The effect of bovine dairy products and their components on the incidence and natural history of infection: a systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Dairy products and their components may impact immune function, although the current evidence base has some research gaps. As part of a larger systematic literature review of dairy products/components (including probiotics, dairy proteins, and dairy fats) and immune function, we identified the available epidemiologic research on the impact of dairy products/components on incidence and natural history of infectious diseases. METHODS: PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched through May 2022 to identify eligible studies using pre-defined Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study design criteria. Herein, we focused on describing the impacts of dairy product/component on infectious disease outcomes, including the effect on leukocyte and cytokine response in humans. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Among 9,832 studies identified from the larger literature search, 133 relevant publications from 128 studies reported on dairy product/component and infectious disease outcomes. Few studies are available on the impact of non-fermented milk and traditional yogurt on infectious disease. Evidence was identified to suggest milk and yogurt drinks fermented with Lactobacillus strains reduce the risk and burden of common infectious diseases (CIDs), although the findings are mixed and difficult to reconcile due to heterogenous study populations, bacterial strains, and study methods. Few studies are available on the impact of dairy products/components on the natural history of infection, with the available findings indicating probiotics may both improve gastrointestinal symptoms among HIV-infected persons and help eradicate and alleviate the symptoms of Heliobacter (H.) pylori. The available evidence also suggests lactoferrin may reduce the virological burden of COVID-19 and hepatitis C virus. No consistent changes in leukocytes or cytokine production were observed for any type of dairy product or their components, but probiotics appeared to enhance natural killer cell levels/activity and the phagocytic process. CONCLUSIONS: Dairy products, particularly those with added probiotics, may represent an easily accessible nutritional intervention to prevent and improve the course of infectious diseases. This review highlights the need for additional research in this potentially impactful area. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42022333780.

A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety data from head-to-head first-line trials of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors versus bevacizumab in adult patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer by sidedness.

The first-line treatment choice of EGFRIs plus doublet chemotherapy vs. bevacizumab plus doublet chemotherapy remains a topic of interest for patients with left-sided RAS WT mCRC. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical trial data published between 2015 and 2024. We evaluated the relative efficacy and safety of first-line EGFRIs plus doublet chemotherapy (FOLFIRI or FOLFOX) vs. bevacizumab plus doublet chemotherapy for patients with RAS WT left-sided mCRC, as well as in all- and right-sided tumors. We identified eight trials with 2624 patients. Five trials reported outcomes by tumor sidedness. In the left-sided population, overall survival (OS) (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.80, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.71-0.90) and objective response rate (ORR) (Odds ratio [OR]=1.61, 95% CI: 1.30-1.99) favored EGFRI plus chemotherapy, while no statistically significant differences were observed for progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.84-1.04) or resection rate (RR). Similar results were found in the all-sided population. In the right-sided population, PFS favored bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.78), while no statistically significant differences were observed for OS (HR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.95-1.44), ORR (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.69-1.41), and RR. Early tumor shrinkage in the all-sided population favored EGFRI plus chemotherapy (OR=1.72; 95% CI: 1.36-2.17); limited data precluded evaluation by sidedness. Safety was available in 6 trials for all-sided tumors and 1 trial for left-sided tumors, each demonstrating typical class-specific adverse events. This most comprehensive meta-analysis indicates a benefit for first-line EGFRI plus chemotherapy over bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with left-sided RAS WT mCRC.

Dietary eating patterns, dairy consumption, and anxiety: A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition affects both physical and mental health but evidence is mixed regarding potential associations between anxiety and diet, particularly dairy consumption. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of dairy consumption and/or various dietary patterns and risk of anxiety. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Embase. All study designs except case reports, small case series, and SLRs were considered for inclusion. Reference lists of previously published SLRs were reviewed for any relevant additional studies. Studies of populations without dairy sensitivities exploring the association between dietary patterns and/or dairy consumption and anxiety published through May 2022 were identified using predefined eligibility criteria. Study quality was determined using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. RESULTS: For this SLR, 132 studies were included; 80 were cross-sectional. Studies examined different dietary patterns (e.g., Mediterranean, gluten-free) and anxiety using various anxiety scales, with 19 studies specifically reporting on whole dairy consumption and anxiety. Dairy consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of anxiety in 7 studies, while the remaining 12 studies showed no significant associations. Evidence was mixed for the association between various dietary patterns and anxiety, but more studies observed a lower risk of anxiety with greater adherence to "healthy" diets (e.g., Mediterranean, diet quality score, vegetarian/vegan) than a higher risk. Notable heterogeneity in study populations, time periods, geographical locations, dietary assessment methods, and anxiety scales was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this SLR suggest a potential link between diet including diary consumption and anxiety, but future studies, especially with longitudinal designs that measure diet and anxiety at several timepoints and comprehensively adjust for confounders, are needed to fully understand the relationship between diet and anxiety.

Systematic Literature Review of the Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Delta-Like Ligand 3 Protein Expression in Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), a member of the Notch pathway, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target as it is highly expressed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a subtype accounting for 15% of lung cancer cases. OBJECTIVE: A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to understand the prevalence and prognostic impact of DLL3 expression on survival of patients with SCLC and treatment response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Systematic literature searches were conducted across multiple databases to capture studies of any SCLC population that evaluated DLL3 expression. Specific outcomes of interest included prevalence of DLL3 expression, method of expression analysis, and impact on outcome, including treatment response and survival (overall, progression-free, disease-free) according to varying levels of DLL3 expression/positivity. Standard risk of bias tools were used to evaluate study quality. RESULTS: Among the 30 included studies, the most common DLL3 testing method was immunohistochemistry (N = 26, 86.7%). For comparability, results focused on the 13 (22.3%) studies that used the Ventana DLL3 (SP347) immunohistochemistry assay. The prevalence of DLL3 positivity ranged from 80.0-93.5% for studies using a threshold of ≥ 1% of tumor cells (N = 4) and 58.3-91.1% for studies with a ≥ 25% threshold (N = 4). DLL3 expression was generally categorized as high using cutoffs of ≥ 50% (prevalence range: 45.8-79.5%; N = 6) or ≥ 75% (prevalence range: 47.3-75.6%; N = 5) of cells with positivity. Two studies used an H-score of ≥ 150 to define high DLL3 expression with prevalence ranging from 33.3-53.1%. No consistent associations were seen between DLL3 expression level and patient age, sex, smoking history, or disease stage. Two studies reported change in DLL3 expression category (high versus low) before and after chemotherapy. No statistically significant differences were reported between DLL3 expression groups and survival (overall, progression-free, or disease-free) or treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of DLL3 expression in SCLC. Further research and analytical methods may help to characterize different populations of patients with SCLC based on DLL3 expression. While no significant prognostic factor in the included studies was identified, additional cohort studies using standardized methodology, with longer follow-up, are needed to better characterize any potential differences in patient survival or response by DLL3 expression level in SCLC.

Medically-attended anxiety and depression is increased among newly diagnosed patients with cold agglutinin disease: Analysis of an integrated claim-clinical cohort in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare, chronic form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Clinical manifestations can include classical complement pathway-mediated chronic hemolysis, anemia, and profound fatigue. Research has shown that patients with other anemias may develop anxiety and depression, but this has not been studied previously in patients with CAD. METHODS: CAD patients were identified in the Optum Claims-Clinical dataset (between January 1, 2006-June 30, 2016) and matched to comparison patients without CAD by patient factors. Adjusted Cox regression models estimated time to anxiety and depression, defined by three different outcomes: medication use, hospitalization, and therapy related to anxiety and depression. Subset analyses were performed for primary CAD. Patients were followed until they had anxiety and depression, they left the Optum system, death, or the study period ended (June 30, 2016). RESULTS: Patients with CAD (n = 384) were more likely to have medically attended anxiety and depression (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.1), to be prescribed antidepressants or psychotherapy after their CAD diagnosis (aHR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.9), or to be hospitalized for an anxiety and depression-related event along with medication or psychotherapy (aHR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-2.9) relative to matched comparisons (n = 2789), during the follow-up period. Patients with primary CAD were at increased risk for medically attended anxiety and depression (aHR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.4-2.4), with the highest risk for prescription medication or therapy (aHR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.6-4.6). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that medically attended anxiety and depression manifest at a higher rate in CAD patients than in a matched non-CAD cohort. Study findings suggest that CAD patients may experience a greater burden on mental health that may negatively contribute to their overall quality of life. Further investigation on this topic is warranted.

The epidemiology of desmoid tumors in Denmark.

INTRODUCTION/AIM: The epidemiology, demographic, clinical, treatment, and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) characteristics of desmoid tumor (DT) patients treated at two sarcoma centers in Denmark is described. METHODS: Using Danish health registers, we studied DT patients treated at two sarcoma centers between 2009 and 2018. For each patient, ten persons from the general population were randomly matched on birth year, sex, and region of residence. RESULTS: Of the 179 DT patients identified, 76% were female and the median patient age was 38 years at diagnosis (interquartile range: 31-50). An average annual incidence of DTs over the study period was 3.2 per 1000,000 individuals with the observed annual incidence of DTs ranging from 2.2 (2011) to 4.3 (2017) per 1000,000 individuals. No notable linear time trend in incidence was observed. Anatomical DT sites included extra-abdominal (49%), abdominal wall (40%), and intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal areas (8%). In total, 56% of patients were initially treated surgically. However, while 75% of patients diagnosed with DT between 2009 and 2014 were initially treated surgically, this was true for only 32% of patients diagnosed with DT between 2015 and 2018. A total of 56% of DT patients used chemotherapeutic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, NSAIDs, opioids, antidepressants, or steroids at some point during the three years before their DT diagnoses. In contrast, 70% of surgically treated and 63% of non-surgically treated patients used one of these drugs in the subsequent three years, including NSAIDs (45% surgical vs. 33% non-surgical), opioids (39% surgical vs. 27% non-surgical), and steroids (22% surgical vs. 18% non-surgical). The average number of inpatient and outpatient visits, days of hospitalization, and additional surgical procedures were higher among DT patients than the comparison cohort. CONCLUSION: DTs are rare but have a large impact on patients' health, HRU, and medication utilization.

Healthcare resource utilization among patients with cold agglutinin disease in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia that may manifest in complement-mediated chronic hemolytic anemia, profound fatigue, and transient agglutination-mediated circulatory symptoms. This study compared the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) of patients with CAD with a matched non-CAD comparison cohort using national Danish health registry data. METHODS: All cases of CAD were identified from 1 January 1999 to 30 June 2016, in the Danish National Patient Registry using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, discharge diagnosis codes. A subcohort of patients with primary CAD was identified based on the absence of secondary predisposing concomitant diseases. CAD cases were matched to individuals without CAD from the general population based on birth year, sex, and 19 disease categories of the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Comparative analyses assessed inpatient hospitalizations, outpatient clinic visits, emergency room visits, transfusion use, and expensive drug use between cohorts 6 months before and 12 months after the admission date of the first hospital visit with CAD diagnosis (index date). RESULTS: A total of 104 patients with CAD were matched to 1003 comparison cohort members. Throughout the 12 months after the index date, patients with CAD were more likely to have at least one inpatient hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-6.0), outpatient clinic visit (OR, 17.2; 95% CI, 6.8-43.1), and blood transfusion (OR, 93.0; 95% CI, 33.3-259.8) than matched comparisons. HRU was similarly higher among patients with CAD than matched comparisons during the 6 months before the index date. Findings were similar among patients with primary CAD. CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of HRU among European patients with CAD has not previously been conducted. This study shows that patients with CAD utilize significant resources in Denmark. Increased HRU uses among patients with CAD before diagnosis presents opportunities for earlier diagnosis and management.

Fournier's gangrene with dapagliflozin in a rural hospital: a case report.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which are used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, are associated with risk of urogenital infections. FDA issued a black box warning about multiple case reports of Fournier's gangrene (FG) observed in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. FG is a type of necrotising fasciitis that occurs in the anogenital area. We report a case of a 71-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes on dapagliflozin, presenting with foul-smelling discharge and a large abscess in the perianal area. Her risk factors for FG included her advanced age, obesity, diabetes and trauma to the site. During her stay, dapagliflozin was discontinued and she received procedural debridement, wound care and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. Due to possible association between FG and SGLT2 inhibitors, patients presenting with signs and symptoms of FG who are taking SGLT2 inhibitors should be examined for infection in the urogenital area and treated promptly.

Irinotecan-Associated Dysarthria in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: A Single Site Experience.

BACKGROUND Irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat multiple malignancies, including those of colorectal, pancreatic, cervical, esophageal, gastric, and lung origin. Dysarthria, a state of difficult or unclear articulation of speech, has been reported as a rare side effect of irinotecan through multiple case reports and case series, but with limited published data aimed at understanding the underlying mechanism and effective management strategies. CASE REPORT We describe herein 3 cases of patients with pancreatic malignancy who experienced dysarthria while being treated with a chemotherapy regimen containing irinotecan at an ambulatory outpatient satellite chemotherapy site. All patients described received first-line FOLFIRINOX for pancreatic cancer and experienced dysarthria during their first infusion of irinotecan. In all cases, dysarthria was observed as a transient adverse drug reaction within the first 10 to 70 min of irinotecan infusion, which resolved rapidly upon pausing infusion without any long-term sequalae. All patients remained conscious and alert; physical and neurological examinations at dysarthria onset revealed no abnormalities. Some patients experienced distal extremity paresthesia, a known manifestation of oxaliplatin-induced acute neurotoxicity, and diaphoresis and nausea. Increased infusion time effectively prevented dysarthria during subsequent infusions. CONCLUSIONS Oncologists, pharmacists, nurses, and other care team members should be aware that irinotecan-associated dysarthria is a rare, mild, and self-limiting phenomenon to avoid inadvertently altering or withholding therapy. We suggest extending irinotecan infusion time, as opposed to dose reduction or treatment discontinuation, as a practical clinical management strategy for patients who develop recurrent dysarthria secondary to irinotecan infusion.