Rivaroxaban Induces Mucosal Healing in a Rat Model of Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify the effect of rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 each. Group 1 received TNBS + rivaroxaban, group 2 received TNBS + methylprednisolone, group 3 received TNBS and group 4 received a saline enema. Colitis was induced in the rats by the intracolonic administration of TNBS. Rivaroxaban and methylprednisolone were given by oral gavage daily for 7 days. The rats were killed 7 days after the induction of colitis. RESULTS: Rivaroxaban and methylprednisolone significantly reduced gross damage and histopathological scores. Rivaroxaban was more effective than methylprednisolone in terms of microscopic mucosal healing. Rivaroxaban attenuated the accumulation of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth-factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) and the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1. Methylprednisolone reduced only the activity of MPO and the accumulation of MDA and TGF-ß1. Superoxide dismutase activity showed a restoration to normal levels after rivaroxaban and methylprednisolone administration. CONCLUSIONS: Rivaroxaban showed a therapeutic effect in the TNBS model of experimental colitis, and it seemed to be at least as effective as methylprednisolone. This effect may be brought about by the inhibition of oxidative stress and metalloproteinase activity associated with tissue injury and remodeling.

Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Data are limited on the efficacy and safety of tenofovir and entecavir when given for more than 1 year to patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. We investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of these antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis, and compared results with those from lamivudine. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 227 adult patients with chronic HBV infection who were diagnosed with cirrhosis, beginning in 2005, at 18 centers throughout Turkey. There were 104 patients who had decompensated cirrhosis, and 197 patients were treatment naive before. Seventy-two patients received tenofovir (followed up for 21.4 ± 9.7 mo), 77 patients received entecavir (followed up for 24.0 ± 13.3 mo), and 74 patients received lamivudine (followed up for 36.5 ± 24.1 mo). We collected data on patient demographics and baseline characteristics. Laboratory test results, clinical outcomes, and drug-related adverse events were compared among groups. RESULTS: Levels of HBV DNA less than 400 copies/mL were achieved in 91.5%, 92.5%, and 77% of patients receiving tenofovir, entecavir, or lamivudine, respectively. Levels of alanine aminotransferase normalized in 86.8%, 92.1%, and 71.8% of patients who received tenofovir, entecavir, and lamivudine, respectively. Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores increased among 8.5% of patients who received tenofovir, 15.6% who received entecavir, and 27.4% who received lamivudine. Frequencies of complications from cirrhosis, including hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality, were similar among groups. Lamivudine had to be changed to another drug for 32.4% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tenofovir and entecavir are effective and safe for long-term use in patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis from HBV infection.

Serum nitric oxide levels in patients with benign and malignant biliary disease: a prospective single center study.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in new diagnostic modalities, the differentiation of malignant from benign causes of biliary obstruction still remains difficult. The nitric oxide (NO) system is considered to be an important component in mediating cytokine activation of macrophages in inflammation. It also modulates tumorigenesis and regulates cell proliferation, angiogenesis, survival, and DNA repair. Although NO and its role in pancreatobiliary disorders has not been studied previously, the present study is designed to evaluate NO synthesis and metabolism in patients with biliary obstruction and to determine its usefulness in differentiating between benign and malignant causes of biliary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine consecutive patients (60 malignant and 19 benign) with a history of biliary obstruction either with a benign or a malignant cause and 23 age-matched and sex-matched controls were included in this prospective study. NO metabolites, and conventional inflammation and tumor markers were determined. RESULTS: In patients with malignant biliary obstruction (MBO), serum NO metabolites were found to be significantly elevated (P<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that an NO level of 1.095 was the best cut-off value for predicting a malignant biliary stricture with a sensitivity of 78.3% and a specificity of 84.2% (area under the curve=0.821). Correlation analysis suggested that carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were correlated with NO levels for differentiating benign from malignant cause of biliary obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Serum NO-associated tissue injury might be associated with the development of pancreatobiliary neoplasia by creating a local environment that is enriched with reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and other growth factors that may promote endothelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, serum NO levels may be used as an adjunctive marker to identify malignant causes of the obstructive jaundice.

Lamivudine treatment failure risks in chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load.

AIM: To analyze the risk factors of lamivudine treatment failure (LTF) for the long-term use in patients with low viral load (LVL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this multicenter study, 548 antiviral naïve noncirrhotic adult patients with LVL (for HBeAg+ patients HBV DNA <10 9 copies/ml and for HBeAg­patients HBV DNA <10 7 copies/ml) were enrolled. As a control group, 46 lamivudine-initiated patients with high viral load (HVL) were included. Primary outcome was switching to or adding on another antiviral drug as a consequence of primary nonresponse, partial response, viral breakthrough or adverse events. Secondary outcomes included LTF rates at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years and LTF-related viral and host factors. RESULTS: Among 594 patients, 294 had to change lamivudine at the follow-up. Primary nonresponse, partial response, viral breakthrough or adverse events frequencies were 6.8, 1.6, 64.5 and 0.1%, respectively. Five-year LTF rates were 61.3 and 84.2% in patients with LVL and HVL, respectively. Among patients with LVL, patients with <100,000 copies/ml and ≥ 100,000 copies/ ml had 54.8 and 67.3% LTF rates at the end of the 5th year, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors showed HBeAg+, hepatic activity index, HBV DNA, virological response at 6 months and duration of follow-up were independent predictors for LTF (p values were 0.001, 0.008, 0.003, 0.020 and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Similar to patients with HVL, first-line lamivudine therapy is not efficient for long-term use in patients with LVL. LTF risk is so high even in the absence of worse predictive factors.

Can red cell distribution width help to discriminate benign from malignant biliary obstruction? A retrospective single center analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Differentiation of benign obstructive jaundice from malignant obstructive jaundice still remains difficult, despite improvements in diagnostic modalities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of red cell distribution width (RDW) in differentiating benign and malignant causes of obstructive jaundice. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and ninety four consecutive patients (101 malignant, 93 benign) with a history of obstructive jaundice were reviewed in the period between January 2008 and August 2009. Definition of biliary strictures was suggested by cholangiographic features and supported by brush cytology, fine needle aspiration (FNA) and the presence of mass or metastases by imaging and/or clinical followup. Patients were divided into two groups, benign and malignant, based on the discharge diagnosis. RESULTS: The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a RDW of 14.8% was the best cut-off value for predicting a malignant biliary stricture with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 69% (AUC=0.755, 95% CI=0.649-0.810). RDW was increased (>14.8%) in 31.6% of benign cases and 68.4% of malignancies. Depressed RDW levels (<14.8%) were found in 72.9% of benign cases and 27.1% of malignancies, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that RDW is useful in the differentiation of benign from malignant causes of biliary obstruction when using an optimized cut-off value. In patients in whom biliary obstruction is suspected, an elevated RDW value may be a reliable additional predictor for differentiating the underlying etiology of biliary obstruction.

Double balloon enteroscopy: a 3-year experience at a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the indications, diagnostic yield, therapeutic interventions, complications and safety of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in clinical practice. METHODOLOGY: The medical records of the patients who underwent DBE at the Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital between October 2007 and January 2010 were examined to note the demographic data, indications for the examination, results of previous non-invasive small bowel imaging and endoscopic procedures and the results of DBE including findings, endoscopic interventions, complications and pathological reports. RESULTS: A total of 139 procedures were performed in 118 patients. DBE was performed 81 times through mouth and 26 times through anus and additionally both approaches were used 16 times in the same patients. Panenteroscopy was successfully performed in 13 of 16 patients (87.5%) in whom it was attempted. The most common indication was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (28.8%). DBE had an overall diagnostic and/or therapeutic contribution in 63 (53.4%) patients. The main pathologies detected on DBE were polyps (12.7%), infammation (10.7%) and vascular lesions (3.4%). Complications were recognized in four cases (3.4%) but no major complication occured. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective analysis showed that DBE is a useful, safe and well-tolerated method with a diagnostic and therapeutic impact for the management of small bowel diseases.

Risk of Malignancy Using the Diagnostic Categories Proposed by the World Health Organization International System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed an updated reporting system for pancreaticobiliary cytology, which moves low-grade malignancies to "positive for malignancy" group and serous cystadenoma to "negative for malignancy" group. The WHO system also created two new categories, namely, pancreatic neoplasia-low grade (PaN-Low) and pancreatic neoplasia-high grade (PaN-High), which includes neoplastic mucinous cysts and stratifies them according to their cytologic atypia. The risk of malignancy (ROM) of the new categories of the WHO system needs to be defined. METHODS: Cytologic slides of all patients, who underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy at our institution from January 2010 to December 2021 and had a histopathological or clinical follow-up of at least 6 months, were reviewed and reclassified under the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) and WHO reporting systems. The absolute ROM was calculated for each category of both reporting systems. RESULTS: A total of 420 EUS-FNA samples from 410 patients were reviewed and reclassified. The absolute ROM for the proposed WHO system was 35% for "nondiagnostic," 1.0% for "negative for malignancy," 69.0% for "atypical," 11% for "PaN-Low," 100% for "PaN-High," 91% for "suspicious for malignancy," and 100% for "malignant." Comparatively, the absolute ROM under the PSC reporting system was 34% for "nondiagnostic," 1.0% for negative (for malignancy), 50.0% for "atypical," 0.0% for "neoplastic: benign," 16% for "neoplastic: other," 88% for "suspicious for malignancy," and 100% for "positive or malignant." CONCLUSION: The proposed WHO international reporting system has advantages regarding risk stratification improvement and case management.

Diagnostic validity of serum macrophage inhibitor cytokine and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen in pancreatobiliary diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1) and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS) are novel markers for several inflammatory and malignant disorders, and there are no sufficient data about the utility of these antigens as serum tumor markers. We aimed at measuring the serum levels of MIC-1 and TPS in patients with benign and malignant pancreatobiliary diseases and at determining their diagnostic efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sera collected from patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas (56 cases), periampullary carcinomas other than pancreatic carcinomas (15 cases), benign pancreatic diseases (31 cases), benign biliary diseases (15 cases) and healthy volunteers (33 cases) were analyzed for MIC-1 and TPS and the results were compared with CA 19-9. RESULTS: Serum MIC-1 levels increased more significantly in patients with pancreatic carcinomas than in patients with benign pancreatobiliary diseases and healthy controls (p < 0.05). MIC-1 has a similar sensitivity (81%) but a lower specificity (73 vs. 97%) than CA 19-9 in patients with pancreatic carcinomas. Serum TPS was comparable among patients with malignant and benign pancreatobiliary diseases, and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: MIC-1 is a valuable tumor marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. It has a good correlation with CA 19-9. TPS has no diagnostic importance to differentiate pancreatobiliary diseases. and IAP.

Elevated levels of circulating angiotensin converting enzyme in patients with hepatoportal sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS) is a clinicopathologic condition that is clinically characterized by portal hypertension (varices and portosystemic collateral vessels), splenomegaly and pancytopenia, in the absence of cirrhosis. Although the etiology is obscure, a number of theories such as immunologic and vascular endothelial cellular abnormalities have been put forward to explain the underlying pathophysiology. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an important molecule of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is also known as a regulatory molecule in systemic and portal circulation in distinct disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of the ACE in the context of RAS in HPS pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 HPS patients (16 men, 14 women; median age 36 years, range 18-63) and 20 healthy controls. The clinical features of HPS patients including demographics, laboratory, and ultrasonography findings were summarized. Serum ACE levels were measured by using commercially available kits. RESULTS: Serum median ACE levels were 36 (8-174) U/l and 16 (8-43) U/l for the HPS patients and controls, respectively. Serum ACE levels were significantly higher in patients with HPS compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ACE in the context of RAS may be associated with pathological endothelial occlusive events in the microenvironment of the portal circulation in HPS. Revealing the interactions between circulating and local RAS within the hepatic microenvironment would enlighten the biologic basis and clinical management of liver diseases.

Inclusion of a spasmolytic in bowel cleansing: a prospective randomized study.

The quality of colon cleansing and the tolerance of patients to the procedure are two major determinants of the quality of a colonoscopy. Many bowel-cleansing regimens are known, but there is no ideal regimen. Alverine citrate (Relaxyl, Spasmonal) is a spasmolytic agent that has been shown to affect responses of mechanoreceptors of the intestine to both mechanical and chemical stimuli. Patients who underwent colonoscopies at four centers were randomly assigned two different bowel-cleansing procedures. The bowel-cleansing methods were oral sodium phosphate (NaP) (Group I) and oral NaP plus alverine citrate (Group II). Patients were randomized into one of these regimens. The quality of colon cleansing was assessed by an endoscopist with an empirical, clinically meaningful 3-point scale. Both groups were similar with respect to age, gender, and pre- and postcolonoscopic diagnosis. In Group I, 76 patients (47 women and 29 men; aged 39.53 ± 7.87 years) and in Group II, 71 patients (41 women and 30 men; aged 39.78 ± 8.27 years) were included in the study. In Groups I and II, 37 (48.7%) and 41 (57.7%) patients had perfect bowel cleansing, respectively. The overall colon cleansing in the group with NaP plus alverine citrate was comparable with that in the NaP group. The tolerability of patients to the colonoscopy in the two groups was also similar. Based on the present data, adding oral alverine citrate to NaP does not increase either the quality of bowel cleansing or the tolerance of patients to the procedure.

Cancer antigen 125 levels in inflammatory bowel diseases.

BACKGROUND: Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is a tumor marker used for the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian carcinoma. It can also be elevated in endometriosis, inflammations, and in nongynecological malignancies. Up to date, serum CA-125 levels in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have not been studied before. AIM: To assess the levels of CA-125 in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: Serum levels of CA-125 were investigated in 68 cases with UC (male/female: 47/21), 32 CD (male/female: 21/11), and 31 healthy controls (male/female: 16/15). Levels of CA-125 were also compared among UC patients according to lesion location, severity, and activity of CD. RESULTS: Serum CA-125 levels were 17.29+/-24.50 U/ml, 15.56+/-20.74 U/ml, and 8.85+/-2.62 U/ml in patients with UC, CD, and healthy controls, respectively. Serum CA-125 levels were significantly higher in UC compared to control group (P=0.001). Serum CA-125 levels were higher in CD patients compared to control group but there was no significance (P=0.087). Serum CA-125 levels were higher in pancolitis compared to distal type and left-sided UC. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that serum CA-125 levels may be increased in patients with IBDs.

Thrombosis of the portal venous system: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis in the portal system causes a wide spectrum of clinical pictures. There are few published studies describing the clinical features and consequences of portal venous system thrombosis. We aimed to document presentations and outcomes in patients with thrombosis in the portal and/or splenic veins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 95 patients who were diagnosed with portal venous system thrombosis in the period September 2001 to April 2006. Demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic investigation, management, morbidity, and mortality were recorded in their follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 95 patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), 35 had isolated PVT (IPVT), 27 had isolated splenic vein thrombosis (ISVT), and 33 had thrombosis in both the portal and splenic veins (PSVT). The mean follow-up periods after diagnosis of IPVT, ISVT, and PSVT were 36, 31, and 32 months, respectively. Abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding were the most common symptoms at presentation in the IPVT and PSVT groups, whereas abdominal pain was the dominant symptom in the ISVT group. During the follow-up period, no bleeding was seen in 26 of the 35 (74%) patients with IPVT, in 23 of the 33 (70%) patients with PSVT, and in 24 of the 27 (89%) patients with ISVT. Biliopathy developed during follow-up in 11 of 35 patients with IPVT, in 1 of 27 with ISVT, and in 5 of 33 with PSVT. In the ISVT group, there were 11 deaths, and one each in the IPVT and PSVT groups. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of PVT varies in portal and splenic veins. IPVT has a higher morbidity (bleeding and portal biliopathy), whereas ISVT that is not associated with an underlying malignancy has a favorable prognosis.

Intermittent versus continuous pantoprazole infusion in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Rebleeding has remained the most important determinant of poor prognosis in peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastric acid plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rebleeding. We aimed to compare the efficiency of intermittent and continuous pantoprazole infusion treatment on peptic ulcer rebleeding after endoscopic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this prospective study, patients with active peptic ulcer bleeding or non-bleeding visible vessel were treated initially with endoscopic therapy. They were randomized to receive intermittent or continuous intravenous pantoprazole treatment. Rebleeding rate, duration of hospital stay, need for total blood transfusion and need for urgent surgery were compared among both groups. RESULTS: Rebleeding rate (6.1 vs. 8.3%), duration of hospital stay (4.17 vs. 4.41), need for total blood transfusion (2.18 vs. 2.59) and need for urgent surgery (4.1 vs. 4.2%) were similar in intermittent and continuous pantoprazole infusion therapy groups, respectively. There was no bleeding-related death in either group. CONCLUSION: In patients with peptic ulcer bleeding, intermittent and continuous pantoprazole infusion after successful endoscopic therapy have comparable outcomes in reducing rebleeding. Both have similar effects on hospital stay, need for blood transfusion and urgent surgery. Intermittent administration has application and cost advantages over continuous infusion.

Serum angiotensin converting enzyme levels in pancreatic diseases.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recently, the existence of a local renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the pancreas has been demonstrated in laboratory animals as well as in human. It has been suggested that RAS and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity increase in diseases involving pancreas tissue. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between serum ACE levels and pancreas disorders including acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pancreas adenocancer. METHODOLOGY: The study groups comprised 14 cases with acute pancreatitis (male/female: 5/9), 38 chronic pancreatitis patients (male/female: 25/13) and 21 pancreas adenocancer cases (male/female: 11/10). The ACE activity in the sample was determined by comparing the sample reaction rate to that obtained with the ACE calibrator. RESULTS: Serum ACE levels were 38.28 +/- 23.67 U/L (10-108), 43.71 +/- 23.58 UL (7-120), 39.14 +/- 19.31 U/L (5-77) and 38.04 +/- 13.69 U/L for patients with acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreas cancer and healthy controls respectively. Serum ACE levels were not significantly different among all groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference regarding ACE levels in patients with metastasis and without metastasis. There was no correlation between ACE levels and tumor size. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that serum ACE levels increased in neither benign nor malignant pancreas diseases. However, serum ACE levels may not reflect the actual RAS activity because non-ACE pathways affecting RAS activity have been described. Further studies analyzing non-ACE pathways contributing to RAS activity in human pancreatic disorders are needed.

Serum adenosine deaminase levels in pancreatic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is found in most tissues including the pancreas. Its role in inflammation and malignancy has been studied experimentally. To date, serum ADA levels in pancreatic diseases have not been studied before. AIM: To assess the levels of ADA in patients with pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas. METHODOLOGY: Serum levels of ADA were investigated in 14 cases with acute pancreatitis (mean age 46 years; male/female 5/9), 38 with chronic pancreatitis (mean age 46 years; male/female 25/13), 21 with cancer of the pancreas (mean age 67 years; male/female 11/10), and 21 healthy controls (mean age 40 years; male/female 11/10). The ADA levels were also compared among patients with pancreatic cancer with regard to tumor size and localization and the presence of metastases. Correlation analysis between ADA and CA 19.9 was also performed. RESULTS: Serum ADA levels were 12.66 (9.54-20.72), 12.51 (8.88-26.64), 15.36 (10.20-21.05) and 9.39 (6.58-11.84) U/l in patients with acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and healthy controls, respectively. Serum ADA levels were significantly higher in acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer patients compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Pancreatic cancer patients had significantly higher serum ADA levels when compared with acute and chronic pancreatitis cases (p < 0.05). The serum ADA levels were comparable according to tumor size and location and the presence of metastases. There was a linear correlation between serum ADA and CA 19-9 levels (p = 0.027, r = 0.552). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the ADA enzyme may play a role in inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. Serum ADA levels increase in pancreatic disorders especially in pancreatic cancer. It may be a serum marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Pentoxifylline attenuates mucosal damage in an experimental model of rat colitis by modulating tissue biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study was designed to identify the effect of pentoxifylline on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: group A, TNBS + intraperitoneal (IP) pentoxifylline; group B, TNBS + IP saline; group C, TNBS + intrarectal (IR) pentoxifylline; group D, TNBS + IR saline; group E, IP pentoxifylline + TNBS; group F, IP saline + TNBS; group G, IR saline. Pentoxifylline was given daily for 3 days before or 6 days after the induction of colitis. Rats were killed after 6 days. RESULTS: IP and IR pentoxifylline similarly and significantly reduced damage and histopathological scores. Pentoxifylline attenuated the accumulation of malonyldialdehyde and transforming growth factor ß1 and the activities of myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and it also restored superoxide dismutase activity. The IP route was more effective than the IR route in this regard. Administration of IP pentoxifylline before or after induction did not influence all parameters. Conclusions: Pentoxifylline showed a therapeutic effect in this experimental colitis model. IP administration seemed to be better. This effect may occur as a result of inhibition of oxidative stress and metalloproteinase activity.

The efficacy of a through-the-scope sodium phosphate solution with completion colonoscopy on the same day as a salvage option for inadequate bowel cleansing.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a through- the-scope sodium phosphate solution with completion colonoscopy on the same day as a salvage option for inadequate bowel preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All participants were instructed to eat a low residual diet for 3 days before the scheduled colonoscopy and a clear liquid diet 18 h before the colonoscopy. The patients were asked to take split doses of an oral sennoside solution at 1800 and 2200 in the evening before the colonoscopy. In cases of inadequate bowel preparation detected during routine colonoscopy, a sodium phosphate solution was administered through the scope on the day of the colonoscopy procedure. The degree of bowel cleansing was assessed by the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BPS: 0-9). RESULTS: Almost excellent bowel cleansing was obtained with a statistically significant difference between the degree of bowel cleansing before and after the application of the sodium phosphate (Boston BPS: 5.48 ± 1.01 vs. 8.88 ± 0.33 respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Through-the-scope sodium phosphate with completion colonoscopy on the same day was shown to be an efficacious and acceptable method for inadequate bowel preparation.