Non-structural proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae genus pestivirus. The viral genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA that encodes four structural proteins (i.e., C, Erns, E1, and E2) and eight non-structural proteins (NSPs) (i.e., Npro, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B). Cattle infected with BVDV exhibit a number of different clinical signs including diarrhea, abortion, and other reproductive disorders which have a serious impact on the cattle industry worldwide. Research on BVDV mainly focuses on its structural protein, however, progress in understanding the functions of the NSPs of BVDV has also been made in recent decades. The knowledge gained on the BVDV non-structural proteins is helpful to more fully understand the viral replication process and the molecular mechanism of viral persistent infection. This review focuses on the functions of BVDV NSPs and provides references for the identification of BVDV, the diagnosis and prevention of Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease (BVD-MD), and the development of vaccines.

The potential of repeated mean arterial pressure measurements for predicting early- and late-onset pre-eclampsia in twin pregnancies: Prediction model study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contribution of longitudinal mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement during the first, second, and third trimesters of twin pregnancies to the prediction of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on women with twin pregnancies. Historical data between 2019 and 2021 were analyzed, including maternal characteristics and mean artery pressure measurements were obtained at 11-13, 22-24, and 28-33 weeks of gestation. The outcome measures included pre-eclampsia with delivery <34 and ≥34 weeks of gestation. Models were developed using logistic regression, and predictive performance was evaluated using the area under the curve, detection rate at a given false-positive rate of 10%, and calibration plots. Internal validation was conducted via bootstrapping. RESULTS: A total of 943 twin pregnancies, including 36 (3.82%) women who experienced early-onset pre-eclampsia and 93 (9.86%) who developed late-onset pre-eclampsia, were included in this study. To forecast pre-eclampsia during the third trimester, the most accurate prediction for early-onset pre-eclampsia resulted from a combination of maternal factors and MAP measured during this trimester. The optimal predictive model for late-onset pre-eclampsia includes maternal factors and MAP data collected during the second and third trimesters. The areas under the curve were 0.937 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.894-0.981) and 0.887 (95% CI 0.852-0.921), respectively. The corresponding detection rates were 83.33% (95% CI 66.53%-93.04%) for early-onset pre-eclampsia and 68.82% (95% CI 58.26%-77.80%) for late-onset pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSION: Repeated measurements of MAP during pregnancy significantly improved the accuracy of late-onset pre-eclampsia prediction in twin pregnancies. The integration of longitudinal data into pre-eclampsia screening may be an effective and valuable strategy.

[Prokaryotic expression and biological activities of the hemolysin BL subunit of a pathogenic Bacillus cereus of cattle origin].

Bacillus cereus belongs to Gram-positive bacteria, which is widely distributed in nature and shows certain pathogenicity. Different B. cereus strains carry different subsets of virulence factors, which directly determine the difference in their pathogenicity. It is therefore important to study the distribution of virulence factors and the biological activity of specific toxins for precise prevention and control of B. cereus infection. In this study, the hemolysin BL triayl was expressed, purified, and characterized. The results showed that the bovine pathogenic B. cereus hemolysin BL could be expressed and purified in the prokaryotic expression system, and the bovine pathogenic B. cereus hemolysin BL showed hemolysis, cytotoxicity, good immunogenicity and certain immune protection in mice. In this study, the recombinant expression of hemolysin BL triayl was achieved, and the biological activity of hemolysin BL of bovine pathogenic ceroid spore was investigated. This study may facilitate further investigating the pathogenic mechanism of B. cereus hemolysin BL and developing a detection method for bovine pathogenic B. cereus disease.

[Research progress of c-di-GMP in the regulation of Escherichia coli biofilm].

Escherichia coli biofilm is a complex membrane aggregation produced by the adhesion and secretion of extracellular polymeric substances by E. coli cells aggregated on specific media. Pathogenic E. coli will evade the immune system and the impact of various harmful factors in the environment after the formation of biofilm, causing sustained and even fatal damage to the host. Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger ubiquitous in bacteria and plays a crucial role in regulating biofilm formation. This paper reviewed the recent studies about the role of c-di-GMP in the movement, adhesion, and EPS production mechanism of E. coli during biofilm formation, aiming to provide a basis for inhibiting E. coli biofilm from the perspective of c-di-GMP.

Recent Progress on Tick-Borne Animal Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance in China.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases pose a growing threat to human and animal health, which has brought great losses to livestock production. With the continuous expansion of human activities and the development of natural resources, there are more and more opportunities for humans to contract ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, research on ticks and tick-borne diseases is of great significance. This paper reviews recent progress on tick-borne bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and parasitic diseases in China, which provides a theoretical foundation for the research of tick-borne diseases.

Thirdhand smoke beliefs and behaviors among families of primary school children in Shanghai.

INTRODUCTION: There are few reports on the beliefs about thirdhand smoke in Chinese families with primary school children. This study aims to understand the beliefs about thirdhand smoke among parents or grandparents of primary school children in Shanghai and to provide an evidence base to incorporate thirdhand smoke preventative action into tobacco control interventions. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey among parents and grandparents of children aged 6-13 years in the Changjiang Road Primary School and recruited 843 participants to make assessments on the 'beliefs about thirdhand smoke' (BATHS) scale. Sociodemographic details including age, gender, marital status, education level, personal income and type of home ownership (new house, secondhand house with or without redecoration) and health status of children (whether they suffered from respiratory diseases or not) were investigated. Scale assessment, univariate and multivariate analyses to explore the factors influencing the BATHS scale and subscale scores, were performed using SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: Participants who were aged >65 years were more likely to get lower scores on the BATHS scale (OR=0.476; 95% CI: 0.311-0.728, p=0.001). Undergraduates (OR=1.190; 95% CI: 1.020-1.388, p=0.027) and graduates (OR=1.4490; 95% CI: 1.102-1.906, p=0.008) obtained higher scores. Moreover, the scores of residents living in a secondhand house with redecoration (OR=0.882; 95% CI: 0.782-0.995, p=0.041) and without redecoration (OR=0.801; 95% CI: 0.698-0.919, p=0.002) were lower compared with those of new-house owners. The scores for participants whose children suffered from respiratory diseases in the past six months (OR=1.104; 95% CI: 1.003-1.216, p=0.043) were higher than those whose children had no respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that younger people, females, those with higher incomes, and higher education levels, were more likely to believe the thirdhand smoke impacts on health and its persistence in the environment. Our findings can guide targeted actions for smoke-free home interventions.

Progress in research on detection techniques for peste des petits ruminants virus / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Peste des petits ruminants(PPR)is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV),which mainly infects goats and sheep with high morbidity and mortality. Because of its serious pathological damage and wide spread,PPR has caused huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry and international trade in various countries,so it is particularly important to establish a rapid and accurate detection method for the prevention and control of the disease. This paper reviews the progress in research on biological detection techniques for PPRV detection,such as routine RT-PCR,routine multiplex PCR,real-time fluorence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),pyrosequencing,nested PCR(nPCR),loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)and recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA),so as to provide bases and ideas for scientific detection and identification of PPRV.