeks after the surgery, patient's symptoms resolved completely on conservative management and recovered without any need of surgical intervention. This case illustrates the pathogenesis of SMA syndrome in the setting of severe weight loss caused by tuberculosis superimposed by the catabolic state of surgery leading to rapid loss of mesenteric fat which was successfully managed conservatively.

The comparative evaluation of depth of cure of bulk-fill composites - An in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: Resin-based composites (RBCs), as restorative dental materials, have given a new dimension to conservative and esthetic dentistry. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the depth of cure of RBC's for posterior use: Sculptable bulk-fill composite - Tetric N-Ceram bulk fill (TNCBF), Flowable bulk-fill composites-TetricEvoflow bulk fill (TEFBF), Surefil SDR bulk fill (SDRBF), Dual cure bulk fill-Fill-Up (FDCBF) with conventional RBC-Esthet-X flow (EXF) and Filtex Z250 (FZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A standardized polyacrylic mold was bulk filled with each of the six composites and light-cured for 20 s, followed by 24 h storage in water. The surface hardness was measured on the top and the bottom by recording Vickers hardness number by Vickers hardness indenter. RESULTS: The mean bottom surface hardness value (HV) of SDR and TEFBF exceeded 80% of the top surface HV (HV-80%). Low viscosity bulk-fill composites (SDR and Tetric Evoflow) were properly cured in 4-mm increments. The TNCBF, high-viscosity composite, and Fill-Up, dual-cure bulk fill were not sufficiently cured in 4-mm increments. CONCLUSION: With increase in incremental thickness, HV decreased for the conventional resin composite but generally remained constant for the bulk-fill resin composites.

Recovery of Dysphagia in lateral medullary stroke.

Lateral medullary stroke is typically associated with increased likelihood of occurrence of dysphagia and exhibits the most severe and persistent form. Worldwide little research exists on dysphagia in brainstem stroke. An estimated 15% of all patients admitted to stroke rehabilitation units experience a brainstem stroke out of which about 47% suffer from dysphagia. In India, a study showed that 22.3% of posterior circulation stroke patients develop dysphagia. Dearth of literature on dysphagia and its outcome in brainstem stroke particularly lateral medullary stroke motivated the author to present an actual case study of a patient who had dysphagia following a lateral medullary infarct. This paper documents the severity and management approach of dysphagia in brainstem stroke, with traditional dysphagia therapy and VitalStim therapy. Despite being diagnosed with a severe form of dysphagia followed by late treatment intervention, the patient had complete recovery of the swallowing function.

Evaluation of the sealing ability of two sealers after using chlorhexidine as a final irrigant: An in vitro study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the precipitate formed by using sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant on the sealing ability of different root canal sealers, using a push-out bond strength test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty single rooted premolars were used for this study. The teeth were divided into two groups (Groups I and II) of ten teeth each, according to the obturation done with AH Plus with GuttaPercha and Resilon with epiphany, respectively. The groups were in turn divided into two subgroups of five teeth each (Subgroups A and B) according to the irrigation protocol, and were evaluated using a micro push-out bond strength, with the help of a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was done using the paired t test. RESULTS: The mean value of the AH Plus GuttaPercha group with precipitate formation (17.66 ± 0.56) showed the highest mean value for the bond strength, which was statistically higher (P < 0.05) than the rest of the groups. In the Resilon Epiphany group, the samples with precipitate formation showed (13.28 ± 1.35) the least bond strength, which was statistically lower than all the groups, except the Resilon samples without precipitate (13.99 ± 0.48). CONCLUSION: The precipitate formed by a combination of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine tends to affect the bond strength of the sealers used for obturation.