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BACKGROUND: Lentil is a significant legume that are consumed as a staple food and have a significant economic impact around the world. The purpose of the present research on lentil was to assess the hydrothermal time model's capacity to explain the dynamics of Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 seed germination, as well as to ascertain the germination responses at various sub-optimal temperatures (T) and water potentials (Ψ). In order to study lentil seed germination (SG) behavior at variable water potentials (Ψs) and temperatures (Ts). A lab experiment employing the hydrothermal time model was created. Seeds were germinated at six distinct temperatures: 15 0С, 20 0С, 25 0С, 30 0С, 35 0С, and 40 0С, with five Ψs of 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, and - 1.2 MPa in a PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol 6000) solution. RESULTS: The results indicated that the agronomic parameters like Germination index (GI), Germination energy (GE), Timson germination index (TGI), were maximum in 25 0C at (-0.9 MPa) and lowest at 40 0C in 0 MPa. On other hand, mean germination time (MGT) value was highest at 15 0C in -1.2 MPa and minimum at 40 0C in (-0.6 MPa) while Mean germination rate (MGR) was maximum at 40 0C in (0 MPa) and minimum at 15 0C in (-0.6 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: The HTT model eventually defined the germination response of Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 (Lentil) for all Ts and Ψs, allowing it to be employed as a predictive tool in Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 (Lentil) seed germination simulation models.
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Germinación , Lens (Planta) , Semillas , Temperatura , Germinación/fisiología , Semillas/fisiología , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lens (Planta)/fisiología , Lens (Planta)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agua/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Presión OsmóticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The rate of germination and other physiological characteristics of seeds that are germinating are impacted by deep sowing. Based on the results of earlier studies, conclusions were drawn that deep sowing altered the physio-biochemical and agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RESULTS: In this study, seeds of wheat were sown at 2 (control) and 6 cm depth and the impact of exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol (Vitamin-E) on its physio-biochemical and agronomic features was assessed. As a result, seeds grown at 2 cm depth witnessed an increase in mean germination time, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination energy, and seed vigor index. In contrast, 6 cm deep sowing resulted in negatively affecting all the aforementioned agronomic characteristics. In addition, deep planting led to a rise in MDA, glutathione reductase, and antioxidants enzymes including APX, POD, and SOD concentration. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, proline, protein, sugar, hydrogen peroxide, and agronomic attributes was boosted significantly with exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol under deep sowing stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that the depth of seed sowing has an impact on agronomic and physio-biochemical characteristics and that the negative effects of deep sowing stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid and tocopherol to the leaves.
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Germinación , Ácido Salicílico , Tocoferoles , Triticum , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Tocoferoles/metabolismo , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Desarrollo Sostenible , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
The presence of hazardous dyes in wastewater poses significant threats to both ecosystems and the natural environment. Conventional methods for treating dye-contaminated water have several limitations, including high costs and complex operational processes. This study investigated a sustainable bio-sorbent composite derived from the Capparis decidua plant and eggshells, and evaluated its effectiveness in removing anionic dyes namely tartrazine (E-102), methyl orange (MO), and their mixed system. The research examines the influence of initial concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the adsorption properties of anionic dyes. Optimal removal of tartrazine (E-102), methyl orange (MO), and their mixed system was achieved at a pH of 3. The equilibrium was achieved at 80 min for MO and mixed systems, and 100 min for E-102. The adsorption process showed an exothermic nature, indicating reduced capacity with increasing temperature, consistent with heat release during adsorption. Positive entropy values indicated increased disorder at the solid-liquid interface, attributed to molecular rearrangements and interactions between dye molecules and the adsorbent. Isotherm analysis using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-Peterson models revealed that the Langmuir model best fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of 50.97 mg/g, 52.24 mg/g, and 56.23 mg/g were achieved for E-102, MO, and the mixed system under optimized conditions, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model demonstrated the best fit, indicating that adsorption occurs through physical and chemical interactions such as electrostatic attraction, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Hence, the developed bio-sorbent could be a sustainable and cost-effective solution for the treatment of anionic dyes from industrial effluents.
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Compuestos Azo , Capparis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Animales , Femenino , Colorantes/química , Tartrazina , Cáscara de Huevo/química , Ecosistema , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Indicadores y Reactivos , Decidua/química , Adsorción , Cinética , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Background & Objective: Emotional intelligence (EI) can become a vital tool for resolving clinical conflicts (CC) in surgery. The postgraduate residents focus on the technical skills and undermine the soft skills required for their better training. Our aim was to determine the EI of postgraduate resident (PGR) years one & two in General and Orthopedic Surgery. The CC in their workplace and how they use their EI to resolve these conflicts. Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted from March 10, 2019 to May 28, 2020 at Departments of General and Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. The study was conducted in two phases 1 & 2. In Phase-1, one hundred PGR years one & two were administered the Mayor-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence test (MSCEIT) to measure EI. In phase-2, semi-structured in-depth interviews of 10 PGRs five with high and five with low EI were conducted to determine the CC and use of EI to resolve the CC at the workplace. A thematic analysis was done. Results: Out of 100 PGR, the mean EI score was 46.25±14.8 with a maximum score of 75.4, and a minimum score of 18.16 (p-value =0.775). Ninety-one (91%) have not improving EI, and 09 (09%) have considered developing EI. Five themes in four settings, including emergency, ward, elective operation theatre, and outpatient department (OPD) were determined. The emerged themes for the CC were nepotism, gender biases, burnout, lack of professionalism, and toxic culture. The following were CC management strategies: self-study, deceit, gender affinity, performing attention-attaining work, aggrieved reaction and being disgruntled when alone. Conclusion: None of the PGR was emotionally intelligent in overall grades, as well as a particular aspect of MSCEIT.
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The main obstacles in adopting solvent-based CO2 capture technology from power plant flue gases at the industrial scale are the energy requirements for solvent regeneration and their toxicity. These challenges can be overcome using new green and more stable ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for post-combustion CO2 capture. In the current study, tributyl-tetradecyl-phosphonium chloride [P44414][Cl] as an IL, was immobilized on hydrophobic porous supports of polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at 298 ± 3 K and pressures up to 2 bar. The surface morphology indicated homogenous immobilization of the IL on the membrane support. Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) were tested for CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity. None of the SILMs exhibited IL leaching up to 2 bar. The PTFE-based SILM performed better than other supports with minimum loss in water contact angle (WCA) and achieved good antiwetting with a maximum CO2 permeability and selectivity over N2 of 2300 ± 139 Barrer and 31.60 ± 2.4, respectively. This work achieves CO2 permeability about two-fold more than other works having CO2/N2 selectivity range of 25-35 in similar SILMs. The diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in [P44414][Cl] was measured as 3.64 ± 0.18 and 2.01 ± 0.09 [10-8 cm2 s-1] and CO2 and N2 solubility values were 9.79 ± 0.47 and 0.19 ± 0.001 [10-2 cm3(STP) cm-3 cmHg-1], respectively. The high values of Young's modulus and tensile strength of the PTFE support-based SILM (234 ± 12 MPa and 6.07 ± 0.31 MPa, respectively) indicated the long-term application of SILM in flue gas separation. The results indicated phosphonium chloride-based ILs could be better solvent candidates for CO2 removal from large volumes of flue gases than amine-based ILs.
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Some bioactive derivatives of indeno[1,2-c]pyrazolones were synthesized through the reaction of phenylhydrazine, different aldehydes and indan-1,2,3-trione at room temperature in acetonitrile. Analytical and spectroscopic studies have confirmed the structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds. In addition, the target compounds were screened for the in-vitro antiproliferative properties against the B16F10 melanoma cancer cell lines by the standard MTT assay. The effect on inflammatory marker cyclooxygenase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 2, 9 was also checked to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-cell migratory properties of these compounds. The final compounds were also tested for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Among all compounds, screened for anticancer activity, three compounds 4e, 4f and 4h reduced the cell proliferation significantly comparable to that of the positive standard drug erlotinib (IC50 =418.9±1.54â µM) with IC50 values ranging from 20.72-29.35â µM. The compounds 4c-4h decreased the COX-2 expression whereas the MMP 2, 9 expressions were significantly reduced by 4a, 4b and 4h. This was confirmed by molecular docking studies, as 4e, 4f and 4h displayed good interactions with the active site of BRAF protein. The compounds 4b, 4f and 4h exhibited moderate tyrosinase inhibition effect as compared to α-MSH. Collectively, compound 4h can be considered as a candidate for further optimization in the development of anticancer therapies based on the results of biological investigations in this study.
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Antineoplásicos , Pirazolonas , Acetonitrilos/farmacología , Aldehídos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferación Celular , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib/farmacología , Indanos/farmacología , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/farmacología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Fenilhidrazinas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/farmacología , Pirazolonas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , alfa-MSH/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The presence of hazardous dyes in wastewater cause disastrous effects on living organisms and the environment. The conventional technologies for the remediation of dyes from water have several bottlenecks such as high cost and complex operation. This review aims to present a comprehensive outlook of various bio-sorbents that are identified and successfully employed for the removal of dyes from aqueous environments. The effect of physicochemical characteristics of adsorbents such as surface functional groups, pore size distribution and surface areas are critically evaluated. The adsorption potential at different experimental conditions of diverse bio-sorbents has been also explored and the influence of certain key parameters like solution pH, temperature, concentration of dyes, dosage of bio-sorbent and agitation speed is carefully evaluated. The mechanism of dyes adsorption, regeneration potential of the employed bio-sorbents and their comparison with other commercial adsorbents are discussed. The cost comparison of different adsorbents and key technological challenges are highlighted followed by the recommendations for future research.
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Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Adsorción , Colorantes/química , Aguas Residuales/química , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The contamination of food commodities with mycotoxins could be a serious health threat to humans and animals. Therefore, identification, quantification and reduction of mycotoxins in food commodities, particularly of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in grain foods, is essentially required to guarantee safe food. This study determined the levels of AFs and OTA in 135 maize grains samples belonging to eight salient maize varieties cultivated in Pakistan, and evaluated the usefulness of radiations and adsorbents to reduce their levels. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method was validated for the determination of AFs and OTA in maize grains. The results showed that 69 and 61% samples were positive for AFs and OTA, respectively and 54 and 22% of the respective samples had AFs and OTA above the permissible limits set by Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority. The concentration of AFs, AFB1and OTA in grains ranged from 14.5 to 92.4, 1.02 to 2.46 and 1.41 to 53.9 µg kg-1, respectively. Among the varieties, Pearl had the highest level of total AFs and OTA, whereas YH-5427 had the highest AFB1 level. The lowest concentration of AFs and OTA was found in Malaka and 30Y87, respectively. The use of 15 kGy gamma irradiation for 24 h, sunlight-drying for 20 h and UV irradiation for 12 h almost completely degraded the mycotoxins. The microwave heating for 120 s resulted in 9-33% degradation of mycotoxins. Moreover, the treatment of grains' extract with activated charcoal (5% w/w) removed > 96% of total AFs and AFB1, and up to 43% of OTA. The use of bentonite at the same rate removed OTA, total AFs and AFB1 by 93, 73 and 92%, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that contamination of maize grains with mycotoxins was fairly high in the collected maize grain samples in Pakistan, and treatment with radiations and adsorbents can effectively reduce mycotoxins contamination level in maize grains.
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Aflatoxinas , Micotoxinas , Ocratoxinas , Aflatoxinas/análisis , Aflatoxinas/química , Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análisis , Ocratoxinas/análisis , Ocratoxinas/química , Pakistán , Zea mays/químicaRESUMEN
The third wave of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing damage all over the world, especially in Pakistan and India. Although vaccines are available and preventive measures are being taken, but SARS-CoV-2 is unstoppable. Currently, there are around 841,636 positive cases in Pakistan and 18,429 deaths, whereas, in India, both are high. From April 8th to 12th, 2021, nasopharyngeal swabs of 190 patients were submitted to PRL (PACP) lab for the SARS-CoV-2 testing, and blood samples were collected at the Mayo Hospital lab for ferritin, D-dimers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) testing. This study observed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was more likely in individuals aged 51-60 than 61-70. In addition, our study found that COVID-19 patients exhibited a statistically significant increase in levels of ferritin, D-dimers, LDH, and CRP. In addition, this study found that COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of ferritin, D-dimers, LDH, and CRP. Our study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 relapsed. Furthermore, we concluded that these biochemical parameters are useful indicators for severity of COVID-19.
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Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Ferritinas/sangre , Productos de Degradación de Fibrina-Fibrinógeno/análisis , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/sangre , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores/sangre , COVID-19/sangre , Prueba de COVID-19 , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pakistán/epidemiología , Pandemias , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Theileriosis is a widespread and economically important disease of small ruminants in Pakistan. Ruminants are the intermediate hosts in the lifecycle of Theileria spp., with ticks of the family Ixodidae being the definitive hosts. To better understand the distribution and prevalence of theileriosis in Pakistan, a molecular survey was performed in small ruminants from the Lower Dir district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. A total of 200 healthy sheep and goats were screened from Maidan, Samar Bagh and Munda districts of district Dir Lower, Pakistan during December (2017) to April (2018). DNA samples were screened through nested PCR using universal primers. The amplified 492-498 bp amplicon was subjected to RLB analysis which was based on the hypervariable of the 18S rRNA gene to test for the presence of genotypes of Theileria in blood samples. A phylogeny was constructed to determine the species of Theileria genotypes. Nested PCR results indicated 53.5% prevalence of one or more Theileria genotypes in the blood of the host animal. From RLB assay, 27 animals (13.5%) showed infection with only a single species of Theileria while 80 animals (40%) showed coinfection by multiple Theileria spp. Based on the 18S rRNA phylogeny, the unknown genotype is of the species Theileria luwenshuni and is closely related to Chinese isolates. The present finding is the first report on molecular diagnosis of Theileria luwenshuni in small ruminants in Pakistan.
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Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Theileria/aislamiento & purificación , Theileriosis/parasitología , Distribución por Edad , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/parasitología , ADN Protozoario/química , ADN Protozoario/genética , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , ADN Ribosómico/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genotipo , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Cabras , Hibridación Genética , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Sondas de Oligonucleótidos , Pakistán/epidemiología , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Distribución por Sexo , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Theileria/clasificación , Theileria/genética , Theileriosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the success of treatment between thumb spica cast with "methylprednisolone acetate injection" versus thumb spica cast alone for the treatment of de Quervain's disease as functional outcomes, complications and patient compliance. METHODS: A single blinded randomized controlled trial using a probability sampling technique was conducted from January 2014 to h February 2017at the Orthopaedic Unit II, King Edward Medical University / Mayo Hospital, Lahore. A total of 134 patients of both genders, between 30-60 years of age presented with wrist pain and diagnosed de Quervain's disease, were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two group by the computer allocation method. Patients in Group-A received thumb spica cast with methylprednisolone acetate and xylocaine injection while patients in Group-B were treated with thumb spica cast alone. The outcome variable was frequency of successful treatment which was noted and compared among the groups. RESULTS: Amongst the total 134 patients, the age of the patients ranged from 30 to 60 years with a mean of 37.16±5.15 years. Most of the patients were aged between 30 40 years (78.8%) followed by 41-50 years (21.2%). There were 38 (28.4%) male and 96 (71.6%) female patients in the study group with a male to female ratio of 1:2.5. In group-A mean VAS and Quick DASH score before treatment and after the treatment was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). In group-B mean VAS and Quick DASH score before and after the treatment was also significant (p-value <0.001) ( Table-2). CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of treatment was significantly higher in patients treated with thumb spica cast with methylprednisolone acetate injection as compared to thumb spica cast alone.
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Enfermedad de De Quervain , Tenosinovitis , Adulto , Enfermedad de De Quervain/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Acetato de Metilprednisolona , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Environmental variations resulting in biotic and abiotic stresses demand adaptive changes in the photosynthetic machinery. To cope with these challenges, plant scientists are constantly striving to enhance photosynthetic activity. The photorespiration pathway, which fixes O2 and releases CO2 in C3 plants, competes with photosynthesis. One method to increase yield would be to enhance photosynthesis by engineering the photorespiratory pathway. To date, three engineered photorespiratory pathways have been produced, of which two have been proven experimentally in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. These approaches might be helpful in enhancing crop resilience to future environmental challenges. In partially photorespiratory suppressed plants, it is hypothesized that a gene cluster may have formed between bacterial glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH), glyoxylate carboligase (GCL), and tartronic semi aldehyde (TSR) genes with Arabidopsis allantoin degradation genes like Arabidopsis allantoinase (AtALN) to utilize S-allantoin as a source of nitrogen. Observations of the use of allantoin as an exclusive source of nitrogen or energy by Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli led us to propose a genetic switch control model between nitrogen assimilation and energy producing pathways in partially photorespiratory suppressed plants.
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Arabidopsis , Fotosíntesis , Alantoína , Escherichia coli , NitrógenoRESUMEN
Plants belongs to Asteraceae family are reported to be rich in major phytochemical including flavonoids and are documented to acquire antidiabetic response. Antidiabetic effects of salvigenin, eupatilin and cirsilineol were screened on in-vitro enzyme inhibition and in-vivo streptozotocin animal models. Administration of salvigenin, eupatilin and cirsilineol (7.5 and 15mg/kg) produced antidiabteic responses in streptozotocin model for diabetes. All natural flavonoids reduces the blood glucose level to a significant level (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=8) but promising results were observed in eupatilin at dose of 7.5mk/kg (364.12±4.3 to 128.41±4.2mg/dL, n=8) and at dose of 7.5mk/kg 363.65±4.8 to 126.14±5.1mg/dL, n=8). Administration of salvigenin, eupatilin and cirsilineol (7.5 and 15mg/kg) for 28 days showed a substantial fall (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=8) in total cholesterol, LDL and triglcerides (TGs) in comparison to diabetic model. The isolated flavonoids reduced considerably the serum ALP, SGPT and SGOT in rats intoxicated with streptozotocin. The results indicate that the flavonoids may be useful in the development of new antidiabetic drugs.
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Artemisia/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Flavonoides/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Flavonas/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonas/farmacología , Flavonas/uso terapéutico , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Lípidos/sangre , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Estructura Molecular , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , EstreptozocinaRESUMEN
Bronchopulmonary sequestration is one of the rare thoracic congenital anomalies. We report the case of a 6 year old boy with history of recurrent episodes of chest infection and breathing difficulty. This time admitted with fever and cough. Investigations revelaed neutrophilic leucocytosis, raised C-reactive protein and a retrocardiac opacity on chest radiographs. Contrast enhanced Computed Topography(CT scan) revealed a large, well defined, left lower lobe multi-loculated cystic mass with a vessel arising from the descending aorta supplying sequestrated lung portion. These CT scan findings were suggestive of diagnosis of an intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration (IPS). Surgical resection of this opacity was done and histopathology report confirmed the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration.
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Secuestro Broncopulmonar , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Secuestro Broncopulmonar/complicaciones , Secuestro Broncopulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Secuestro Broncopulmonar/cirugía , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Radiografía Torácica , Recurrencia , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/etiología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Infectious diseases and cancers are some of the commonest causes of deaths throughout the world. The previous two decades have witnessed a combined endeavor across various biological sciences to address this issue in novel ways. The advent of recombinant DNA technologies has provided the tools for producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutic agents. A number of expression systems have been developed for the production of pharmaceutical products. Recently, advances have been made using plants as bioreactors to produce therapeutic proteins directed against infectious diseases and cancers. This review highlights the recent progress in therapeutic protein expression in plants (stable and transient), the factors affecting heterologous protein expression, vector systems and recent developments in existing technologies and steps towards the industrial production of plant-made vaccines, antibodies, and biopharmaceuticals.
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Reactores Biológicos , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proteínas Recombinantes , Animales , Anticuerpos/genética , Anticuerpos/metabolismo , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Vectores Genéticos , Humanos , Ratones , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Vacunas/genética , Vacunas/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breast screening programmes. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to July2014 at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and comprised attendants and patients who visited out-patients department and/or were treated as in-patients. The questionnaire contained 25 open and close-ended questions regarding knowledge and attitude, along with 7 questions regarding practices. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: There were 1184 women with a mean age of 32.7±8.6 years. The mean score was 12.7±4.9. Positive family history of breast cancer was reported by 156(13.2%) women; 420(35.5%) believed advancing age was a risk factor; 1041(87.9%) never had breast self-examination; 1106(93.4%) never had a clinical breast examination; and 1171(98.9%) never had screening mammogram. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge and practices regarding breast cancer screening, breast self-examination and mammogram among women were not good. The knowledge about breast cancer risk factors was very poor and showed an alarming attitude towards practices.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Autoexamen de Mamas , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Pakistán , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Rice diseases (bacterial, fungal, or viral) threaten food productivity. Host resistance is the most efficient, environmentally friendly method to cope with such diverse pathogens. Quantitative resistance conferred by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is a valuable resource for rice disease resistance improvement. Although QTLs confer partial but durable resistance to many pathogen species in different crop plants, the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance remain mostly unknown. Quantitative resistance and non-host resistance are types of broad-spectrum resistance, which are mediated by resistance (R) genes. Because R genes activate different resistance pathways, investigating the genetic spectrum of resistance may lead to minimal losses from harmful diseases. Genome studies can reveal interactions between different genes and their pathways and provide insight into gene functions. Proteinprotein interaction (proteomics) studies using molecular and bioinformatics tools may further enlighten our understanding of resistance phenomena.
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Barajamiento de ADN , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Oryza/inmunología , Oryza/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Oryza/genética , Sitios de Carácter CuantitativoRESUMEN
Efficiently utilizing the energy resources in the agriculture sector to produce more agricultural output with minimum environmental degradation is a shared global challenge. The Chinese government has introduced various policies aimed at enhancing energy efficiency (EE) and total factor energy productivity (TFEP) while addressing regional technological disparities in the agricultural sector. This study utilized DEA Super-SBM, Meta frontier Analysis, and the Malmquist-Luenberger index to assess energy efficiency, changes in total factor energy productivity, and the regional technology gap ratio (TGR) across 30 provinces in mainland China and three distinct regions during the period from 2000 to 2020. The findings reveal that the average EE in China's agricultural sector is 0.8492, indicating that, on average, there is a 15.08 % potential for improvement in EE growth within the sector. Qinghai (1.5828), Shanghai (1.3716), and Hainan (1.3582) are found to be the top 3 performers with the highest EE levels. The Eastern region demonstrates high excellence in EE, with a value of 1.0532. The TGR value of Zhejiang indicates the superior production technology utilized in the agriculture sector to utilize energy resources efficiently. Except for Zhejiang, the TGR of Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, Ningxia, and Hainan is above 0.96 and near 1, indicating superior production technology in the agriculture sector of China. The Technology Gap Ratio (TGR) of China's eastern region is superior to that of the central and western regions, consistently approaching 1. This suggests that the eastern provinces possess more advanced agricultural technologies, allowing them to optimize resource utilization for maximum output. The Malmquist-Luenberger index (MLI) score of 1.103 indicates a 10.3 % growth in the total factor energy productivity of China's agricultural sector. Further analysis reveals that this growth is primarily driven by technological change (TC), with a TC value of 1.080 surpassing the efficiency change (EC) value of 1.028. Among the three agricultural regions, the eastern region exhibits the highest total factor energy productivity. Specifically, Zhejiang (1.23), Shanghai (1.197), Liaoning (1.184), and Hebei (1.147) are identified as the top performers in total factor energy productivity growth in China's agricultural sector. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed statistically significant differences in EE and TGR among the three regions.
RESUMEN
Museums are critical in safeguarding cultural heritage and cultivating community educational opportunities. This research aims to evaluate operational efficiency (OE), the impact of technological change on total factor productivity change (TFPC), and the regional heterogeneity of museum performance in three regions and 31 provinces across China. To this end, the study employed DEA-SBM and the Malmquist Productivity Index to gauge OE, TFPC, and determinants of TFPC (efficiency change or emerging technologies change) across 31 provinces for 2012-2021. Results reveal that the average OE of the Chinese Museum is 0.8394. It shows a 16.06 % growth potential in the operational efficiency of Chinese Museums. Further, the OE of Chinese Museums declined over the study period from 0.8965 in 2012 to 0.8088 in 2021. Beijing, Fujian, and Hunan are ranked top with a Museum's OE Score of 1. The average MI score of Chinese Museums is 0.9744, and technology change is the main determinant of Decline in productivity change as EC = 0.9992 is greater than TC = 0.9846. The MI of Liaoning, Shanghai, Ningxia, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Tianjin is over 1, indicating growth in total factor productivity over the study period. The eastern region of China shows higher operational efficiency and total factor productivity scores of museums than the central and western regions. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test proved that a statistically significant difference exists among different regions of China for the OE, MI, EC, and TC of museums.