Management of delirium in a medical and surgical intensive care unit.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Delirium has been associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospital length of stay among critical care patients. Furthermore, treatment of delirium remains variable amongst clinicians due to limited evidence. The objective of this study was to determine the local incidence of delirium and to characterize the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological therapy used to treat delirium. METHODS: A retrospective chart review evaluated patients diagnosed with delirium (Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist score ≥4) and requiring mechanical ventilation for ≥48 hours from January 2016 to June 2017. The primary outcomes included comparison of resolution, the time to first resolution and recurrence of delirium in patients prescribed pharmacological and/or pre-emptive therapy versus those who did not. Secondary outcomes included incidence of adverse effects of drug therapy and delirium attributable adverse events. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The incidence of delirium during our defined study period was 49%. Of the 178 patients included in the study, 136 (76%) received drug therapy for delirium. Agents used for treatment of delirium included dexmedetomidine (n = 90 [66%]), haloperidol (n = 77 [57%]), and quetiapine (n = 74 [54%]). Resolution of delirium occurred in 94 (52%) of patients and the difference was statistically significant favoring patients who did not receive pharmacological therapy. There was no difference in the median time to resolution of delirium (3 days) for patients who received pharmacological and/or pre-emptive therapy versus those who did not. Bradycardia and hypotension were the most frequently documented medication-related adverse events. Self-removal of an invasive line/catheter, was reported in 36 (26%) patients despite receiving pharmacological treatment. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Despite unclear evidence that pharmacological interventions help with delirium management, the majority of our patients received such interventions. To improve patient outcomes, we should shift focus towards non-pharmacological interventions for delirium.

Health-related expectations of the chronically critically ill: a multi-perspective qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Those who survive critical illness only to become chronically critically ill (CCI) experience a high symptom burden, repeat episodes of illness exacerbation, communication barriers, and poor health outcomes. Yet, it is unclear how CCI individuals and their family understand their health and the importance of prognostic information following hospitalization. The research purpose was to examine expectations about health and disease prognosis of CCI residents in long-term care from the perspectives of the CCI themselves and their family members, as well as to describe healthcare provider (HCP) interpretations of, and reactions to, these health-related expectations. METHODS: In this qualitative interpretive descriptive study, conducted in British Columbia, Canada, 38 semi-structured interviews were conducted (6 CCI residents, 11 family members, and 21 HCPs) and inductively analyzed using thematic and constant comparative techniques. RESULTS: There was divergence in CCI resident, family and HCP expectations about health and the importance of disease prognosis, which contributed to conflict. CCI residents and family viewed conflict with HCPs in relation to their day-to-day care needs, while HCPs viewed this as arising from the unrealistically high expectations of residents and family. The CCI residents and family focussed on the importance of maintaining hope, and the HCPs highlighted the complexity of end-of-life decisions in conjunction with the high expectations and hopes of family. CONCLUSIONS: The emotional and ongoing process of formulating health-related expectations points to the need for future research to inform the development and/or adapting of existing communication, psychosocial and health services interventions to ease the burden experienced by those who are CCI.

Sources of Distress for Residents With Chronic Critical Illness and Ventilator Dependence in Long-Term Care.

Limited understanding of the psychological challenges experienced by individuals with chronic critical illness hampers efforts to deliver quality care. We used an interpretive description approach to explore sources of distress for individuals with chronic critical illness in residential care, wherein we interviewed six residents, 11 family members, and 21 staff. Rather than discuss physical symptoms, sources of distress for residents were connected to feeling as though they were a patient receiving medical care as opposed to an individual living in their home. The tension between medical care and the unmet need for a sense of home was related to care beyond the physical being overlooked, being dependent on others but feeling neglected, frustration with limited choice and participation in decision making, and feeling sad and alone. Efforts to refine health care for individuals with chronic critical illness must foster a sense of home while ensuring individuals feel safe and supported to make decisions.