Microbial cell budgets of an Arctic glacier surface quantified using flow cytometry.

Uncertainty surrounds estimates of microbial cell and organic detritus fluxes from glacier surfaces. Here, we present the first enumeration of biological particles draining from a supraglacial catchment, on Midtre Lovénbreen (Svalbard) over 36 days. A stream cell flux of 1.08 × 10(7) cells m(-2) h(-1) was found, with strong inverse, non-linear associations between water discharge and biological particle concentrations. Over the study period, a significant decrease in cell-like particles exhibiting 530 nm autofluorescence was noted. The observed total fluvial export of ~7.5 × 10(14) cells equates to 15.1-72.7 g C, and a large proportion of these cells were small (< 0.5 µm in diameter). Differences between the observed fluvial export and inputs from ice-melt and aeolian deposition were marked: results indicate an apparent storage rate of 8.83 × 10(7) cells m(-2) h(-1). Analysis of surface ice cores revealed cell concentrations comparable to previous studies (6 × 10(4) cells ml(-1)) but, critically, showed no variation with depth in the uppermost 1 m. The physical retention and growth of particulates at glacier surfaces has two implications: to contribute to ice mass thinning through feedbacks altering surface albedo, and to potentially seed recently deglaciated terrain with cells, genes and labile organic matter. This highlights the merit of further study into glacier surface hydraulics and biological processes.

Storage and export of microbial biomass across the western Greenland Ice Sheet.

The Greenland Ice Sheet harbours a wealth of microbial life, yet the total biomass stored or exported from its surface to downstream environments is unconstrained. Here, we quantify microbial abundance and cellular biomass flux within the near-surface weathering crust photic zone of the western sector of the ice sheet. Using groundwater techniques, we demonstrate that interstitial water flow is slow (~10-2 m d-1), while flow cytometry enumeration reveals this pathway delivers 5 × 108 cells m-2 d-1 to supraglacial streams, equivalent to a carbon flux up to 250 g km-2 d-1. We infer that cellular carbon accumulation in the weathering crust exceeds fluvial export, promoting biomass sequestration, enhanced carbon cycling, and biological albedo reduction. We estimate that up to 37 kg km-2 of cellular carbon is flushed from the weathering crust environment of the western Greenland Ice Sheet each summer, providing an appreciable flux to support heterotrophs and methanogenesis at the bed.