Alcohol-Related Liver Disease Is Rarely Detected at Early Stages Compared With Liver Diseases of Other Etiologies Worldwide.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite recent advances in treatment of viral hepatitis, liver-related mortality is high, possibly owing to the large burden of advanced alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). We investigated whether patients with ALD are initially seen at later stages of disease development than patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or other etiologies. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 3453 consecutive patients with either early or advanced liver disease (1699 patients with early and 1754 with advanced liver disease) seen at 17 tertiary care liver or gastrointestinal units worldwide, from August 2015 through March 2017. We collected anthropometric, etiology, and clinical information, as well as and model for end-stage liver disease scores. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios for evaluation at late stages of the disease progression. RESULTS: Of the patients analyzed, 81% had 1 etiology of liver disease and 17% had 2 etiologies of liver disease. Of patients seen at early stages for a single etiology, 31% had HCV infection, 21% had hepatitis B virus infection, and 17% had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas only 3.8% had ALD. In contrast, 29% of patients seen for advanced disease had ALD. Patients with ALD were more likely to be seen at specialized centers, with advanced-stage disease, compared with patients with HCV-associated liver disease (odds ratio, 14.1; 95% CI, 10.5-18.9; P < .001). Of patients with 2 etiologies of liver disease, excess alcohol use was associated with 50% of cases. These patients had significantly more visits to health care providers, with more advanced disease, compared with patients without excess alcohol use. The mean model for end-stage liver disease score for patients with advanced ALD (score, 16) was higher than for patients with advanced liver disease not associated with excess alcohol use (score, 13) (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In a cross-sectional analysis of patients with liver disease worldwide, we found that patients with ALD are seen with more advanced-stage disease than patients with HCV-associated liver disease. Of patients with 2 etiologies of liver disease, excess alcohol use was associated with 50% of cases. Early detection and referral programs are needed for patients with ALD worldwide.

[HBsAg SEROCONVERSION IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B WITH PEGYLATED INTERFERON].

The ideal goal of antiviral therapy or cure of chronic hepatitis B is HBsAg clearance and HBsAg seroconversion. According to modern guidelines of all Associations for liver diseases pegylated interferon alfa-2a and nucleos(t)ide analogues (entecavir, tenofovir) are first choice in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The aim of the study was to evaluate the success of the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B who received pegylated interferon. At the end of ten year period, HBV DNA <50 IU/ml and HBsAg seroconversion achieved 4 (4/55, 7.00%) patients. All were HBeAg negative. Additionally, is presented the case of patients, who, after the treatment, had the shortest period of healing. Patient is a man, aged 47 years, with the newly discovered HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B and pronounced activity of serum aminotransferases. He was treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2a, 180 µg once a week, for 48 weeks. After antiviral therapy, the patient is HBV DNA negative, HBsAg negative and neat aminotransferases, and 12 months after completion of antiviral therapy comes to HBsAg seroconversion. The degree of cure of chronic hepatitis B, unfortunately, has not been entirely satisfactory, with the exception of the few individual cases.

Effect of Antiviral Therapy on Serum Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.

INTRODUCTION: Renin-angiotenzin system (RAS) is frequently activated in patients with chronic liver disease. Angiotenzin - II (AT-II), produced by angiotenzin converting enzyme (ACE), has many physiological effects, including an important role in liver fibrogenesis. Combined antiviral therapy with PEG-IFN and ribavirin besides its antiviral effect also leads to a reduction in liver parenchyma fibrosis. AIM OF THE STUDY: Determining the value of ACE in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C before and after combined antiviral therapy, as well as the value of ACE activities in sera of the control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 50 patients treated at Gastroenterohepatology Department, in the time-period of four years. Value of ACE in serum was determined by Olympus AU 400 device, with application of kit "Infinity TN ACE Liquid Stable Reagent". HCV RNA levels in sera were measured by real time PCR. HCV RNA test was performed with modular analysis of AMPLICOR and COBAS AMPLICOR HCV MONITOR test v2.0, which has proved infection and was used for quantification of the viruses and monitoring of the patients' response to therapy. Liver histology was evaluated in accordance with the level of necroinflammation activity and stage of fibrosis. RESULTS: Serum activities of ACE in chronic hepatitis C patients is statistically higher than the values in the control group (p=0.02). Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients statistically decreases serum activities of ACE (p= 0.02) and indirectly affects fibrogenesis of the liver parenchyma. Correlation between ACE and ALT activity after the therapy was proved (0.3934). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the activity of ACE in serum is a good indirect parameter of the liver damage, and could be used as an indirect prognostic factor of the level of liver parenchyma damage. Serum activity of ACE can be used as a parameter for non-invasive assessment of intensity of liver damage.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Values as Predictor of Renal Insufficiency in Advanced Stages of Liver Diseases with Different Etiology.

BACKGROUND: Various complications occur in patients with advanced stages of liver diseases. Renal dysfunction, a parameter included in the MELD score, is the most important prognostic factor. There is a strong need in clinical practice to estimate the GFR in this patients. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to detect differences in renal function among patients with different stages of chronic liver diseases caused by HBV and HCV, also to determine the impact of viral etiology and gender on the values of eGFR and renal function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study performed on patients with HBV and HCV chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC caused by these viruses hospitalized during period 2009-2014 in the Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. The estimated GFR (eGFR) was evaluated by the MDRD4 method. For the processing of data SPSS 21.0 statistical software was used. Statistical methods used in this study where: analysis of variance test (ANOVA test), Student's t-test for independent samples and Pearson coefficient of correlation. The level of significance was p <0.05. RESULTS: Among this three groups of patients there was a statistically significant difference in eGFR (F= 18.79, p<0.05), i.e. increase of degree of liver damage was related with increase of renal impairment, as reflected by a significant reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Gender had no significant effect on eGFR and renal function (p>0.05), except in group of patients with HCC (p<0.05). Etiology had no significant effect on eGFR and renal (p>0.05). There was statistically significant inverse correlation between glomerular filtration rate and liver enzymes AST (-.184) and GGT (-.181). CONCLUSIONS: By calculation of GFR, we determined the existence of a significant reduction of kidney function through progression of liver damage from HBV and HCV chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis to HCC caused by these viruses, which drawing attention to the importance of the assessment of renal function in patients with this liver pathologies. Gender and etiology had no significant effect on eGFR and impairment of renal function. Given the statistically significant inverse correlation between eGFR and AST and GGT this liver enzymes may have important role as marker for both renal and hepatic injury.

Short-term efficacy of vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in real-life settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), necessitates effective management strategies. This study aims to evaluate the real-world efficacy of vedolizumab, a newer biological therapy, in treating IBD in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A retrospective observational study was conducted across 6 medical centers, involving 139 IBD patients, 76 with UC and 63 with CD. Patients were assessed for clinical remission and other outcomes at the 26-week mark post vedolizumab treatment initiation. At 26 weeks, clinical remission was achieved in 82.9% of UC patients and 85.7% of CD patients. Mucosal healing was observed in 38.1% of CD patients. The efficacy of vedolizumab did not significantly differ based on prior anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exposure. Notably, the clinical scoring tools for predicting vedolizumab response showed limited applicability in this cohort. Vedolizumab demonstrated high efficacy in treating both UC and CD in a real-world settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, underscoring its potential as a significant therapeutic option in IBD management.

Intestinal amebiasis in a group of patients with ulcerative colitis: influence on clinical course of the disease.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common disease with a chronic and relapsing presentation requiring regular clinical follow up. Epidemiological and microbiologic studies suggest that enteropathogenic microorganisms play a substantial role in the clinical presentation and extent of inflammatory bowel disease. GOAL: To evaluate the presence of intestinal infections by Entamoeba hystolitica in patients with ulcerative colitis, their impact on clinical outcome, and to identify associated risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 31 patients hospitalized on Gastroenterohepatology Department with patohystologically proved ulcerative colitis were studied. Fresh feces samples taken from 20 patients were examined immediately using Eosin and Lugol-staining methods and analyzing the presence of vegetative and MIFC (Meriolat and Iod staining). RESULTS: A total of 16 female and 15 male hospitalized UC patients were analysed in a period of two years (2010-2011). The mean age at diagnosis was 43 years. We analyzed relation of amoeba infection with localization of ulcerative colitis. Our results indicate that amoeba infection is related to extent of disease (they were mostly present in pancolitis). Presence of amoeba is not related to age nor gender. Furthermore, presence of amoeba was not associated with more severe clinical course of disease. Similarly, higher value of serum marker of inflammation was not associated with amoeba infection. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Amoeba infections in UC patients treated at Gastroenterohepatology Department was not related to the grade of disease activity, and other clinical variables such as gender, age and parameters of inflammation. These microorganisms could be a contributing cause of extended localization of disease.

Cancer Antigens (CEA and CA 19-9) as Markers of Advanced Stage of Colorectal Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: CEA and CA 19-9 are the most common tumor associated antigens used in the staging of patients with rectal cancer and other parts of the colon. GOAL: of this study was to evaluate the value of CEA and CA 19-9 in serum of patients with colon cancer and prove its place in the diagnostic staging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was retrospective-prospective performed at the Gastroenterohepatology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. The study included 91 hospitalized patients who had histologically confirmed diagnosis of colon adenocarcinoma in 98% of cases. All patients underwent colonoscopy, targeted biopsy and measurement of CEA and CA 19-9 levels in serum. All of them underwent abdominal CT and MRI of the pelvis in case of rectal cancer. RESULTS: The study analyzed 58 men and 33 women, mean age 66.6 years, with the youngest patient at age of 35 and the oldest at age of 89 years. The largest number of patients was aged 56-75 years. According to localization 77 patients had carcinoma located in the area of the rectum and sigma 37.4 and 37.4 in the rectostigmoid area and sigma. Metastases were observed in 37 patients, with predominance in the liver (22 cases) and both liver and lungs (5 cases). CEA and CA 19-9 were determined in all cases but patients with metastases had high values, especially in the two cases of cecoascendent colon cancer where detected values were extremely high (1789ng/ml and 10780U/ml). Values of CA19 -9 were significantly higher (p<0.05). CEA mean values were highest in patients aged over 75 years. In case of CA 19-9 high mean values have been recorded in patients aged over 75 years with statistically significant differences between the age groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CEA and CA19-9 are cancer antigens that are late markers of carcinogenesis, with significantly elevated serum concentrations in case of colon cancer with already developed metastases. Older age group of patient has significantly elevated levels of both antigens. Cancer was twice more common in men than in women.

Diagnostic Potential of Ratio Between Creatine Kinase and Amylase in Acute Pancreatitis.

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory illness of the pancreas representing a true question in diagnostic process. Laboratory markers of the hepatobiliary tract such as liver transaminases with pancreatic enzymes give a true hint of a hidden diagnosis together with urea, creatinine and creatine kinase (CK). Objective: This clinical study aims to show whether there is any correlation between alpha-amylase and CK or their ratio examining hospitalized patients with AP diagnosis. Methods: From total number of 99 patients with a clinical picture of AP, 71 patients in this retrospective analysis (including both genders) were included according to the presence of two biochemical markers in collected laboratory analysis at admission and 72 hours later on a laboratory check-up: CK and alpha-amylase. Results: The median CK value of AP cases was 92 (41.75 - 207.25) in the acute period and 73 (37 - 159) after 72h staying in the hospital without statistical significant (p=0.521; p<0.05). However, there was a statistically significant correlation between the parameters of CK at admission and creatine kinase after 72h staying in the hospital. The median value of CK/Amylase ratio in the acute period was 0.168 (0.069 - 0.532) and 0.386 (0.12 - 1.12) after 72 hours of staying in the hospital. There was a statistically significant difference between values of CK/amylase ratio in these two groups (p=0.000; p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, a connection between CK and alpha-amylase needs to be elucidated in further studies and its existence must be researched both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and it is two-way and very complex. This study helped us obtain significant information about the perspective of AP in the potential relation to other non-standard laboratory markers for some diseases.

Prediction of Surgical Treatment in Acute Pancreatitis Using Biochemical and Clinical Parameters.

Background: Deep Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an urging cause of hospitalization in the gastroenterology due to different causes and an unpredictable outcome. Known causes are grouped into four main groups: metabolic, mechanical, vascular and infectious. Objective: To determine the role of certain biochemical or radiological parameters as predictors of an involvement of other organs in AP different pathological staging and the surgical outcome in the treatment of AP. Methods: Ninety-seven AP patients hospitalized in General Hospital "Prim.dr Abdulah Nakas" Sarajevo, in a period between 2016 and 2021 for both sexes, were divided according to the etiological factors of AP into four groups: nutritional factors, biliary concernments, alcohol and morphological changes of the pancreas. Beside laboratory tests, the imaging methods of abdomen (transabdominal ultrasound, abdominal computed tomography) used in determining morphological changes in the pancreas and other organs were analyzed in relation to parameters that predict the need for surgical outcomes. Results: AP etiological factors of patients differ significantly by gender and showed the dominance of dietary factors in female subjects (51%), followed by the presence of concernments in the biliary tract in 36% of cases, and alcohol consumption in male subjects in 28% of cases. The only variable correlated with the indicator of necessity for surgery is the existence of pleural effusion (coefficient of correlation was 0.38; risk ratio was 5.5) resulting that patients with pleural effusion have a 5.5 times higher chance of surgery indication than other patients. Conclusion: The application of simple parameters such as creatinine value with the values of amylases in serum and urine and the presence of pleural effusion confirmed by radiological imaging of the lungs opens the possibility of a simple and effective selection of patients for surgical treatment with a more severe form of AP.

The kinetics of virological and biochemical responses in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C by dual antiviral therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Infection with hepatitis C is often manifested by a mild clinical course, and in many patients it is revealed incidentally, during routine laboratory ests. Progression of the disease often takes 10-20 years with specified high risk of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group of subjects with chronic liver disease of viral C etiology was consisted of 50 patients of both sexes, 38 (75%) were male and 13 (25%) females, aged 20-65 years. Patients were selected according to genotype hepatitis C viral infection and subsequently treated according to two current therapeutic protocols. All patients had prior therapy and after completion of treatment using standard methods of laboratory tests were done the following: functional hepatic tests, serological analysis, nucleic acid detection of hepatitis C virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitatively and qualitatively with the genotyping of the virus C, which determines the length of therapy. In determining the stage of chronic liver disease, histopathological examination of liver tissue samples obtained by biopsy of the liver was done and we analyzed the fibrosis and architectural changes. RESULTS: By analyzing the HCV RNA PCR values at the beginning and end of treatment we tested the effect of treatment on PCR with paired samples t-test logarithm values of the PCR and came to the conclusion that the values after treatment are significantly lower with threshold of significance of 0.01. The results showed that the value of PCR before and after therapy, or achieved a response at the end of therapy, which achieved 77% of patients. The values of ALT in the group of patients with CHC were significantly higher than the values in the group of patients after the therapy. AST values in the patients with CHC were significantly higher than the values in the group of patients after therapy. There was a moderate correlation between ALT values at baseline and ALT values upon completion of treatment (0.5061). There was no correlation between HCV RNA PCR and ALT and AST. CONCLUSION: Upon completion of antiviral treatment response at the end of treatment achieved 77% of patients, regardless of the genotype of the virus. Also, regardless of the genotype of the virus antiviral therapy led to statistically significant reduction of AST and ALT, indicating a direct effect of combination therapy on virological and biochemical response with no significant link between these two studied parameters.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and its frequency in our clinical samples.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. The majority of GISTs are located in the stomach. Only 3-5% of GISTs are located in the duodenum associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding as primary manifestation. AIM: The aim of our study was to present frequencies of GIST in patients who underwent endoscopic procedures at Gastroenterohepatology Department due to different reasons. We also investigated the most frequent localization of GIST tumors and pathohistologicall pattern of tissue samples. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty two patients examined at gastroenterology department were analyzed in the period from 2005 until 2012. All of the patients were endoscopically examined ( gastroscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound). A few patients were referred from surgery where GIST was diagnosed during surgical procedure. Macroscopically noticed changes were pathohistologically analyzed by immunohistochemical staining (Alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), CD34, CD117, Ki-67 antigen, cytokeratin i desmin). RESULTS: No significant difference in gender distribution of patients with GIST-s was found. We also analyzed the appearance of GIST with respect to mean patient age and no statistically significant difference was found either. However, investigation of tumor localization related to gender of patients we found a difference in gender distribution of tumor localization. In female GIST-s are more often located in the stomach than in men, with a significance level of 0.05. Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsy samples showed that CD 117 is statistically significant more frequent in men than in woman. CONCLUSION: Taking in account the small sample size in our investigation over a period of seven years, we are not able to give a definitive conclusion about GIST. Further studies and observations are necessary to give a definite conclusion.

Diagnosis and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B and C: doctrinary approach.

Association of Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the experiences of domestic and foreign centers operating in the field of hepatology and accepted guidelines of the European and the U.S. Association for Liver Diseases adopted the consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B and C. The guidelines are intended for specialists in gastroenterology and hepatology, and infectious diseases physicians working in primary health care and family medicine, but also other physicians who are confronted with this disease in their practice, with the aim of facilitating and shortening the diagnostic and treatment protocols of patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. This ensures faster, more efficient, more rational and cost-effective care of patients with hepatitis, with an emphasis on stopping the deterioration of liver disease to liver cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Key words: Chronic hepatitis B and

The Role of Novel Motorized Spiral Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis of Cecal Tumors.

Small bowel and ileocecal diseases remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, despite the introduction of various modalities for deep enteroscopy. Novel Motorized Spiral Enteroscopy is an innovative technology that uses an overtube with a raised spiral at the distal end to pleat the small intestine. It consumes less time and meets both the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of small bowel diseases. The objective of this article is to highlight the possibility of using NMSE as an alternative technique when a target lesion is inaccessible during conventional colonoscopy or cecal intubation cannot be achieved. We report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented with pain in the right lower abdominal segment, diarrhea, and rapid weight loss for more than 3 months. An initial ultrasound showed a suspicious liver metastasis. Computerized tomography scans showed an extensive ileocecal tumor mass with liver metastasis. The colonoscopy was unsuccessful and incomplete due to dolichocolon and intestinal tortuosity. Later, endoscopy was performed using a Novel Motorized Spiral Enteroscope in a retrograde approach, passing the scope through the anus and colon up to the ileocecal segment, where a tumor biopsy was performed and adenocarcinoma was pathohistologically confirmed.

Brixia Chest X-ray Severity Scoring System is in Relation with C-reactive Protein and D-dimer Values in Patients with COVID-19.

Background: The Brixia scoring system interpreted chest X-ray changes, serves as an indicator of the extent of changes in the lung parenchyma. Objective: To indicate the effect of D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) on Brixia score in patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: The research had prospective, descriptive and analytical character, and included patients (n=104) with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Chest X-ray, as well as calculation of Brixia score was done on admission, in the first week of hospitalization, on discharge, and 10 days after discharge (the patient was considered a post-COVID patient. Maximum CRP and D-dimer values were taken into account, along with data about dependence of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. Results: Initial Brixia score was significantly associated with the values of CRP (r = .23, p <.05). Higher level of CRP affected the higher result on the Brixia score after the initial X-ray. High CRP and D-dimer were significantly associated with oxygen use in patients, while high D-dimer was also statistically significantly associated with comorbidity. The mean value of Brixia score (during four time points) was significantly related to the values of CRP, D-dimer, the use of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy, but also with the existence of comorbidities. The largest statistically significant positive correlation of Brixia scora is with the values of D-dimer (r = .45, p <.000), but also with the values of CRP (r = .36, p <.000). Conclusion: Values of CRP have an impact on Brixia score. Investigation of clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe clinical presentation of COVID-19 along with CXR scoring system will contribute to early prediction, accurate diagnosis and treatment as well as to improve the prognosis of patients with severe illness.

Nifuroxazide Has Better Efficacy Than Probiotic Treatment in Adult Patients with Acute Diarrheal Syndrome.

Background: Acute gastroenteritis remains an extremely common problem among the general population. In Western countries, an average person will probably face one or two episodes of gastrointestinal infections every year. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of nifuroxazide and probiotic preparation containing lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute diarrheal syndrome. Methods: The study was prospective, comparative study. Patients who suffered from acute infective diarrhoea for ≤72 hours and had ≥3 unformed stools per day, with no administration of antibiotics during 10 days before enrolment were divided into two groups: nifuroxazide group and the lactic acid probiotic group. All patients received therapies four times a day for three days. Data was collected at the baseline visit (before the initiation of the treatment) and two follow-up examinations on the third and seventh day from the treatment start. Results: The study included 61 patients, 36 in nifuroxazide group and 25 in probiotic group. Nifuroxazide group compared to probiotic group showed faster improvement of patients' condition with lower number of stools three and seven days after therapy start (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively) and faster stool consistency normalization. On the seventh day from therapy start medium mushy stool consistency was observed in the majority of patients in nifuroxazide group (n=31, 86%) and only in small number of patients in probiotic group (n=5, 20%). Patients were feeling better and there was a trend of reporting better therapy efficacy in nifuroxazide group. Subjective assessment of therapy tolerability was also better in nifuroxazide group. Compliance to therapy and recommended dietary regime was similar between groups and there were no significant differences between groups regarding age, gender, elevated body temperature, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Although probiotics are sometimes used in the treatment of acute diarrheal syndrome, nifuroxazide has better efficacy and greater patients' satisfaction. Nifuroxazide can be recommended as the first choice empirical treatment in adult patients with the acute diarrheal syndrome.

The Role of Inflammation in Anal Cancer.

The aim of this article was to present a summary of the current resources available in the literature regarding the role of inflammation in anal cancer development. Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for about 2.7% of all reported gastrointestinal cancers in the United States. However, the importance of understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors for anal cancer has been recognized over the last several decades due to a noticed increase in incidence worldwide. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology cause chronic inflammation that promotes tumorigenesis. The association between chronic inflammation and cancer development is widely accepted. It is based on different pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to cellular transformation and changes in immunological response, allowing tumor cells to avoid apoptosis and immune surveillance. However, there are still many molecular and cellular mechanisms that remain largely unexplored. Further studies on this topic could be of tremendous significance in elucidating anal cancer pathogenesis and developing immunotherapeutic approaches for its treatment.

Biochemical Parameters as Predictors of Underlying Liver Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease and is becoming a major public health problem. NAFLD has been recognized as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, associated with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the role of serum LFT parameters and renal function parameters as predictors of unmanifested liver disease. METHODS: In this study, the presence of possible liver disease detected by biochemical parameters and confirmed by Transient Liver Elastography (TE) in a group of patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was investigated. Patients with various stages of CKD were divided into five subgroups regarding aetiology: nephroangiosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, autoimmune kidney disease, and polycystic and another morphological kidney disease. Liver stiffness was used to quantify liver fibrosis while Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) was used to quantify liver steatosis. Functional liver tests and biochemical parameters of kidney function were measured in all patients. RESULTS: Statistical analysis used in this study was a decision tree as a predictive model to map observed variables resulting in the conclusion about outcomes. The application of existing laboratory parameters, in combination with other parameters in presence of the defined etiological factors of kidneys diseases, indicate development of hepatic diseases. Higher values of phosphorus and low values of ferritin in patients with autoimmune kidney disease, and polycystic and another morphological kidney disease, expresses steatosis of the hepatic parenchyma. CONCLUSION: In contrary, low values of phosphorus and higher values of ferritin in patients with nephroangiosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, are in a favour steatosis of the hepatic parenchyma. Serum values of phosphorus and ferritin are valuable predictors of the liver disease in patients with end-stage kidney diseases of different aetiology.

MRI Evaluation of Extramural Venous Invasion (EMVI) with Rectal Carcinoma Using High Resolution T2 and Combination of High Resolution T2 and Contrast Enhanced T1 Weighted Imaging.

BACKGROUND: EMVI is a direct invasion of a vein by a tumor. As a predictor of hematogenous metastasis, it is a poor prognostic factor in rectal cancer and can be accurately identified on MRI prior to surgical procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CET1WI) in addition to high-resolution T2-weighted imaging (HRT2WI) in assessing extramural venous invasion (EMVI) of rectal cancer. METHODS: In all 195 patients with rectal cancer, HRT2WI and CET1WI sequences were produced within pre-operative MRI for the purpose of assessing for the presence of EMVI (mrEMVI). CET1WI sequences were produced following administration of Gadolinium contrast medium. mrEMVI assessment results were classified into two groups. Group A consisted of mrEMVI assessment results obtained using HRT2WI sequences only. Group B consisted of mrEMVI assessment results obtained using a combination of HRT2WI + CET1WI sequences. Results obtained for each group (A and B) were correlated with a histopathological finding (pEMVI) as a reference standard. RESULTS: Out of a total of 195 rectal cancer patients, mrEMVI was positive in 41 (21%) patients in group A, and in 45 (23%) patients in group B. Histopathological finding demonstrated pEMVI in 54 (27.7%) patients. A statistical analysis of group A (HRT2WI sequences) resulted in 75.9% sensitivity to mrEMVI and 96.4% specificity, Positive Predictive Value of 89.1% and Negative Predictive Value of 91.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), p< 0.05). Statistical analysis of group B (HRT2WI + CET1WI sequences) resulted in 83.3% sensitivity to mrEMVI and 98.5% specificity, Positive Predictive Value of 89.1% and Negative Predictive Value of 91.2% (CI 95%, p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CET1WI) in addition to high-resolution T2-weighted imaging (HRT2WI) increased evaluation of extramural venous invasion (EMVI) of rectal cancer.

Comparison of Glasgow-Blatchford Score and Rockall Score in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be a life-threatening condition and requires careful evaluation from the very first episode in order to reduce the risk of rebleeding, hemorrhagic shock and death. The outcome of a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding depends on resuscitation measures taken during admission to the hospital and an adequate assessment of the patient's risk level. AIM: The aim of the study is to compare Glasgow Blatchford score and Rockall score and to identify the most accurate score used in predicting unfavorable outcomes and the need for intervention. METHODS: This study involves 237 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The accuracy of the scoring systems was assessed by plotting receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) and was calculated for GBS and RS with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: As for mortality prediction, RS was superior to GBS (AUC 0.806 vs. 0.750). The GBS had a higher accuracy in detecting patients who needed transfusion units and was superior to the RS (AUC 0.810 vs.0.675). In predicting the need for intervention, RS was superior to GBS (AUC 0.707 vs. 0.636. CONCLUSION: GBS and RS are developed to help clinicians to triage patients appropriately in order to assess endoscopic therapy within a suitable time frame, as well as identify low risk patients for possible outpatient management. High accuracy of the GBS in predicting a need for transfusion represents an important endpoint to assess. RS was superior to GBS in predicting a need for intervention as well as mortality. Currently, a combination of these scoring systems is the best way for proper assessment.

The role of nitric oxide and ferritin in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: a controlled clinical study.

The role of ferritin in fibrogenesis of liver parenchyma in patients with alcoholic liver disease has been investigated in previous studies. Ferritin was shown to be an indirect marker of ferum deposition in liver parenchyma in alcohol liver disease. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease as well as the influence of NO on iron (ferritin) metabolism in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Serum concentrations of NO and iron markers (iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin) were measured in 30 male patients (aged 20-60 years) with alcoholic liver disease, as well as from a control group (30 male patients (aged 20-60 years) without liver disease). NO concentration was detected by measuring production of nitrates and nitrites using classical colorimetric Griess reactions. There was a statistically significant increase in serum NO concentration in patients with alcoholic liver disease compared to the control group (mean +/- SEM; 41,2 +/- 25,3 vs. 28,9 +/- 12,3 mmol/dm3, respectively; p<0,03). Similarly, serum iron levels (18,7 +/- 8,2 vs. 13,2 +/- 10,2 g/100 cm3, respectively; p<0,03) and serum total iron binding capacity (51,3 +/- 13,9 vs. 41,4 +/- 11,4 micromol/dm3, respectively; p<0,005) were also significantly higher in patients with alcoholic liver disease compared to control patients. The serum concentration of ferritin was 27% higher in patients with alcoholic liver disease than in the control group; however this was not statistically significant (283,2 +/- 291,0 vs. 222,9 +/- 252,0 g, respectively; p<0,4). There was no correlation between NO and ferritin in the investigated groups. These results suggest a possible role of NO and iron in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. NO and iron may be used as non-invasive predictors of liver damage. Also the role of iron in sera, and its deposition in liver parenchyma, could be used in clinical practice, especially in regards to assessing the fibrogenesis of liver parenchyma induced by ferritin.