Limits to in vivo fate changes of epithelia in thymus and parathyroid by ectopic expression of transcription factors Gcm2 and Foxn1.

The development of the parathyroid and the thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch depends on the activities of the Gcm2 and Foxn1 transcription factors, respectively, whose expression domains sharply demarcate two regions in the developing third pharyngeal pouch. Here, we have generated novel mouse models to examine whether ectopic co-expression of Gcm2 in the thymic epithelium and of Foxn1 in the parathyroid perturbs the establishment of organ fates in vivo. Expression of Gcm2 in the thymic rudiment does not activate a parathyroid-specific expression programme, even in the absence of Foxn1 activity. Co-expression of Foxn1 in the parathyroid fails to impose thymopoietic capacity. We conclude that the actions of Foxn1 and Gcm2 transcription factors are cell context-dependent and that they each require permissive transcription factor landscapes in order to successfully interfere with organ-specific cell fate.

Fundamental parameters of the developing thymic epithelium in the mouse.

The numbers of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes steadily increase during embryogenesis. To examine this dynamic, we generated several TEC-specific transgenic mouse lines, which express fluorescent proteins in the nucleus, the cytosol and in the membranes under the control of the Foxn1 promoter. These tools enabled us to determine TEC numbers in tissue sections by confocal fluorescent microscopy, and in the intact organ by light-sheet microscopy. Compared to histological procedures, flow cytometric analysis of thymic cellularity is shown to underestimate the numbers of TECs by one order of magnitude; using enzymatic digestion of thymic tissue, the loss of cortical TECs (cTECs) is several fold greater than that of medullary TECs (mTECs), although different cTEC subsets appear to be still present in the final preparation. Novel reporter lines driven by Psmb11 and Prss16 promoters revealed the trajectory of differentiation of cTEC-like cells, and, owing to the additional facility of conditional cell ablation, allowed us to follow the recovery of such cells after their depletion during embryogenesis. Multiparametric histological analyses indicate that the new transgenic reporter lines not only reveal the unique morphologies of different TEC subsets, but are also conducive to the analysis of the complex cellular interactions in the thymus.

Pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade for lamellar macular holes.

PURPOSE: To report anatomic and visual improvement after pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade for a lamellar macular hole with poor central visual acuity. DESIGN: Two interventional case reports. METHODS: Two patients with a lamellar macular hole underwent vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and long-acting gas injection. Main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic appearance, and optical coherence tomography findings. RESULTS: Vitrectomy with gas tamponade resulted in biomicroscopic, functional, and tomographic improvement in both patients for follow-up periods of 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy with gas tamponade may be an effective method for a lamellar macular hole with poor visual acuity.

BRCA1 and CtIP Are Both Required to Recruit Dna2 at Double-Strand Breaks in Homologous Recombination.

Homologous recombination plays a key role in the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs), and thereby significantly contributes to cellular tolerance to radiotherapy and some chemotherapy. DSB repair by homologous recombination is initiated by 5' to 3' strand resection (DSB resection), with nucleases generating the 3' single-strand DNA (3'ssDNA) at DSB sites. Genetic studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate a two-step DSB resection, wherein CtIP and Mre11 nucleases carry out short-range DSB resection followed by long-range DSB resection done by Dna2 and Exo1 nucleases. Recent studies indicate that CtIP contributes to DSB resection through its non-catalytic role but not as a nuclease. However, it remains elusive how CtIP contributes to DSB resection. To explore the non-catalytic role, we examined the dynamics of Dna2 by developing an immuno-cytochemical method to detect ionizing-radiation (IR)-induced Dna2-subnuclear-focus formation at DSB sites in chicken DT40 and human cell lines. Ionizing-radiation induced Dna2 foci only in wild-type cells, but not in Dna2 depleted cells, with the number of foci reaching its maximum at 30 minutes and being hardly detectable at 120 minutes after IR. Induced foci were detectable in cells in the G2 phase but not in the G1 phase. These observations suggest that Dna2 foci represent the recruitment of Dna2 to DSB sites for DSB resection. Importantly, the depletion of CtIP inhibited the recruitment of Dna2 to DSB sites in both human cells and chicken DT40 cells. Likewise, a defect in breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), which physically interacts with CtIP and contributes to DSB resection, also inhibited the recruitment of Dna2. Moreover, CtIP physically associates with Dna2, and the association is enhanced by IR. We conclude that BRCA1 and CtIP contribute to DSB resection by recruiting Dna2 to damage sites, thus ensuring the robust DSB resection necessary for efficient homologous recombination.

The effects of exercise intensity on thermoregulatory responses to exercise in women.

We investigated the influence of altering exercise intensity (150, 300, and 450 kpm/min) on the resetting of the core temperature threshold for the onset of the sweating rate (M(sw)) and the alteration of sweating sensitivity during the menstrual cycle in women. Five women underwent cycling exercise for 30 min in both the luteal and follicular phases under controlled neutral environmental conditions (T: 25 degrees C, RH: 55%). A significantly higher rectal temperature (T(re)) was seen in the luteal phase at all exercise intensities, and the same time course of the T(re) response with a constant difference of approximately 0.2 degrees C was shown between the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The T(re) threshold for M(sw) was also apparently shifted rightward a constant value of 0.2 degrees C from the follicular phase to the luteal phase, independent of the alteration of exercise intensity. The slope of the M(sw)-T(re) relationship in the follicular phase did not differ from that in the luteal phase. These results indicate that (1) a rightward shift in the T(re) threshold from the follicular phase to the luteal phase can be observed independent of any alteration of the exercise intensity; and (2) the sensitivity of M(sw) is also not physiologically influenced by exercise intensity. Thus, alterative thermoregulation during the menstrual cycle was fundamentally unaffected by the change of exercise intensity.

Clinical features of early and late stage polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy characterized by lesion size and disease duration.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and even its clinical features, are controversial. Previous histopathological studies have identified different features; either dilated choroidal vessels or intra-Bruch's neovascularization. These differences might be partly attributable to the influence of the disease stage. We therefore evaluated the clinical features of early and late stage PCV. METHODS: The medical records of 110 eyes of 97 PCV patients were retrospectively reviewed. The time between the subjective onset of visual abnormality and examination at our clinic and the greatest linear dimension of the total lesion at the first examination were investigated. The period of disturbed vision and lesion size data were placed in ascending order to determine the first quartile point. Eyes with both values at or below the first quartile point were classified as 'small-short' (early stage). Eyes with both values equal to at least the third quartile point were classified as 'large-long' (late stage). Fundus photography, indocyanine green and fluorescein angiography, visual acuity, and clinical course were compared. RESULTS: Twelve eyes from 12 patients were small-short cases (period of disturbed vision of 1 month or less, lesion size 2.0 disc diameters or less). Eleven eyes from ten patients were large-long cases (period of disturbed vision 36 months or more, lesion size at least 5.0 disc diameters). The large-long eyes were characterized by occult choroidal neovascular membrane or scar tissue secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration. Noticeable in the small-short eyes were atrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, choroidal vessel hyperpermeability and pulsation. The visual prognosis and clinical course were different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The difference of clinical features between the groups might reflect different disease stages, although not all of the features observed in the small-short group appeared to represent the early stages of those recorded in the large-long group. Thus, the variation in histopathologic features among previous reports might be partly attributable to differences in disease stage.