rBC2LCN-reactive SERPINA3 is a glycobiomarker candidate for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Early detection is urgently needed to improve the patient's pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) survival. Previously, we identified a novel tumor-associated glycan, H-type3, which is expressed on PDAC cells and is detected by rBC2LCN (recombinant N-terminal domain of BC2L-C identified from Burkholderia cenocepacia) lectin. Here, we identified that SERPINA3 is an rBC2LCN-reactive glycoprotein (BC2-S3) secreted from PDAC cells into the blood in patients with PDAC by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and lectin blotting. In immune staining, BC2-S3 was detected specifically in the tumor but not in normal tissues of PDAC. Lectin-ELISA was then developed to measure the serum level of BC2-S3 in healthy control (HC, n = 99) and patients with PDAC (n = 88). BC2-S3 exhibited higher in patients with PDAC than in those with HC. BC2-S3 showed similar diagnostic performance in all stages of PDAC (stages IA-IV, true positive rate = 76.1%, true negative rate = 81.8%) to CA19-9 (72.7%, 75.8%). Remarkably, BC2-S3 showed a significantly higher detection rate (89.7%) for early stage PDAC (IA-IIA) than CA19-9 (62.1%, P = 0.029). The combination of BC2-S3 and CA19-9 further improved the diagnostic ability for all stages of PDAC (81.8%, 87.9%). In conclusion, BC2-S3 is a glycobiomarker candidate for PDAC.

Quantitative evaluation of glycan-binding specificity of recombinant concanavalin A produced in lettuce (Lactuca sativa).

Concanavalin A (ConA), a mannose (Man)-specific leguminous lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seed extracts, was discovered over a century ago. Although ConA has been extensively applied in various life science research, recombinant mature ConA expression has not been fully established. Here, we aimed to produce recombinant ConA (rConA) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system. rConA could be produced as a fully active form from soluble fractions of lettuce leaves and purified by affinity chromatography. From 12 g wet weight of lettuce leaves, 0.9 mg rConA could be purified. The glycan-binding properties of rConA were then compared with that of the native ConA isolated from jack bean using glycoconjugate microarray and frontal affinity chromatography. rConA demonstrated a glycan-binding specificity similar to nConA. Both molecules bound to N-glycans containing a terminal Man residue. Consistent with previous reports, terminal Manα1-6Man was found to be an essential unit for the high-affinity binding of rConA and nConA, while bisecting GlcNAc diminished the binding of rConA and nConA to Manα1-6Man-terminated N-glycans. These results demonstrate that the fully active rConA could be produced using the A. tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system and used as a recombinant substitute for nConA.

CD63-positive extracellular vesicles are potential diagnostic biomarkers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest gastrointestinal cancers with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Biomarkers for early PDAC detection are useful in treating patients with PDAC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound vesicles that are potential biomarkers of various diseases such as PDAC. In this study, we quantitatively measured the serum levels of EVs (CD63+-EVs) or platelet-derived EVs (CD41+- and CD61+-EVs) and evaluated their potential use as biomarkers of PDAC. METHODS: We measured the serum levels of CD63+-, CD41+-, CD61+-EVs using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Tim4 with specificity for phosphatidylserine on EVs in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 39) and patients with PDAC (n = 39). We also examined the effect of tumor burden on the serum EV levels after surgical resection (n = 28). CA19-9, a clinical PDAC biomarker, was also measured for comparison. RESULTS: Serum levels of CD63+-EVs, CD41+-EVs, and CD61+-EVs were significantly increased in patients with PDAC compared to HCs. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that CD63+-EVs exhibited the highest diagnostic performance to discriminate patients with PDAC from HCs (area under the curve (AUC): 0.846), which was comparable to CA19-9 (AUC: 0.842). CA19-9 showed lower AUC values in early stages (I-II, AUC: 0.814) than in late stages (III-IV, AUC: 0.883) PDAC. Conversely, CD63+-EVs, CD41+-EVs, and CD61+-EVs showed comparable AUCs between early- and late-stage PDAC. The combined use of CA19-9 and CD63+-EVs showed a higher diagnostic performance for early-stage PDAC (AUC: 0.903) than CA19-9. The serum levels of CD63+-EVs, CD41+-EVs, CD61+-EVs, and CA19-9 decreased significantly after surgical resection, demonstrating that EVs are increased in sera of patients depending on the tumor burden. CONCLUSIONS: The serum levels of CD63+-EVs and platelet-derived EVs (CD41+-EVs, CD61+-EVs) are increased in patients with PDAC than HCs. Since CD63+-EVs showed a high AUC to discriminate patients with PDAC from HCs; they might be useful as potential biomarkers for PDAC.

Glycan expression profile of signet ring cell gastric cancer cells and potential applicability of rBC2LCN-targeted lectin drug conjugate therapy.

BACKGROUND: Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer (GC); however, the specific characteristics of cancer cell surface glycans and glycosylation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated SRC-specific glycans using lectin microarray and evaluated the potential applicability of a glycan-targeting therapy. METHODS: SRC cell lines (NUGC-4 and KATO-III) and non-SRC (NSRC) cell lines (NCI-N87, SNU-1, and MKN-45) were subjected to lectin microarray analysis to identify the SRC-specific glycans. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical lectin staining and evaluated the anti-tumor effects of lectin drug conjugates (LDCs) using high-affinity lectins for SRC. RESULTS: Among the 96 lectins tested, 11 high-affinity and 8 low-affinity lectins were identified for SRC. Glycan-binding motifs varied in the high-affinity lectins, but 5 (62.5%) low-affinity lectins bound the same glycan structure, α2-6-linked sialic acids. The ratio of signal intensity in SRC to NSRC (SRC/NSRC) was highest in the rBC2LCN lectin (1.930-fold), followed by the BPL lectin (1.786-fold). rBC2LCN lectin showed high affinity for both SRC cell lines and one of the three NSRC cell lines (NCI-N87). The therapeutic effects of the LDC, rBC2LCN-PE38 (rBC2LCN, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A), showed cytocidal effects in vitro and tumor regression in in vivo mouse xenograft models. CONCLUSION: We reported specific glycan profiles in SRC cells, showing reduced α2-6-linked sialic acids. Additionally, we found a targeted therapy using rBC2LCN lectin might be applicable as an alternative treatment option for patients with SRC.

Self-Assembling Lectin Nano-Block Oligomers Enhance Binding Avidity to Glycans.

Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins, are attractive biomolecules for medical and biotechnological applications. Many lectins have multiple carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and strongly bind to specific glycans through multivalent binding effect. In our previous study, protein nano-building blocks (PN-blocks) were developed to construct self-assembling supramolecular nanostructures by linking two oligomeric proteins. A PN-block, WA20-foldon, constructed by fusing a dimeric four-helix bundle de novo protein WA20 to a trimeric foldon domain of T4 phage fibritin, self-assembled into several types of polyhedral nanoarchitectures in multiples of 6-mer. Another PN-block, the extender PN-block (ePN-block), constructed by tandemly joining two copies of WA20, self-assembled into cyclized and extended chain-type nanostructures. This study developed novel functional protein nano-building blocks (lectin nano-blocks) by fusing WA20 to a dimeric lectin, Agrocybe cylindracea galectin (ACG). The lectin nano-blocks self-assembled into various oligomers in multiples of 2-mer (dimer, tetramer, hexamer, octamer, etc.). The mass fractions of each oligomer were changed by the length of the linkers between WA20 and ACG. The binding avidity of the lectin nano-block oligomers to glycans was significantly increased through multivalent effects compared with that of the original ACG dimer. Lectin nano-blocks with high avidity will be useful for various applications, such as specific cell labeling.

Receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) from Vibrio cholerae modulates IgE activity and reduces the initiation of anaphylaxis.

IgE plays a key role in allergies by binding to allergens and then sensitizing mast cells through the Fc receptor, resulting in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. Therefore, IgE is a major target for managing allergies. Previous studies have reported that oligomannose on IgE can be a potential target to inhibit allergic responses. However, enzymes that can modulate IgE activity are not yet known. Here, we found that the commercial receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) (II) from Vibrio cholerae culture fluid specifically modulates IgE, but not IgG, and prevents the initiation of anaphylaxis. RDE (II)-treated IgE cannot access its binding site on bone marrow-derived mast cells, resulting in reduced release of histamine and cytokines. We also noted that RDE (II)-treated IgE could not induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mouse ears. Taken together, we concluded that RDE (II) modulates the IgE structure and renders it unable to mediate allergic responses. To reveal the mechanism by which RDE (II) interferes with IgE activity, we performed lectin microarray analysis to unravel the relationship between IgE modulation and glycosylation. We observed that RDE (II) treatment significantly reduced the binding of IgE to Lycopersicon esculentum lectin, which recognizes poly-N-acetylglucosamine and poly-N-acetyllactosamine. These results suggest that RDE (II) specifically modulates branched glycans on IgE, thereby interfering with its ability to induce allergic responses. Our findings may provide a basis for the development of drugs to inhibit IgE activity in allergies.

SSEA-1-positive fibronectin is secreted by cells deviated from the undifferentiated state of human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Quality control for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is important for efficient and stable production of hiPSC-derived cell therapy products to be used for transplantation. During cell culture, hiPSCs spontaneously undergo morphological changes and lose pluripotent properties. Such cells are termed deviated cells, which are altered from the undifferentiated state of hiPSCs, and express the early differentiation marker stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1). In this study, we searched for soluble SSEA-1+ glycoproteins secreted from deviated cells generated by culturing hiPSCs in cell culture medium containing heat-inactivated supplements. Glycoproteins obtained from cell culture supernatants of SSEA-1+ deviated cells were enriched by an O-glycan binding lectin and blotted with anti-SSEA-1 antibody. A single protein band at >250 kDa specifically detected by anti-SSEA-1 antibody was identified as fibronectin (FN) by LC-MS/MS analysis and immunoprecipitation combined with western blotting, indicating that FN is a carrier protein of SSEA-1. We then constructed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect SSEA-1+ FN secreted from deviated cells. This FN-SSEA-1 test proved to be both sensitive and specific, allowing for non-destructive detection of SSEA-1+ deviated cells within mixed cell population, with a lower limit of detection of 100 cells/mL. The developed assay may provide a standard technology for quality control of hiPSCs used for regenerative medicine.

Fucose-specific lectin of Aspergillus fumigatus: binding properties and effects on immune response stimulation.

Aspergillus fumigatus is the major causative fungus of aspergillosis, and many studies have explored the relationship between A. fumigatus and pathogenicity. In the current study, we focused on a fucose-specific lectin, FleA, as a novel molecule which related to the pathogenicity of A. fumigatus. The disruption of the fleA gene did not lead to clear morphological changes compared to parental strain under several stress conditions in culture, but germination become earlier. In comparison with parental strain, the pathogenicity of disruptant was enhanced in a mouse infection model. The pattern of conidial phagocytosis and adhesion to cultured cells did not explain this enhanced pathogenicity. FleA was reported to contain six conserved fucose-binding sites; the analysis of constructed FleA point mutants revealed nonequivalent contribution of the fucose-binding sites to fucose binding. Based on the immune response induced in the cultured cells upon exposure to wild-type and mutant FleA, we propose a model of the FleA molecule in A. fumigatus infection.

Glycan Binding Profiling of Jacalin-Related Lectins from the Pteria Penguin Pearl Shell.

We determined the primary structures of jacalin-related lectins termed PPL3s (PPL3A, 3B, and 3C, which are dimers consisting of sequence variants α + α, α + ß, ß + ß, respectively) and PPL4, which is heterodimer consisting of α + ß subunits, isolated from mantle secretory fluid of Pteria penguin (Mabe) pearl shell. Their carbohydrate-binding properties were analyzed, in addition to that of PPL2A, which was previously reported as a matrix protein. PPL3s and PPL4 shared only 35-50% homology to PPL2A, respectively; they exhibited significantly different carbohydrate-binding specificities based on the multiple glycan binding profiling data sets from frontal affinity chromatography analysis. The carbohydrate-binding specificity of PPL3s was similar to that of PPL2A, except only for Man3Fuc1Xyl1GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide, while PPL4 showed different carbohydrate-binding specificity compared with PPL2A and PPL3s. PPL2A and PPL3s mainly recognize agalactosylated- and galactosylated-type glycans. On the other hand, PPL4 binds to high-mannose-and hybrid-type N-linked glycans but not agalactosylated- and galactosylated-type glycans.

α2-6 sialylation is a marker of the differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells.

Human somatic stem cells such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are considered attractive cell sources for stem cell-based therapy. However, quality control issues have been raised concerning their safety and efficacy. Here we used lectin microarray technology to identify cell surface glycans as markers of the differentiation potential of stem cells. We found that α2-6Sia-specific lectins show stronger binding to early passage adipose-derived hMSCs (with differentiation ability) than late passage cells (without the ability to differentiate). Flow cytometry analysis using α2-6Sia-specific lectins supported the results obtained by lectin microarray. Similar results were obtained for bone marrow-derived hMSCs and cartilage tissue-derived chondrocytes. Little or no binding of α2-6Sia-specific lectins was observed for human dermal fibroblasts, which are unable to differentiate, suggesting that the binding of α2-6Sia-specific lectins is associated with the differentiation ability of cells, but not to their capacity to proliferate. Quantitative analysis of the linkage mode of Sia using anion-exchange chromatography showed that the percentage of α2-6Sia linkage type was higher in early passage adipose-derived hMSCs than late passage cells. Integrinα5 was found to be a carrier protein of α2-6Sia. Sialidase treatment significantly reduced the differentiation efficiency of bone marrow-derived hMSCs. Based on these findings, we propose that α2-6sialylation is a marker of differentiation potential in stem cells such as adipose-derived hMSCs, bone marrow-derived hMSCs, and cartilage tissue-derived chondrocytes.

Two jacalin-related lectins from seeds of the African breadfruit (Treculia africana L.).

Two jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) were purified by mannose-agarose and melibiose-agarose from seeds of Treculia africana. One is galactose-recognizing JRL (gJRL), named T. africana agglutinin-G (TAA-G), and another one is mannose-recognizing JRL (mJRL), TAA-M. The yields of the two lectins from the seed flour were approximately 7.0 mg/g for gJRL and 7.2 mg/g for mJRL. The primary structure of TAA-G was determined by protein sequencing of lysyl endopeptic peptides and chymotryptic peptides. The sequence identity of TAA-G to other gJRLs was around 70%. Two-residue insertion was found around the sugar-binding sites, compared with the sequences of other gJRLs. Crystallographic studies on other gJRLs have shown that the primary sugar-binding site of gJRLs can accommodate Gal, GalNAc, and GalNAc residue of T-antigen (Galß1-3GalNAcα-). However, hemagglutination inhibition and glycan array showed that TAA-G did not recognize GalNAc itself and T-antigen. TAA-G preferred melibiose and core 3 O-glycan.

Glycome diagnosis of human induced pluripotent stem cells using lectin microarray.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can now be produced from various somatic cell (SC) lines by ectopic expression of the four transcription factors. Although the procedure has been demonstrated to induce global change in gene and microRNA expressions and even epigenetic modification, it remains largely unknown how this transcription factor-induced reprogramming affects the total glycan repertoire expressed on the cells. Here we performed a comprehensive glycan analysis using 114 types of human iPSCs generated from five different SCs and compared their glycomes with those of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs; nine cell types) using a high density lectin microarray. In unsupervised cluster analysis of the results obtained by lectin microarray, both undifferentiated iPSCs and ESCs were clustered as one large group. However, they were clearly separated from the group of differentiated SCs, whereas all of the four SCs had apparently distinct glycome profiles from one another, demonstrating that SCs with originally distinct glycan profiles have acquired those similar to ESCs upon induction of pluripotency. Thirty-eight lectins discriminating between SCs and iPSCs/ESCs were statistically selected, and characteristic features of the pluripotent state were then obtained at the level of the cellular glycome. The expression profiles of relevant glycosyltransferase genes agreed well with the results obtained by lectin microarray. Among the 38 lectins, rBC2LCN was found to detect only undifferentiated iPSCs/ESCs and not differentiated SCs. Hence, the high density lectin microarray has proved to be valid for not only comprehensive analysis of glycans but also diagnosis of stem cells under the concept of the cellular glycome.

The therapeutic capacity of bone marrow MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in Achilles tendon healing is passage-dependent and indicated by specific glycans.

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for various diseases and tissue repair is attracting attention. Here, EVs from conditioned medium of human bone marrow MSCs at passage 5 (P5) and passage 12 (P12) were analysed using mouse Achilles tendon rupture model and lectin microarray. P5 MSC-EVs accelerated Achilles tendon healing compared with P12 MSC-EVs. Fucose-specific lectin TJA-II was indicated as a glycan marker for therapeutic MSC-EVs. The present study demonstrated that early passaged MSC-EVs promote Achilles tendon healing compared with senescent MSC-EVs. Glycans on MSC-EVs might provide useful tools to establish a quality control and isolation system for therapeutic MSC-EVs in regenerative medicine.

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles are increased in sera of Alzheimer's disease patients, as revealed by Tim4-based assays.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of ß-amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, which may be involved in the progression of AD. Glycans are essential building blocks of EVs, and we hypothesized that EV glycans may reflect pathological conditions of various diseases. Here, we performed glycan profiling of EVs prepared from sera of three AD patients (APs) compared to three healthy donors (HDs) using lectin microarray. Distinct glycan profiles were observed. Mannose-binding lectins exhibited significantly higher signals for AP-derived EVs than HD-derived EVs. Lectin blotting using mannose-binding lectin (rPALa) showed a single protein band at ~ 80 kDa exclusively in AP-derived EVs. LC-MS/MS analysis identified a protein band precipitated by rPALa as CD61, a marker of platelet-derived exosomes (P-Exo). Sandwich assays using Tim4 with specificity for phosphatidylserine on EVs and antibodies against P-Exo markers (CD61, CD41, CD63, and CD9) revealed that P-Exo is significantly elevated in sera of APs (n = 16) relative to age- and sex-matched HDs (n = 16). Tim4-αCD63 showed the highest value for the area under the curve (0.957) for discriminating APs from HDs, which should lead to a better understanding of AD pathology and may facilitate the development of a novel diagnostic method for AD.

A glycosaminoglycan microarray identifies the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to chondroitin sulfate E.

Heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), was reported to be a necessary host attachment factor that promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we developed GAG microarrays based on fluorescence detection for high-sensitivity screening of the GAG-binding specificity of proteins and applied it for the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. Among the 20 distinct GAGs, the S protein bound not only to heparin (HEP)/HS but also to chondroitin sulfate E (CSE) in a concentration-dependent manner. We then analyzed the specificity of each subunit of the S protein. While the S1 subunit showed exclusive binding to HEP, the S2 subunit also bound to CSE and HEP/HS. CSE might act as an alternative attachment factor for HS in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Glycan detecting tools developed from the Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin complex.

Lectins are proteins with the ability to recognize and bind to specific glycan structures. These molecules play important roles in many biological systems and are actively being studied because of their ability to detect glycan biomarkers for many diseases. Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin complex; HA1, HA2, and HA3 are lectins that aid in the internalization of the toxin complex by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface. HA1 mutants have been previously reported, namely HA1 W176A/D271F and HA1 N278A/Q279A which are specific to galactose (Gal)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) sugars, respectively. In this study, we utilized HA1 mutants and expressed them in complex with HA2 WT and HA3 WT to produce glycan detecting tools with high binding affinity. Particularly, two types were made: Gg and Rn. Gg is an Alexa 488 conjugated lectin complex specific to Gal and GalNAc, while Rn is an Alexa 594 conjugated lectin complex specific to Neu5Ac. The specificities of these lectins were identified using a glycan microarray followed by competitive sugar inhibition experiments on cells. In addition, we confirmed that Gg and Rn staining is clearly different depending on cell type, and the staining pattern of these lectins reflects the glycans present on the cell surface as shown in enzyme treatment experiments. The availability of Gg and Rn provide us with new promising tools to study Gal, GalNAc, and Neu5Ac terminal epitopes which can aid in understanding the functional role of glycans in physiological and pathological events.

Oriented immobilization of rBC2LCN lectin for highly sensitive detection of human pluripotent stem cells using cell culture supernatants.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are considered ideal cell sources for regenerative medicine, but their clinical and industrial applications are hindered by their tumorigenic potential. We previously identified an hPSC-specific lectin, rBC2LCN, that recognizes the podocalyxin glycoprotein secreted by undifferentiated hPSCs into the culture media. Using biotinylated rBC2LCN and a peroxidase-labeled R-10G antibody, we developed a sandwich assay for the detection of tumorigenic hPSCs. In this assay, the lectin is randomly immobilized on streptavidin-coated microplates to capture hPSC-derived podocalyxin. In the present study, rBC2LCN was genetically fused with polystyrene-binding peptides (PS-tags) for direct, site-specific, and oriented immobilization on polystyrene microplates. rBC2LCN lectins fused with PS-tags at the C-terminus were successfully overexpressed as a soluble form in Escherichia coli and then purified by affinity chromatography. We optimized the various parameters (protein and NaCl concentration, buffer pH, and blocking agents) of the sandwich assay by using PS-tagged rBC2LCN and the R-10G antibody. Finally, the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of the sandwich assay for hPSCs was examined. The LLOD was 2.2-fold lower than that achieved with the previous method. Considering that the developed method does not require the precoating of polystyrene microplates with streptavidin, it provides a cost-effective approach for the highly sensitive detection of hPSCs residing in hPSC-derived cell therapeutics.

Glycome analysis of extracellular vesicles derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells using lectin microarray.

Glycans are one of the major building blocks of extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, their roles and applications have not been completely explored. Here, we analyzed the glycome of EVs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using high-density lectin microarray. The glycan profiles of hiPSC-derived EVs were different from those of non-hiPSC-derived EVs. Moreover, rBC2LCN that shows specific binding to hiPSCs, showed strong specificity for hiPSC-derived EVs but not non-hiPSCs-derived EVs. Further, other hiPSC-specific probes, such as anti-TRA-1-60, anti-SSEA4, and anti-R-10G, exhibited specific, but weaker binding to hiPSC-derived EVs than rBC2LCN. We then developed a sandwich assay using rBC2LCN and a phosphatidylserine receptor, Tim4, to specifically detect hiPSC-derived EVs. The Tim4-rBC2LCN sandwich assay allowed for specific detection of hiPSC-derived EVs but not non-hiPSC-derived EVs, indicating that rBC2LCN could also be used for the specific detection of hiPSC-derived EVs. Together, our findings demonstrate that the characteristic glycan signature of hiPSCs are retained by EVs derived from them. The EV glycome could be novel targets for the identification and characterization of stem cells for use in regenerative medicine.

Reduced fucosylation in the distal intestinal epithelium of mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress.

Psychological stress can cause dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract by regulating its interaction with central nervous system (brain-gut axis). Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) is widely used to produce a rodent model of stress-induced human mood disorders and depression. We previously showed that CSDS significantly affects the intestinal ecosystem including cecal and fecal microbiota, intestinal gene expression profiles and cecal metabolite profiles. Here, we investigated whether the glycosylation pattern in the intestinal epithelium was affected in C57BL/6 mice exposed to CSDS (hereinafter referred to as CSDS mice). A lectin microarray analysis revealed that CSDS significantly reduced the reactivity of fucose-specific lectins (rAOL, TJA-II, rAAL, rGC2, AOL, AAL, rPAIIL and rRSIIL) with distal intestinal mucosa, but not with mucosa from proximal intestine and colon. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed the reduced TJA-II reactivity with intestinal epithelial cells in CSDS mice. In addition, distal intestine expression levels of the genes encoding fucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (Fut1 and Fut2) were downregulated in CSDS mice. These findings suggest that CSDS alters the fucosylation pattern in the distal intestinal epithelium, which could be used as a sensitive marker for CSDS exposure.

Identification, Characterization, and X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of a Novel Type of Lectin AJLec from the Sea Anemone Anthopleura japonica.

A novel galactose-specific lectin, AJLec (18.5 kDa), was isolated from the sea anemone, Anthopleura japonica. AJLec was characterized using the hemagglutination assay, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and glycoconjugate microarray analysis and we found that AJLec has a specificity for galactose monomers and ß-linked terminal galactose residues in complex carbohydrates, but not for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which is commonly recognized by galactose-binding lectins. The primary structure of AJLec did not show homology with known lectins, and a crystal structural analysis also revealed a unique homodimeric structure. The crystal structure of AJLec complexed with lactose was solved by measuring the sulfur single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (S-SAD) phasing with an in-house Cu Kα source method. This analysis revealed that the galactose residue in lactose was recognized via its O2, O3, and O4 hydroxyl groups and ring oxygen by calcium coordination and two hydrogen bonds with residues in the carbohydrate-binding site, which demonstrated strict specificity for the ß-linked terminal galactose in this lectin.