The frontooccipital interaction mechanism of high-frequency acoustoelectric signal.

Based on acoustoelectric effect, acoustoelectric brain imaging has been proposed, which is a high spatiotemporal resolution neural imaging method. At the focal spot, brain electrical activity is encoded by focused ultrasound, and corresponding high-frequency acoustoelectric signal is generated. Previous studies have revealed that acoustoelectric signal can also be detected in other non-focal brain regions. However, the processing mechanism of acoustoelectric signal between different brain regions remains sparse. Here, with acoustoelectric signal generated in the left primary visual cortex, we investigated the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal propagation characteristics of acoustoelectric signal in the transmission. We observed a strongest transmission strength within the frontal lobe, and the global temporal statistics indicated that the frontal lobe features in acoustoelectric signal transmission. Then, cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling was used to investigate the coordinated activity in the AE signal band range between frontal and occipital lobes. The results showed that intra-structural cross-frequency coupling and cross-structural coupling co-occurred between these two lobes, and, accordingly, high-frequency brain activity in the frontal lobe was effectively coordinated by distant occipital lobe. This study revealed the frontooccipital long-range interaction mechanism of acoustoelectric signal, which is the foundation of improving the performance of acoustoelectric brain imaging.

Comparative Cytological and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals That a Common Wild Rice Inbred Line Showed Stronger Drought Tolerance Compared with the Cultivar Rice.

Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is an important germplasm resource containing valuable genes. Our previous analysis reported a stable wild rice inbred line, Huaye3, which derives from the common wild rice of Guangdong Province. However, there was no information about its drought tolerance ability. Here, we assessed the germination characteristics and seedling growth between the Dawennuo and Huaye3 under five concentrations of PEG6000 treatment (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Huaye3 showed a stronger drought tolerance ability, and its seed germination rate still reached more than 52.50% compared with Dawennuo, which was only 25.83% under the 20% PEG6000 treatment. Cytological observations between the Dawennuo and Huaye3 indicated the root tip elongation zone and buds of Huaye3 were less affected by the PEG6000 treatment, resulting in a lower percentage of abnormalities of cortical cells, stele, and shrinkage of epidermal cells. Using the re-sequencing analysis, we detected 13,909 genes that existed in the genetic variation compared with Dawennuo. Of these genes, 39 were annotated as drought stress-related genes and their variance existed in the CDS region. Our study proved the strong drought stress tolerance ability of Huaye3, which provides the theoretical basis for the drought resistance germplasm selection in rice.

Ruthenium(II) Complexes Coupled by Erianin via a Flexible Carbon Chain as a Potential Stabilizer of c-myc G-Quadruplex DNA.

Herein, two novel ruthenium(II) complexes coupled by erianin via a flexible carbon chain, [Ru(phen)2(L1-(CH2)4-erianin)](ClO4)2 (L1 = 2-(2-(tri-fluoromethyphenyl))-imidazo [4,5f][1-10]phenanthroline (1) and [Ru(phen)2(L2-(CH2)4-eria)](ClO4)2 (L2 = 2-(4-(tri-fluoromethyphenyl))-imidazo [4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline (2), have been synthesized and investigated as a potential G-quadruplex(G4) DNA stabilizer. Both complexes, especially 2, can bind to c-myc G4 DNA with high affinity by electronic spectra, and the binding constant calculated for 1 and 2 is about 15.1 and 2.05 × 107 M-1, respectively. This was further confirmed by the increase in fluorescence intensity for both complexes. Moreover, the positive band at 265 nm in the CD spectra of c-myc G4 DNA decreased treated with 2, indicating that 2 may bind to c-myc G4 DNA through extern groove binding mode. Furthermore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay indicated that the melting point of c-myc G4 DNA treated with 1 and 2 increased 15.5 and 16.5 °C, respectively. Finally, molecular docking showed that 1 can bind to c-myc G4 DNA in the extern groove formed by base pairs G7-G9 and G22-A24, and 2 inserts into the small groove of c-myc G4 DNA formed by base pairs T19-A24. In summary, these ruthenium(II) complexes, especially 2, can be developed as potential c-myc G4 DNA stabilizers and will be exploited as potential anticancer agents in the future.

Magnesium Zirconate Titanate Thin Films Used as an NO2 Sensing Layer for Gas Sensor Applications Developed Using a Sol-Gel Method.

Magnesium zirconate titanate (MZT) thin films, used as a sensing layer on Al interdigitated electrodes prepared using a sol-gel spin-coating method, are demonstrated in this study. The p-type MZT/Al/SiO2/Si structure for sensing NO2 is also discussed. The results indicated that the best sensitivity of the gas sensor occurred when it was operating at a temperature ranging from 100 to 150 °C. The detection limit of the sensor was as low as 250 ppb. The sensitivity of the MZT thin film was 8.64% and 34.22% for 0.25 ppm and 5 ppm of NO2 gas molecules at a working temperature of 150 °C, respectively. The gas sensor also exhibited high repeatability and selectivity for NO2. The response values to 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 5000 ppb NO2 at 150 °C were 8.64, 9.52, 12, 16.63, 20.3, 23, and 34.22%, respectively. Additionally, we observed a high sensing linearity in NO2 gas molecules. These results indicate that MZT-based materials have potential applications for use as gas sensors.

Contribution of the mandible position to the facial profile perception of a female facial profile: An eye-tracking study.

INTRODUCTION: Studies concerning the visual attention of laypersons viewing the soft tissue facial profile of men and women with malocclusion are lacking. This study aimed to determine the visual attention to the facial profile of patients with different levels of mandibular protrusion and facial background attractiveness using an eye-tracking device. METHODS: The scanning paths of 54 Chinese laypersons (50% female, 50% male, aged 18-23 years) were recorded by an eye-tracking device when they observed composite female facial profile images (n = 24), which were combinations of different degrees of mandibular protrusion (normal, slight, moderate, and severe) and different levels of facial background attractiveness (attractive, average, and unattractive). Dependent variables (fixation duration and first fixation time) were analyzed using repeated-measures factorial analysis of variance. RESULTS: For normal mandibular profiles, the fixation duration of the eyes was significantly higher than that of other facial features (P <0.001). The lower face and nose received the least attention. As the degree of protrusion increased from slight to moderate, more attention was drawn to the lower face accompanied by less attention to eyes in the unattractive group (P <0.05). When protrusion degree increased from moderate to severe, attention shifted from nose to lower face significantly in the attractive group (P <0.05). Attention shift from eyes to lower face was also found in the average group when protrusion degree rose to moderate protrusion from normal profile (P <0.05). A significant interaction between facial attractiveness and mandibular protrusion was found in the lower face duration (P = 0.020). The threshold point (the point of mandibular protrusion degree that evoked attention to the lower face) of the attractive facial background was higher than that of the unattractive background. Once evoked, the effect of mandibular protrusion of the attractive group tended to be stronger than that of the unattractive group, though without statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes are the most salient area. The increasing degree of mandibular protrusion tends to draw attention to the lower face from other facial features. Background attractiveness can modify this behavior.

The processing network of high-frequency acoustoelectric signal in the living rat brain.

Objective.Acoustoelectric brain imaging (ABI) is a potential noninvasive electrophysiological neuroimaging method with high spatiotemporal resolution. At the focal spot of the focused ultrasound, with the couple of acoustic and electric fields, high-frequency acoustoelectric (HF AE) signal is generated. Because the brain is a volume conductor, HF AE signal can be detected in other brain cortex. The processing of HF AE signal is critical for improving decoding precision, further improving the spatial resolution performance of ABI. This study investigates the processing network of HF AE signal in the living rat brain.Approach.When HF AE generated on the left primary visual cortex (V1-L), low-frequency (LF) electroencephalography and HF AE signals on different cortex were recorded at the same time. Firstly, AE signal on different sides of the brain cortex were compared, including prefrontal cortex (FrA) and primary somatosensory cortex (S1FL). Then, we constructed and analyzed functional networks of two signals.Main results.In the same cortex, HF AE signal on the right side had stronger intensity. And compared with LF networks, HF AE network had larger global efficiency and shorter characteristic path length, denoting the stronger processing and transmission of AE signal. Additionally, in HF AE network, the node had significantly increased local properties and the connection were concentrated in the occipital lobe, reflecting the occipital lobe plays an important role in the processing.Significance.Experiment results demonstrate that, compared with LF network, HF AE network is more efficient and had stronger transmission capabilities. And the connection of HF AE network is concentrated in the occipital lobe. This work preliminarily reveals the HF AE signal processing, which is significant for improving the ABI quality and provides a new insight for understanding the brain HF signal.

Higher Rumination Tendency Is Associated with Reduced Positive Effects of Daily Activity Participation in People with Depressive Disorder.

Objectives: Rumination, a response style characterized by self-reflection loops of negative thoughts, tends to exacerbate depressive symptoms and may impair daily functional behaviors of individuals with depression. However, the specific impacts of rumination on activity participation remain unclear. The current study was aimed at examining the differences in daily activity participation profiles between clinically depressed people with higher versus lower rumination tendencies, with the hope to provide insightful suggestions for improving the quality of life of ruminative individuals with major depression. Methods: We recruited 143 participants with a depression-related diagnosis from psychiatric daycare centers or clinics and analyzed the differences in activity participation profiles between individuals with higher versus lower rumination tendencies. Results: Although compared to those with lower rumination tendencies, participants with higher rumination tendencies spent a longer time in activity participation; they experienced lower participation quality during these activities. Furthermore, their activity participation was primarily motivated by meeting others' expectations rather than self-interest. They also misattributed participation restriction to "lack of family support," indicating that the unhealthy rumination pattern might be the cause of their lack of positive feelings from engaging in meaningful daily activities. Conclusions: The current results suggest that the unhealthy motivation behind activity participation seems to be an important factor that decreases the quality of participation in individuals with higher rumination tendency. Establishing a healthy motivation for activity participation is therefore critical for improving their quality of participation. As an initial step, OT interventions could put a focus on helping them clarify and escape from the source of negative rumination cycles that impede their positive feeling of activity participation.

Evaluating Protein Engineering Thermostability Prediction Tools Using an Independently Generated Dataset.

Engineering proteins to enhance thermal stability is a widely utilized approach for creating industrially relevant biocatalysts. The development of new experimental datasets and computational tools to guide these engineering efforts remains an active area of research. Thus, to complement the previously reported measures of T 50 and kinetic constants, we are reporting an expansion of our previously published dataset of mutants for ß-glucosidase to include both measures of T M and ΔΔG. For a set of 51 mutants, we found that T 50 and T M are moderately correlated, with a Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank coefficient of 0.58 and 0.47, respectively, indicating that the two methods capture different physical features. The performance of predicted stability using nine computational tools was also evaluated on the dataset of 51 mutants, none of which are found to be strong predictors of the observed changes in T 50, T M, or ΔΔG. Furthermore, the ability of the nine algorithms to predict the production of isolatable soluble protein was examined, which revealed that Rosetta ΔΔG, FoldX, DeepDDG, PoPMuSiC, and SDM were capable of predicting if a mutant could be produced and isolated as a soluble protein. These results further highlight the need for new algorithms for predicting modest, yet important, changes in thermal stability as well as a new utility for current algorithms for prescreening designs for the production of mutants that maintain fold and soluble production properties.

Assessment of patient experience profiles and satisfaction with expectations of treatment effects by using latent class analysis based on a national patient experience survey in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: Health system responsiveness is a complicated issue that guides researchers wishing to design an efficient methodology for enhancing understanding of perspectives regarding healthcare systems. This study examined the relationship between patient experience profiles and satisfaction with expectations of treatment effects. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. We used eight items obtained from latent class analysis to develop patient experience profiles. SETTING: Primary care users in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: This study conducted an annual National Health Insurance survey in Taiwan and sampled from those who had experience with the medical service in primary care clinics in 2015. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Respondents were asked to indicate the extent of their satisfaction with their expectation of treatment effects (or symptom improvement). RESULTS: The proportions of participants in groups 1-4 were 34%, 24%, 29% and 12%, respectively. Patients in good health were more satisfied with their expectations of treatment effects (OR 1.639, p=0.007). Furthermore, group 4 (-eAll) were less satisfied with their expectations of treatment effects than those in the other three groups (ORs: group 1 (+eAll): 9.81, group 2 (-CwR): 4.14 and group 3 (-CnR): 4.20). CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that experiences of poor accessibility and physician-patient relationships affected the patients' expectations. Therefore, greater accessibility and more positive physician-patient relationships could lead to higher patient satisfaction with their expectations of treatment effects. Furthermore, the findings could assist authorities in targeting specific patients, with the objective of improving their healthcare service experience. They could also serve as a mechanism for improving the quality of healthcare services and increase accountability in healthcare practices.

Relationship of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and suicidal behavior in patients with depression.

BACKGROUND: There have been few neuroendocrinology studies of suicidal behaviors among patients with depression and the results of these studies have been inconsistent. AIM: To explore the association between the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and suicidal behaviors in Chinese patients with depression. METHODS: Several measures of HPA functioning in 14 depressed patients who had had suicidal behaviors in the two prior months ('depressed cases') were compared to those of 15 depressed inpatients who did not have prior suicidal behaviors ('depressed controls'): a dexamethasone suppression test (DST), the diurnal changes in serum cortisol levels during a single day before and after 6 weeks of treatment with paroxetine; and 24 h urinary 17-OH cortisol and free corticosterone before and after treatment. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) was used to measure the severity of depression. Daytime cortisol levels were also assessed in 15 non-depressed controls selected from individuals who had a routine health exam. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the 24 h urinary measures of cortisol and corticosterone between depressed cases and depressed controls. In both groups the normal midnight drop in serum cortisol was nonsignificant prior to treatment but after treatment it became more pronounced. The DST was positive in more of the depressed cases than depressed controls (57% v. 20%, χ(2)=4.24, p=0.039). The correlation of cortisol serum levels with the HAMD total score and the item scores for hopelessness and suicidal ideation were statistically significant in the depressed case group both before and after treatment, but in the depressed control group these correlation coefficients did not reach statistical significance. The 08.00 h serum cortisol level in depressed cases was significantly greater than the level in non-depressed controls both before and after treatment, but the level in depressed controls was not significantly greater than that in non-depressed controls. CONCLUSION: These findings are broadly consistent with those of prior studies about the relationship of depression and the functioning of the HPA axis. There were, however, some differences between depressed patients that did and did not report prior suicidal behavior which may indicate suicide-specific characteristics of HPA axis dysfunction. These differences merit further assessment in larger studies that distinguish patients who have made suicide attempts from those who only report prior suicidal ideation.