RESUMEN
Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer has now been subdivided into several subtypes. The five basic principles of treatment include chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and early palliative care. The latter should be implemented for all patients with metastatic lung cancer. The use of the other modalities depends on the histological subtype, as well as on the immunohistochemical and molecular features of the tumor.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Humanos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , PronósticoRESUMEN
Between 10 and 15 % of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) proliferate due to the presence of a so-called driver mutation. This molecular alteration allows the cancer to continue to proliferate and can be deliberately inhibited. In addition to mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) and translocations between the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene (EML 4) and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK), this applies to ROS1 gene translocations. For the former two alterations, many inhibitors are already available, whereas for ROS1 and other driving mutations the evidence is sparse due to the rare occurrence of these mutations in NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/antagonistas & inhibidores , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Terapia Molecular Dirigida/métodos , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Humanos , Medicina de Precisión/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Many respiratory diseases besides lung cancer are still not curable. There is an unmet need for palliative care, especially in non-malignant conditions. In this article we focus on symptomatic treatment of typical symptoms in respiratory disease beyond causal treatment.
Asunto(s)
Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Cuidados Paliativos/tendencias , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/terapia , Respiración Artificial , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , Disnea/etiología , Humanos , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/complicaciones , Andadores/provisión & distribuciónRESUMEN
Palliative care should be part of respiratory medicine for two reasons: first, many respiratory diseases--besides thoracic tumours--need palliative care in the late stages of the disease. Second, dyspnoea is a common symptom in advanced, primary extrapulmonary diseases and the knowledge of respiratory specialists can be beneficial in the treatment of this symptom. In this paper we describe frequent symptoms of advanced pulmonary diseases and their treatment. Moreover, we focus on the structure of palliative care in Germany.
Asunto(s)
Dolor/etiología , Dolor/prevención & control , Cuidados Paliativos/tendencias , Neumología/tendencias , Trastornos Respiratorios/complicaciones , Trastornos Respiratorios/terapia , Cuidado Terminal/tendencias , Alemania , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Targeting the epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an established treatment option with less toxicity compared to conventional chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether Erlotinib is non-inferior compared to chemotherapy as a first-line therapy in unselected elderly patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients ≥ 70 years with untreated, metastatic NSCLC were randomized to Erlotinib (E), 150 mg/day or Carboplatin (AUC5) plus Vinorelbine (25mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8) every three weeks (CV). Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). After progression, crossover was strongly recommended. Secondary endpoints were duration of response, 1-year survival, overall survival (OS), response rate (RR), quality of life (FACT-L), assessment of comorbidities by simplified comorbidity score (SCS) and Charlsons' comorbidity score, safety and assessment of molecular markers. RESULTS: Between June 2006 and August 2008 284 pts were randomized to E (144) and CV (140). PFS was significantly inferior with E (median PFS 2.4 versus 4.6 months [HR 1.6, 75% CI 1.22-2.09, p: 0.0005]) as well as RR (7.8% v 28.3%, p: 0.0001). No significant difference in OS appeared (median E: 7.3 months versus CV: 8.4 months, HR: 1.24 [75% CI 0.9-1.71]). In never smokers PFS (median PFS: 3.7 v 4.3 m, E v CV, HR 0.72, 75% CI 0.35-1.48) and OS (median: 16.5 versus 17 months, HR 0.99 [75% CI 0.38-2.57]) were comparable. More skin toxicity and diarrhea was seen with E compared to more myelotoxicity, neurotoxicity and constipation with CV. Less severe adverse events were observed with E (81 v 102, E v CV). CONCLUSION: CV had an increased efficacy compared with E in an unselected population of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Quinazolinas/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Carboplatino/administración & dosificación , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Receptores ErbB/genética , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Mutación , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Quinazolinas/administración & dosificación , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vinblastina/administración & dosificación , Vinblastina/análogos & derivados , VinorelbinaRESUMEN
Chemotherapy of malignant mesothelioma is of great importance because most patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma are diagnosed for the first time with widespread or advanced disease. Due to the small number of patients in clinical trials and due to difficulties in tumour assessment in the last 20 years, validation criteria for efficacy could only be defined with major limitations. After the introduction of modern antifolates in the chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma and after the establishment of standardised response criteria, a significant prolongation of survival time by combination chemotherapy was shown in two randomised phase III trials. The combination of pemetrexed and cisplatin is the current standard of chemotherapy in malignant mesothelioma. Besides first-line therapy, there are also data to support the efficacy of chemotherapy in pretreated patients. In spite of the various results of preclinical trials which support the prognostic significance of certain targeted structures of intra- and intercellular signal transduction, no relevant efficacy could be shown for targeted therapies in mesothelioma up to now.