Pharmacological activation of TLR7 exerts inhibition on the replication of EV-D68 in respiratory cells.

The globally reemerging respiratory pathogen enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is implicated in outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and associated with acute flaccid myelitis. However, there remains a lack of effective treatments for EV-D68 infection. In this work, we found that the host Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) proteins, which function as powerful innate immune sensors, were selectively elevated in expression in response to EV-D68 infection. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of Vesatolimod (GS-9620), a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, on EV-D68 replication. Our findings revealed that EV-D68 infection resulted in increased mRNA levels of TLR7. Treatment with Vesatolimod significantly inhibited EV-D68 replication [half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 0.1427 µM] without inducing significant cytotoxicity at virucidal concentrations. Although Vesatolimod exhibited limited impact on EV-D68 attachment, it suppressed RNA replication and viral protein synthesis after virus entry. Vesatolimod broadly inhibited the replication of circulating isolated strains of EV-D68. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that treatment with Vesatolimod conferred resistance to both respiratory and neural cells against EV-D68 infection. Overall, these results present a promising strategy for drug development by pharmacologically activating TLR7 to initiate an antiviral state in EV-D68-infected cells selectively.IMPORTANCEConventional strategies for antiviral drug development primarily focus on directly targeting viral proteases or key components, as well as host proteins involved in viral replication. In this study, based on our intriguing discovery that enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection specifically upregulates the expression of immune sensor Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) protein, which is either absent or expressed at low levels in respiratory cells, we propose a potential antiviral approach utilizing TLR7 agonists to activate EV-D68-infected cells into an anti-viral defense state. Notably, our findings demonstrate that pharmacological activation of TLR7 effectively suppresses EV-D68 replication in respiratory tract cells through a TLR7/MyD88-dependent mechanism. This study not only presents a promising drug candidate and target against EV-D68 dissemination but also highlights the potential to exploit unique alterations in cellular innate immune responses induced by viral infections, selectively inducing a defensive state in infected cells while safeguarding uninfected normal cells from potential adverse effects associated with therapeutic interventions.

Deubiquitination module is critical for oxidative stress response and biofilm formation in Candida glabrata.

Candidiasis is one of the most important fungal diseases and generally refers to diseases of the skin or mucosal tissues caused by Candida species. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. Infection with C. glabrata has significantly increased due to innate antifungal drug tolerance and the ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex contains two different post-translational modifications, histone acetylation (HAT) module and deubiquitination (DUB) module, which are decisive in gene regulation and highly conserved in eukaryotes. Previous research in our laboratory found that the HAT module ADA2 could regulate C. glabrata oxidative stress tolerance, drug tolerance, cell wall integrity, and virulence. However, the roles of the DUB module that is comprised of UBP8, SGF11, SGF73, and SUS1 genes in those phenotypes are not yet understood. In this study, we found that DUB module genes UBP8, SGF11, and SUS1, but not SGF73 positively regulate histone H2B DUB. Furthermore, ubp8, sgf11, and sus1 mutants exhibited decreased biofilm formation and sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agent sodium dodecyl sulfate and antifungal drug amphotericin B. In addition, the sgf73 mutant showed increased biofilm formation but was susceptible to oxidative stresses, antifungal drugs, and cell wall perturbing agents. The ubp8, sgf11, and sus1 mutants showed marginal hypovirulence, whereas the sgf73 mutant exhibited virulence similar to the wild type in a murine systemic infection model. In conclusion, the C. glabrata DUB module plays distinct roles in H2B ubiquitination, oxidative stress response, biofilm formation, cell wall integrity, and drug tolerance, but exhibits minor roles in virulence.

In this study, we found that the deubiquitination (DUB) module of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex is involved in H2B DUB, oxidative stress response, biofilm formation, cell wall integrity, and drug tolerance in the human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. The multiple functions controlled by the DUB module exhibit conserved and divergent functions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans, and C. glabrata.

Correlation between tuberous sclerosis complex 2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta levels, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by hepatectomy.

AIM: Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), a tumor suppressor, may play an essential role in the regulation of cell growth and cell survival under energy stress conditions. In addition, TSC2 may act in concert with Wnt and energy signals by additional phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) to regulate cell growth. The expression levels and function of TSC2 and GSK3ß in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. METHODS: The protein levels of TSC2 and GSK3ß were measured by immunohistochemistry in normal liver (n = 20), HCC (n = 80) and pericancerous tissues (n = 80). The correlations between TSC2, and GSK3ß levels, clinicopathological features and patient survival were also analyzed. RESULTS: The protein levels of TSC2 and GSK3ß in HCC tissues were significantly lower than that in normal liver tissues and pericancerous tissues (P < 0.05). Decreased TSC2 and GSK3ß expression was found to be significantly correlated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis. The results also showed that TSC2 protein levels were associated with GSK3ß expression in HCC specimens. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration that the decreases in TSC2 and GSK3ß levels may be associated with vascular invasion, histological grade and tumor-node-metastasis classification.

Ocean acidification alleviated nickel toxicity to a marine copepod under multigenerational scenarios but at a cost with a loss of transcriptome plasticity during recovery.

Marine ecosystem has been experiencing multiple stressors caused by anthropogenic activities, including ocean acidification (OA) and nickel (Ni) pollution. Here, we examined the individual/combined effects of OA (pCO2 1000 µatm) and Ni (6 µg/L) exposure on a marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus for six generations (F1-F6), followed by one-generation recovery (F7) in clean seawater. Ni accumulation and several important phenotypic traits were measured in each generation. To explore within-generation response and transgenerational plasticity, we analyzed the transcriptome profile for the copepods of F6 and F7. The results showed that Ni exposure compromised the development, reproduction and survival of copepods during F1-F6, but its toxicity effects were alleviated by OA. Thus, under OA and Ni combined exposure, due to their antagonistic interaction, the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, and the inhibition of calcium signaling pathway and oxytocin signaling pathway were not found. However, as a cost of acclimatization/adaption potential to long-term OA and Ni combined exposure, there was a loss of transcriptome plasticity during recovery, which limited the resilience of copepods to previously begin environments. Overall, our work fosters a comprehensive understanding of within- and transgenerational effects of climatic stressor and metal pollution on marine biota.

Elevated temperature as a dominant driver to aggravate cadmium toxicity: Investigations through toxicokinetics and omics.

Despite the great interest in the consequences of global change stressors on marine organisms, their interactive effects on cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation/biotoxicity are very poorly explored, particularly in combination with the toxicokinetic model and molecular mechanism. According to the projections for 2100, this study investigated the impact of elevated pCO2 and increased temperature (isolated or joint) on Cd uptake dynamics and transcriptomic response in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Toxicokinetic results showed significantly higher Cd uptake in copepods under increased temperature and its combination with elevated pCO2 relative to the ambient condition, linking to enhanced Cd bioaccumulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, under increased temperature and its combination with elevated pCO2, up-regulated expression of Cd uptake-related genes but down-regulation of Cd exclusion-related genes might cause increased cellular Cd level, which not only activated detoxification and stress response but also induced oxidative stress and concomitant apoptosis, demonstrating aggravated Cd biotoxicity. However, these were less pronouncedly affected by elevated pCO2 exposure. Therefore, temperature seems to be a primary factor in increasing Cd accumulation and its toxicity in the future ocean. Our findings suggest that we should refocus the interactive effects between climate change stressors and Cd pollution, especially considering temperature as a dominant driver.

The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis.

HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE: In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.

MicroRNA-155 promotes the proliferation and invasion abilities of colon cancer cells by targeting quaking.

The increasing expression of microRNA­155 (miR­155) and decreasing expression of RNA­binding protein quaking (QKI) in colon cells have been observed previously. In this study, we attempted to establish the correlation between miR­155 and QKI. In addition, we assessed whether the expression of miR­155 and QKI is linked to the proliferation and invasion capabilities of colon cells. Firstly, nineteen tumor samples, divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of lymphatic metastasis, were obtained from colon cancer patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. The expression level of miR­155 and QKI was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Secondly, the GES­1, SW480 and COLO205 cell lines were cultured and the expression level of QKI and miR­155 was also assessed by qPCR. Thirdly, a luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to detect the association between miR­155 and QKI, and qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to confirm the effects of miR­155 on the expression of QKI at the mRNA and protein level. Subsequently, the SW480 cells were used in the following experiments. Following treatment with miR­155 inhibitor and QKI overexpression vector, western blot analysis, propidium iodide (PI) staining and a cell scratch assay were carried out to assess the effects of miR­155 on the proliferation and invasion potential of colon cancer cells. qPCR findings revealed higher miR­155 expression and lower QKI expression in colon cancer tissues as well as the colon cancer cell lines SW480 and COLO205. The relative luciferase activity of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) was decreased by approximately 45% when SW480 cells stimulated by mimic­miR­155 were combined with the wild­type 3'UTR constructs. In addition, when the cells were treated with mimic­miR­155, QKI expression was significantly decreased at the mRNA and protein level. These outcomes revealed that miR­155 decreased the production of QKI by acting on the 3'UTR of the QKI gene. Furthermore, PI staining and the cell scratch assay revealed that miR­155 influenced the cell cycle and invasion abilities of colon cancer cells by directly targeting QKI and decreased the production of QKI by acting on the 3'UTR of the QKI gene. This study has demonstrated the correlation between miR­155 and QKI, in which miR­155 regulates the cell cycle and invasion ability of colon cancer cells via the modulation of QKI expression. Our study provides novel therapeutic strategies for colon cancer therapy.

A rare case of primary chondrosarcoma arising from the sternum: A case report.

The current study reports a case of an extremely rare tumor that presented in an uncommon location, which was successfully treated via radical resection and reconstruction. A 37-year-old female, with no notable medical history, with the exception of a cesarean delivery, was admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China) due to pain and a lump of the anterior chest wall. The mass was identified on the manubrium sterni and was not tender on palpation. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan reconstruction identified the abnormal mass on the manubrium sterni (size, 5×4 cm in diameter) and positron emission tomography-CT interpretation strongly indicated a type of well-differentiated malignant tumor, such as a giant cell tumor. An aspiration needle biopsy was not conducted, however, the patient underwent tumor radical resection and sternal reconstruction using steel wire and titanium mesh. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen determined the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. A postoperative chest X-ray revealed that the sternal defect had repaired well, therefore, this procedure may be highly beneficial in future for repairing defects in the sternum.

Undifferentiated embryonal liver sarcoma in childhood: A case report.

In order to improve the diagnosis and therapy of undifferentiated embryonal liver sarcoma (UELS), the present study presents the case of a 9-year-old female with UELS and discusses UELS in childhood. The patient presented with abdominal pain and fever. The laboratory tests, radiographic examination and pathological features presented by the female were similar to those of typical cases of UELS reported in childhood. The patient initially received surgical treatment and the immunohistochemical findings suggested that the patient had UELS. The patient's parents refused adjuvant chemotherapy and demonstrated a right prerenal mass 6 months post-surgery. Microscopic examination revealed that the tumor was evidence of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma recurrence. However, the patient was comfortable and physical examination revealed no abnormal conditions. In addition, the laboratory results were normal. Abdominal computed tomography scan and ultrasound were performed every 3 months to monitor the tumor recurrence. At the time of writing, it has been 6 months after the second surgical procedure and there has been no appearence of abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that patients who receive combined therapy with complete tumor resection and adjuvant chemotherapy have a longer survival time than those who undergo surgical therapy alone. Complete tumor resection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy may reduce the risk of recurrence and enhance the survival time in patients with UELS.

Decreased expression of LKB1 correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing hepatectomy.

AIM: To study any correlation of LKB1 expression with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. METHODS: A total of 70 HCC patients and 20 primary intrahepatic stone patients in the first affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical College were enrolled in this study. LKB1 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed-up and prognostic factors were evaluated. RESULT: LKB1 expression was decreased in the HCC samples. Loss of LKB1 expression in HCC was significantly related to histologic grade (P=0.010), vascular invasion (P=0.025) and TMN stage (P=0.011). Patients showing negative LKB1 expression had a significantly shorter disease-free and overall survival than those with positive expression (P = 0.001, P=0.000, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that LKB1 expression level was an independent factor of survival (P = 0.033). CONCLUSION: HCC patients with decreased expression LKB1 have a poor prognosis. The loss of LKB1 expression is correlated with a lower survival rate.