Stem cells technology as a platform for generating reproductive system organoids and treatment of infertility-related diseases.

In recent years, stem cells have known as a helpful biological tool for the accurate diagnosis, treatment and recognition of diseases. Using stem cells as biomarkers have presented high potential in the early detection of many diseases. Another advancement in stem cell technology includes stem cell derived organoids model that could be a promising platform for diagnosis and modeling different diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic capabilities of stem cell therapy have increased hope in the face of different disability managements. All of these technologies are also widely used in reproductive related diseases especially in today's world that many couples encounter infertility problems. However, with the aid of numerous improvements in the treatment of infertility, over 80% of couples who dreamed of having children could now have children. Due to the fact that infertility has many negative effects on personal and social lives of young couples, many researchers have focused on the treatment of male and female reproductive system abnormalities with different types of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and umbilical cord-derived MSCs. Also, design and formation of reproductive system organoids provide a fascinating window into disease modeling, drug screening, personalized therapy, and regeneration medicine. Utilizing these techniques to study, model and treat the infertility-related diseases has drawn attention of many scientists. This review explains different applications of stem cells in generating reproductive system organoids and stem cell-based therapies for male and female infertility related diseases treatment.

Premature ovarian failure and tissue engineering.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) usually happens former to the age of 40 and affects the female physiological state premenopausal period. In this condition, ovaries stop working long before the expected menopausal time. Of diagnostic symptoms of the disease, one can mention amenorrhea and hypoestrogenism. The cause of POF in most cases is idiopathic; however, cancer therapy may also cause POF. Commonly utilized therapies such as hormone therapy, in-vitro activation, and regenerative medicine are the most well-known treatments for POF. Hence, these therapies may be associated with some complications. The aim of the present study is to discuss the beneficial effects of tissue engineering for fertility rehabilitation in patients with POF as a newly emerging therapy.

Exosome- based technologies as a platform for diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility-related diseases.

Nowadays, infertility related diseases become one of the basic challenges in societies. Human fertilization and fetal development are one of the most complex biological process, influenced by various factors, such as exosomes. Exosomes are Nano-sized bilayer-lipid membrane vesicles that play a role in mediating cell to cell communication in the reproductive system by serving as carriers of different biomolecules. Alterations in exosomes number and contents also can be seen in different male and female reproductive diseases in animals and human cases. These nanoparticles have great potential to become a large-scale therapeutic platform in the field of regenerative medicine. Diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes have opened new windows of hope for using these compounds in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially pregnancy disorders. Various methods including direct injection, intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, and hydrogel-based encapsulation for targeted delivery of exosomes have been investigated in different disease models. The most recent advances in the development of exosome-functionalized biomaterials that mediate enhanced preservation exosome bioactivity and controlled release, have been presented. This review highlights the potential medical applications of exosomes with emphasis on diagnostic and therapeutic effects of exosomes on male and female reproductive system related diseases. In addition, the advantages of the biomaterial-based exosome delivery systems have been examined in this review.

Scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches in treating infertility.

Tissue engineering and the use of scaffolds have shown high therapeutic potentialities about male and female infertility. Nowadays, many couples are suffering from infertility problems. There are different causes for infertility including chemotherapy (for male and female), uterine injuries, and intrauterine adhesions. Extra-cellular matrix in tissue engineering provides a supportive medium for blood or lymphatic vessels making it a suitable substrate for cell implantation and growth. Dominant successes in this branch have been in use of patient-derived primary cells, these cells loaded in scaffolds and used to generate tissue for re-implantation. However, this method has limitations, because of the invasive nature of cell collection, also the cells patient-derived may be not healthy and become the source of disease. Therefore, use of stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) have been considered. Cell/scaffold systems have a substantial role in fertility organs or agents repair or regeneration. This review summarizes the novel scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to treat infertility.