UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS analysis of the native Mapuche medicinal plant palo negro (Leptocarpha rivularis DC. - Asteraceae) and evaluation of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties.

UHPLC/ESI/MS identification of organic compounds is the first step in the majority of screening techniques for the characterization of biologically active metabolites in natural sources. This paper describes a method for the fast identification and characterisation of secondary metabolites in Leptocarpha rivularis DC. (Palo negro) extracts by HPLC/UV (DAD)-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The plant is used for the treatment of several diseases since pre-hispanic Mapuche times. Thirty-seven compounds were detected in the aqueous edible extract for the first time including 4 sesquiterpenes, 10 flavonoids, 9 oxylipins, 2 organic acids, and 11 phenolic acids. In addition, phenolic content antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were measured for the first time using the edible infusion. The total polyphenol content of the infusion was 230.76 ± 2.5 mmol GAE/kg dry weight, while the antioxidant activity was 176.51 ± 28.84; 195.28 ± 4.83; and 223.92 ± 2.95 mmol TE/kg dry weight, for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively. The cholinesterase inhibitory activity was 7.38 ± 0.03 and 5.74 ± 0.06 mmol GALAE/kg, for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase AChE and BChE, respectively, showing that this plant is a candidate for the isolation of compounds that can be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, this plant could serve also as a raw material for the production of dietary supplements, due to its content of polyphenolic compounds.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale (PMHSS-24).

INTRODUCTION: There is currently a growing interest in interventions aimed at the reduction of stigma towards people with emotional difficulties in adolescents. Unfortunately, the number of scales available in Spanish to assess stigma at these ages is limited. This paper aims to adapt and validate the scale of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health among peers (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale PMHSS-24). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 443 adolescents (46.6% female and 53.7% male) between 13 and 17 years of age participated (Mage = 14.64; SD = 0.83) in the 3rd and 4th grades of Obligatory Secondary Education. The internal consistency of the test was calculated, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed with half of the sample and a confirmatory one (CFA) with the other half, and the invariance of measurement of the scale through sex was found. RESULTS: The EFA showed a two-factor structure for the negative scale (53% of the variance explained) and another 2 for the positive scale (62% of the variance explained). The CFA corroborated the factor structure with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators (CFI > 0.95; NNFI > 0.95, SRMR < 0.08, RMSEA < 0.08). Factor loads ranged from 0.49 to 0.89, with α factor correlation between r = 0.53 and 0.45. Both subscales exhibited optimal alpha values (negative 0.94 and positive 0.81). The scale was invariant between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that PMHSS-24 may be a useful scale for the initial screening of the stereotypes exhibited by adolescents toward people with mental illness.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale (PMHSS-24). / Validación y adaptación española de la Escala de Actitudes Estigmatizadoras hacia la Salud Mental entre Iguales (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale, PMHSS-24).

INTRODUCTION: There is currently a growing interest in interventions aimed at the reduction of stigma towards people with emotional difficulties in adolescents. Unfortunately, the number of scales available in Spanish to assess stigma at these ages is limited. This paper aims to adapt and validate the scale of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health among peers (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale PMHSS-24). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 443 adolescents (46.6% female and 53.7% male) between 13 and 17 years of age participated (Mage=14.64; SD=.83) in the 3rd and 4th grades of Obligatory Secondary Education. The internal consistency of the test was calculated, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed with half of the sample and a confirmatory one (CFA) with the other half, and the invariance of measurement of the scale through sex was found. RESULTS: The EFA showed a two-factor structure for the negative scale (53% of the variance explained) and another 2for the positive scale (62% of the variance explained). The CFA corroborated the factor structure with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators (CFI>.95; NNFI>.95, SRMR<.08, RMSEA<.08). Factor loads ranged from .49 to .89, with α factor correlation between r=.53 and .45. Both subscales exhibited optimal alpha values (negative .94 and positive .81). The scale was invariant between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that PMHSS-24 may be a useful scale for the initial screening of the stereotypes exhibited by adolescents toward people with mental illness.

Validación y adaptación española de la Escala de Actitudes Estigmatizadoras hacia la Salud Mental entre Iguales (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale, PMHSS-24) / Spanish adaptation and validation of the Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale (PMHSS-24)

Introducción: En la actualidad, existe un creciente interés por las intervenciones con adolescentes encaminadas a la reducción del estigma hacia las personas con problemas de salud mental. Desafortunadamente, el número de escalas disponibles en castellano para evaluar el estigma en estas edades es reducido. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo adaptar y validar en población española la Escala de Actitudes Estigmatizadoras hacia la Salud Mental entre Iguales (PMHSS-24). Material y métodos: Participaron 443 adolescentes (46,6% mujeres y 53,7% hombres) de entre 13 y 17 años (Medad=14,64; DE=0,83) alumnos de 3.° y 4.° de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la prueba, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) con la mitad de la muestra y otro confirmatorio (AFC) con la otra mitad, y se halló la invarianza de medición de la escala a través del sexo. Resultados: El AFE arrojó una estructura de 2factores para la escala negativa (53% de la varianza explicada) y otros 2para la positiva (62% de la varianza explicada). El AFC corroboró la estructura factorial con adecuados indicadores de bondad de ajuste (CFI>0,95; NNFI>0,95; SRMR <0,08; RMSEA <0,08). Las cargas factoriales oscilaron entre 0,49 y 0,89, con una correlación entre factores r=0,53 y 0,45. Ambas subescalas exhibieron valores de αóptimos (negativa 0,94 y positiva 0,81). La escala fue invariante entre sexos. Conclusiones: El PMHSS-24 puede ser un instrumento útil para el cribado inicial de los estereotipos que exhiben los adolescentes hacia las personas con dificultades emocionales. (AU)

Introduction: There is currently a growing interest in interventions aimed at the reduction of stigma towards people with emotional difficulties in adolescents. Unfortunately, the number of scales available in Spanish to assess stigma at these ages is limited. This paper aims to adapt and validate the scale of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health among peers (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale PMHSS-24). Material and methods: A total of 443 adolescents (46.6% female and 53.7% male) between 13 and 17 years of age participated (Mage=14.64; SD=.83) in the 3rd and 4th grades of Obligatory Secondary Education. The internal consistency of the test was calculated, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed with half of the sample and a confirmatory one (CFA) with the other half, and the invariance of measurement of the scale through sex was found. Results: The EFA showed a two-factor structure for the negative scale (53% of the variance explained) and another 2for the positive scale (62% of the variance explained). The CFA corroborated the factor structure with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators (CFI>.95; NNFI>.95, SRMR<.08, RMSEA<.08). Factor loads ranged from .49 to .89, with α factor correlation between r=.53 and .45. Both subscales exhibited optimal alpha values (negative .94 and positive .81). The scale was invariant between the sexes. Conclusions: The data suggest that PMHSS-24 may be a useful scale for the initial screening of the stereotypes exhibited by adolescents toward people with mental illness. (AU)