Gluing blood into gel by electrostatic interaction using a water-soluble polymer as an embolic agent.

Liquid embolic agents are widely used for the endovascular embolization of vascular conditions. However, embolization based on phase transition is limited by the adhesion of the microcatheter to the embolic agent, use of an organic solvent, unintentional catheter retention, and other complications. By mimicking thrombus formation, a water-soluble polymer that rapidly glues blood into a gel without triggering coagulation was developed. The polymer, which consists of cationic and aromatic residues with adjacent sequences, shows electrostatic adhesion with negatively charged blood substances in a physiological environment, while common polycations cannot. Aqueous polymer solutions are injectable through clinical microcatheters and needles. The formed blood gel neither adhered to the catheter nor blocked the port. Postoperative computed tomography imaging showed that the polymer can block the rat femoral artery in vivo and remain at the injection site without nontarget embolization. This study provides an alternative for the development of waterborne embolic agents.

A Cost-Effective and Chemical-Recycling Approach for Facile Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose Materials.

Cellulose is difficult to melt or dissolve. The dissolution and regeneration process paves the way to convert cellulose into diverse forms but still suffers from high costs and environmental pollution. Here, we developed a method that uses aqueous alkali to efficiently dissolve cellulose at a temperature above 0 °C in minutes for fabricating regenerated cellulose. Cellulose was modified with minimal carboxymethyl groups to weaken the intermolecular interaction and improve its dissolution. The modified cellulose can be commercially obtained from carboxymethyl cellulose manufacturing with low cost and high quality. The use of only aqueous alkali reduces pollution and facilitates chemical recycling, and the moderate dissolving temperature reduces energy consumption. The regenerated cellulose materials display excellent mechanical properties and can be recycled or biodegraded after use. The method allows the use of diverse raw materials and modifications to broaden its applicability. The study develops a low-cost and eco-friendly method to fabricate regenerated cellulose.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of liver injury induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with malignancies: A real-world retrospective study.

AIMS: Programmed cell death receptor (ligand)-1 inhibitors (PD-(L)1), as the preferred immunotherapy, have been widely used in the Chinese mainland and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been reported. The study aimed to investigate the clinical features or risk factors for immunotherapy-related DILI. METHODS: Patients who received PD-(L)1 inhibitors from January 2020 to July 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The likelihood of DILI was adjudicated by the Roussel-Uclaf causality assessment. RESULTS: A total of 1175 patients were included in the study and 89 patients (7.6%) developed DILI, of which 12 (13.5%) progressed to acute liver failure (ALF) and three (3.4%) died. Among the DILI population, 56 (62.9%) had a cholestatic pattern and exhibited a prolonged treatment course and duration for resolution compared to the hepatocellular and mixed patterns. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and abnormal baseline of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) had increased risks of DILI by 2.1-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.231-3.621), 1.9-fold [95% CI, 1.123-3.325] and 2.1-fold [95% CI, 1.317-3.508], respectively. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score had a c-statistic of 0.894 (95% CI, 0.778-1.000) with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 95% for poor outcomes. COX analysis showed that the MELD ≥ 18 was predictive of immunotherapy-related ALF or death. CONCLUSIONS: PD-(L)1 inhibitor-related liver injury manifests primarily as a cholestatic pattern, on which corticosteroid treatment has minimal effect compared to hepatocellular and mixed patterns. MELD score ≥ 18 at the time of liver injury performed best in the prediction of ALF or death in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related DILI.

Autologous non-invasively derived stem cells mitochondria transfer shows therapeutic advantages in human embryo quality rescue.

BACKGROUND: The decline in the quantity and quality of mitochondria are closely associated with infertility, particularly in advanced maternal age. Transferring autologous mitochondria into the oocytes of infertile females represents an innovative and viable strategy for treating infertility, with no concerns regarding ethical considerations. As the donor cells of mitochondria, stem cells have biological advantages but research and evidence in this area are quite scarce. METHODS: To screen out suitable human autologous ooplasmic mitochondrial donor cells, we performed comprehensive assessment of mitochondrial physiology, function and metabolic capacity on a varity of autologous adipose, marrow, and urine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC, BMSC and USC) and ovarian germline granulosa cells (GC). Further, to explore the biosafety, effect and mechanism of stem cell-derived mitochondria transfer on human early embryo development, randomized in-vitro basic studies were performed in both of the young and aged oocytes from infertile females. RESULTS: Compared with other types of mesenchymal stromal cells, USC demonstrated a non-fused spherical mitochondrial morphology and low oxidative stress status which resembled the oocyte stage. Moreover, USC mitochondrial content, activity and function were all higher than other cell types and less affected by age, and it also exhibited a biphasic metabolic pattern similar to the pre-implantation stage of embryonic development. After the biosafety identification of the USC mitochondrial genome, early embryos after USC mitochondrial transfer showed improvements in mitochondrial content, activity, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Further, aging embryos also showed improvements in embryonic morphological indicators, euploidy rates, and oxidative stress status. CONCLUSION: Autologous non-invasively derived USC mitochondria transfer may be an effective strategy to improve embryonic development and metabolism, especially in infertile females with advanced age or repeated pregnancy failure. It provides evidence and possibility for the autologous treatment of infertile females without invasive and ethical concerns.

Novel deleterious splicing variant in HFM1 causes gametogenesis defect and recurrent implantation failure: concerning the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos.

PURPOSE: Poor ovarian response (POR) affects approximately 9% to 24% of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, resulting in fewer eggs obtained and increasing clinical cycle cancellation rates. The pathogenesis of POR is related to gene variations. Our study included a Chinese family comprising two siblings with infertility born to consanguineous parents. Poor ovarian response (POR) was identified in the female patient who had multiple embryo implantation failures occurring in subsequent assisted reproductive technology cycles. Meanwhile, the male patient was diagnosed with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing and rigorous bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify the underlying genetic causes. Moreover, the pathogenicity of the identified splicing variant was assessed using a minigene assay in vitro. The remaining poor-quality blastocyst and abortion tissues from the female patient were detected for copy number variations. RESULTS: We identified a novel homozygous splicing variant in HFM1 (NM_001017975.6: c.1730-1G > T) in two siblings. Apart from NOA and POI, biallelic variants in HFM1 were also associated with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Additionally, we demonstrated that splicing variants caused abnormal alternative splicing of HFM1. Using copy number variation sequencing, we found that the embryos of the female patients had either euploidy or aneuploidy; however, both harbored chromosomal microduplications of maternal origin. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal the different effects of HFM1 on reproductive injury in males and females, extend the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of HFM1, and show the potential risk of chromosomal abnormalities under the RIF phenotype. Moreover, our study provides new diagnostic markers for the genetic counseling of POR patients.

The Adsorption of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution Using KOH-Modified Banana Peel Hydrothermal Carbon: Adsorption Properties and Mechanistic Studies.

Adopting banana peel as a raw material, the adsorption properties of banana peel hydrothermal carbon modified with a KOH solution for lead ions in aqueous solution were studied. The surface structure and functional groups of the modified hydrothermal carbon were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, element analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that an adsorption capacity of 42.92 mg/g and a removal rate of 86.84% were achieved when the banana peel hydrothermal carbon was modified with a KOH solution of 0.5 mol/L, with a pH of 6 and a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g/L. The equilibrium adsorption time for lead ions in solution being adsorbed using KOH-modified hydrothermal carbon was 240 min, the adsorption process satisfied the quasi-second-order kinetic model and the Redlich-Peterson isotherm equation, and the equilibrium removal efficiency was 88.62%. The adsorption of lead ions using KOH-modified hydrothermal carbon is mainly chemical-physical adsorption.

Investigation on the interaction mechanism during co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal slime: The effect of coal slime type and pretreatment method.

Co-combustion of sewage sludge (SS) and coal slime (CS) is the preferred method for mitigating their environmental impact and increasing their added value. However, the interaction mechanism between SS and CS during the co-combustion process has not yet developed a unified understanding. This work aims to obtain the effect of CS types on SS-CS co-combustion and reveal the interaction mechanism between SS and CS based on the influence of pretreatment methods on the interaction. The results showed that during co-combustion, SS reduced the ignition and burnout temperatures, and CS with high fixed carbon content (e.g., XCS) improved the comprehensive combustion characteristics. Principal component analysis showed that the effect of CS on co-combustion was more significant. The interaction between SS and CS mainly occurred within 100-700 °C, in which inhibition and synergism coexisted. The large differences in the interactions before and after de-volatilization and pickling treatments revealed that the volatiles and ash in SS were the main interaction factors. The analysis of the interaction mechanisms showed that the free radicals and heat released from the SS volatiles combustion accelerated the weight loss of CS, but the formation of tars from its incomplete combustion may inhibit the decomposition of CS. The interaction in the fixed carbon combustion stage was mainly caused by SS ash, which can catalyze the combustion of CS fixed carbon, but for the high ash CS (e.g., QCS), the combustion of fixed carbon was hindered by the addition of SS ash higher than 10 %. The final manifestation (synergy or inhibition) of SS and CS interactions was the result of the competitive balance of the above interactive behaviors. This work provides a more comprehensive understanding of the interaction between SS and CS during co-combustion.

Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of JX11502MA in Chinese healthy subjects: a first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study following single-dose administration.

BACKGROUND: JX11502MA is a potent partial agonist of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, with a preferential binding profile for D3 receptors in vitro, potentially for treating schizophrenia. METHODS: A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose clinical trial was designed. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive JX11502MA and placebo capsules with seven ascending dose groups: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg. The PK profiles of JX11502MA and its metabolites were evaluated, along with a safety and tolerability assessment. RESULTS: Considering the safety of participants, the dose escalation was halted at 3 mg. Following single-dose administration, JX11502MA exhibited rapid absorption with a median Tmax ranging from 1 to 1.75 h. The terminal half-life of JX11502MA ranged from 73.62 to 276.85 h. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) for subjects receiving JX11502MA were somnolence (56.3%), dizziness (18.8%), nausea (21.9%), vomiting (18.8%), and hiccups (18.8%). CONCLUSIONS: JX11502MA was generally well tolerated at a single dose of 0.25 to 3 mg. The PK profiles and safety characteristics in this study indicated that JX11502MA has the potential to be a favorable treatment option for patients with schizophrenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT05233657).

Efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil in the adult insomnia patients: a phase II randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil, a positive allosteric modulator with selectivity for α1, α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors, on sleep variables in patients with insomnia disorder. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults (18-65 years) with insomnia disorder were randomized (1:1:1:1 to receive daily oral placebo, Dimdazenil (1.5, 2.5, or 5 mg) for 14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the total sleep time (TST) on day 1/2 and day 13/14, measured by polysomnography. The secondary outcome measures included (1) latency to persistent sleep (LPS), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO) and number of awakenings (NAW) on days 1/2 and day 13/14, and (2) the average subjective sleep latency (sSL), total sleep time (sTST), wake after sleep onset (sWASO) and number of awakenings (sNAW) recorded in sleep diary and sleep questionnaire, and the evaluation of insomnia severity index. Rebound insomnia, withdrawal, and treatment-emergent adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS: Of 569 patients screened, 288 (76.4% female) were randomized and received one dose. For the primary outcomes, TST was significantly improved in the Dimdazenil 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mg group compared with the placebo group at day 1/2, and significantly improved in the Dimdazenil 2.5 and 5 mg groups compared with the placebo group at day 13/14. The Least Squares Means (standard errors) and 95% Confidence Intervals for the three active doses compared to placebo are 25.5 (8.31), (9.16, 41.89) for the 1.5 mg dose; 17.4 (8.19), (1.29, 33.55) for the 2.5 mg dose; 22.8 (8.15), (6.72, 38.80) for the 5 mg dose on day 1/2. Corresponding data on day 13/14 are 7.6 (8.07), (-8.24, 23.53) and 19.3 (8.06), (3.43, 35.17) and 18.2 (7.95), (2.49, 33.80). LPS was significantly reduced in the Dimdazenil 5 mg group compared with the placebo group on day 1/2. SE was significantly improved in the Dimdazenil 1.5 and 5 mg group compared with the placebo group at day 1/2. In the subjective sleep parameters, sSL on average was significantly lower in the Dimdazenil 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mg groups compared with the placebo group. sTST on average was significantly higher in the Dimdazenil 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mg groups compared with the placebo group. The most common TEAEs were dizziness, vertigo, and weakness with no clinically relevant treatment-related serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Dimdazenil of 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mg improved certain objective and subjective sleep outcomes in people with insomnia disorder, with a favorable safety profile. These findings suggested that Dimdazenil may represent a promising new treatment for insomnia disorder, a prevalent condition with limited effective and safe treatments available. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, multidose, placebo parallel controlled phase II clinical study of EVT201 in the treatment of insomnia disorders (http://www.chinadrugtrials.org), with the number of CTR20150664.

Backdoor attacks against distributed swarm learning.

Traditional machine learning approaches often need a central server, where raw datasets or model updates are trained or aggregated in a centralized way. However, these approaches are vulnerable to many attacks, especially by the malicious server. Recently, a new distributed machine learning paradigm, called Swarm Learning (SL), has been proposed to support no-central-server based decentralized training. In each training round, each participant node has a chance to be selected to serve as a temporary server. Thus, these participant nodes do not need to share their private datasets to ensure a fair and secure model aggregation in a central server. To the best of our knowledge, there are no existing solutions about the security threats in swarm learning. In this paper, we investigate how to implant backdoor attacks against swarm learning to illustrate its potential security risk. Experiment results confirm the effectiveness of our method with high attack accuracies in different scenarios. We also study several defense methods to alleviate these backdoor attacks.

Reversible extended secret image sharing with ability to correct errors based on Chinese remainder theorem.

The reversible extended secret image sharing (RESIS) scheme can safely segment the secret image into a shadow image and embed it into the cover image, while ensuring that both the secret image and the cover image are completely restored. The existing schemes do not consider the attack on the information transmission channel, and often cannot correctly recover the secret image when attacked. In view of this, this paper fully considers the active attack on the information channel, and then proposes a RESIS scheme with error correction capability. In this paper, the Reed-Solomon code is used to detect modification attacks and correct errors to a certain extent. Additionally, the lossless recovery effect of both the secret image and the cover image is accomplished in conjunction with secret sharing scheme based on the Chinese remainder theorem. According to experimental findings, this method can resist certain active attacks.

A phase 1 study of dimdazenil to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, food effect and safety in Chinese healthy subjects.

Background and objective: As a partial positive allosteric modulator of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor, dimdazenil was used for the treatment of insomnia with the potential to alleviate associated side effects compared to full agonists. The objective of this trial is to assess the safety, tolerability, food effect and pharmacokinetics following single and multiple doses of dimdazenil in Chinese healthy subjects. Methods: In this phase 1 trial, 36 healthy subjects aged ≥18 years were assigned to receive a single dose of 1.5, 2.5, or 5 mg dimdazenil, with each dose cohort consisting of 12 subjects, and 14 subjects were assigned to receive a multiple 2.5 mg daily dose of dimdazenil for 5 days. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated. Results: Of the 50 subjects enrolled and 49 completed the trial, the incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) in the single-dose groups of 1.5, 2.5, and 5 mg were 16.7%, 58.3% and 66.7% respectively, while 61.5% in the multiple-dose group. There were no serious AEs, deaths, AEs leading to discontinuation or AEs of requiring clinical intervention in any treatment groups. The most treatment-emergent AEs were dizziness (n = 4, 8.2%), hyperuricemia (n = 2, 6.1%), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 2, 6.1%), diastolic blood pressure decreased (n = 2, 6.1%), blood TG increased (n = 2, 6.1%) and RBC urine positive (n = 2, 6.1%). All AEs were mild-to-moderate and transient, and no severe AEs were documented in any study phase. The PK profile of dimdazenil and its active metabolite Ro46-1927 was linear across 1.5-5 mg oral doses in humans. The median Tmax for dimdazenil was in the range of 0.5-1.5 h, and the apparent terminal t1/2z ranged from 3.50 to 4.32 h. Taking Dimdazenil with food may delay Tmax and decrease Cmax, without affecting the total exposure (AUC). No relevant accumulations of dimdazenil and Ro 46-1927 were observed in multiple-dose group. Conclusion: Dimdazenil was generally well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects after single and 5 days-multiple dosing. The pharmacokinetic properties of dimdazenil are compatible with a drug for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical Trial Registration: chinadrugtrials.org.cn, identifier CTR20201978.

Global analysis of non-coding small RNAs in Arabidopsis in response to jasmonate treatment by deep sequencing technology.

In plants, non-coding small RNAs play a vital role in plant development and stress responses. To explore the possible role of non-coding small RNAs in the regulation of the jasmonate (JA) pathway, we compared the non-coding small RNAs between the JA-deficient aos mutant and the JA-treated wild type Arabidopsis via high-throughput sequencing. Thirty new miRNAs and 27 new miRNA candidates were identified through bioinformatics approach. Forty-nine known miRNAs (belonging to 24 families), 15 new miRNAs and new miRNA candidates (belonging to 11 families) and 3 tasiRNA families were induced by JA, whereas 1 new miRNA, 1 tasiRNA family and 22 known miRNAs (belonging to 9 families) were repressed by JA.

Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling for the prediction of drug-drug interactions involving anlotinib as a perpetrator of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Anlotinib is a small molecule of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially approved to treat non-small cell lung cancer in China. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is an extrinsic factor important for the appropriate use of anlotinib in clinical practice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that anlotinib is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and moderate inhibitor of several common ones; however, no clinical DDI studies have been performed to investigate inhibitory effects of anlotinib on these CYP enzymes. Thus, its drug label recommends avoiding co-administration with substrates of these enzymes, which have narrow therapeutic windows. In this study, we performed a CYP450 inhibition study, followed by gathering in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic data to build the first physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of anlotinib. The verified model was subsequently used to predict the DDI mediated by anlotinib. As a result, the marginal plasma exposure changes of typical CYP3A and CYP2C9 substrates were less than the bioequivalence threshold, indicating that anlotinib has a very low potential of causing clinically meaningful DDI through the inhibition of several major CYP enzymes. According to the FDA's latest guideline on DDI, the established model with the simulation results may support the revision of anlotinib labelling without further clinical studies, lifting unnecessary restrictions on anlotinib regimens.

A new series of macrolide derivatives with 4''-O-saccharide substituents.

A series of novel derivatives of macrolide with 4''-O-mono- or disaccharides were synthesized. The corresponding glycosyl trichloroacetimidates were used as the donors in the glycosylations. The in vitro antibacterial activities of 7a-f and 13-16 against a panel of susceptible and resistant pathogens were tested. The modification of 4''-O-mono- or disaccharides may lead to the understanding of interaction of the macrolide and the bacterial ribosome.

Transcriptional alterations of genes related to fertility decline in male rats induced by chronic sleep restriction.

The adverse effects of sleep disorders on male fertility are of increased concern. In this study, a rat model of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) was established using the modified multiplatform method. The effects of CSR on the fertility of male rats were evaluated first based on sexual behavior. Serum hormones, including testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sperm parameters (concentration, viability, motility, deformation rate) were measured, and testicular histology was analysed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The transcriptional differences between CSR rats and control rats were detected by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), and DNA methylation was then detected by bisulfite sequencing. After the differentialy expressed genes of CSR rats were sequenced and screened, representative up- and down-regulated genes were randomly sampled to verify the sequencing results by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, functional annotations were completed, including gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomic (KEGG) pathway analyses. The results showed that the sexual behavior of CSR rats did not change when compared with control group rats. The sperm concentration, viability and motility of the CSR rats decreased significantly, while the sperm malformation rate increased significantly. In the KEGG pathway analysis database, some specific differentially expressed genes were screened, which are involved in metabolic pathways, inflammation-related pathways, the renin-angiotensin system, as well as others. However, the aforesaid differentially expressed genes in the testes were not related to their DNA methylation status. CSR could significantly reduce the fertility of male rats, and one of its mechanisms occurs by altering gene expression in the testes, which is not related to their  state of  DNA methylation. The results of this study suggest that CSR could cause male infertility by significantly altering the testicular transcriptome.Abbreviations: CSR: chronic sleep restriction; SD: sleep deprivation; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; NGS: next generation sequencing; qRT-PCR: real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomic; NO: nitric oxide; INOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Il6: interleukin-6; Tnf: tumour necrosis factor alpha; Hsd11b1: hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1; Dnmt3a: DNA methyltransferase 3Ax; PSD: paradoxic sleep deprivation; DNMTs: DNA methyltransferases family; REM: rapid eye movement sleep; PGD: preimplantation genetic diagnosis; PGS: preimplantation genetic screening; ECS: expanded carrier screening; T: testosterone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; PRL: prolactin; BC group: Blank Control group; MC group: Model Control group; Hist1h2ba: histone cluster 1 H2ba; Lgr4: leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4; Atrn: attractin ; Ogg1: 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase; SNVs: single nucleotide variants ; HPG axis: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Star protein: steroid acute regulatory protein; Dmac2l: distal membrane arm assembly complex 2 like; Esr1: estrogen receptor 1; MAPK pathways: mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways; Sos2: SOS Ras/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2; Jak2: Janus kinase 2; Pik3cb: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, and catalytic subunit beta; Kras: KRAS proto-oncogene and GTPase; RRBS: reduced representation bisulfite sequencing; DEGs: differently expressed genes; SPF: Specific Pathogen Free; HE: hematoxylin & eosin; DMR: differentially methylated region; GO Analysis: Gene Ontology analysis; SINE: short interspersed nuclear elements; LINE: long interspersed nuclear elements; LTR: long terminal repeats.

Synthesis of novel macrolide derivatives with imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinyl sulfur contained alkyl side chains and their antibacterial activity.

In an effort to find new antibiotics, a novel series of 14-membered macrolides with imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinyl sulfur contained alkyl side chains has been synthesized based on commercially available clarithromycin. Chemical transformation of hydroxy group at position C-3 afforded range of ketolides and acylides. Compared to telithromycin, compound 15a demonstrated improved in vitro activity against erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant strains.

Prediction of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions causing atorvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling.

Atorvastatin and its lactone form metabolite are reported to be associated with statin-induced myopathy (SIM) such as myalgia and life-threatening rhabdomyolysis. Though the statin-induced rhabdomyolysis is not common during statin therapy, its incidence will significantly increase due to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with inhibitor drugs which inhibit atorvastatin's and its lactone's metabolism and hepatic uptake. Thus, the quantitative analysis of DDIs of atorvastatin and its lactone with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitors is of great importance. This study aimed to predict pharmacokinetic DDIs possibly causing atorvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modelling. Firstly, we refined the PBPK models of atorvastatin and atorvastatin lactone for predicting the DDIs with CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors. Thereafter, we predicted the exposure changes of atorvastatin and atorvastatin lactone originating from the case reports of atorvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis using the refined models. The simulation results show that pharmacokinetic DDIs of atorvastatin and its lactone with fluconazole, palbociclib diltiazem and cyclosporine are significant. Consequently, clinicians should be aware of necessary dose adjustment of atorvastatin being used with these four inhibitor drugs.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 4''-O-heteroarylcarbamoyl derivatives of macrolide.

A series of novel 4''-position modified macrolide derivatives has been synthesized via a facile procedure. Their in vitro antibacterial activities against constitutively erythromycin-resistant strains were evaluated. Among the derivatives tested, compound 8a which has 11,12-carbamate and 4''-O-heteroarylcarbamoyl groups was found to have potent activity against most resistant bacteria.

Prediction of the Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism on Drug-Drug Interaction between Voriconazole and Tacrolimus Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling

Abstract Voriconazole increases tacrolimus blood concentration significantly when coadministrated. The recommendation of reducing tacrolimus to 1/3 in voriconazole package insert seems not to be satisfactory in clinical practice. In vitro studies demonstrated that the magnitude of inhibition depends on the concentration of voriconazole, while voriconazole exposure is determined by the genotype status of CYP2C19. CYP2C19 gene polymorphism challenges the management of drug-drug interactions(DDIs) between voriconazole and tacrolimus. This work aimed to predict the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the DDIs by using physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) models. The precision of the developed voriconazole and tacrolimus models was reasonable by evaluating the pharmacokinetic parameters fold error, such as AUC0-24, Cmax and tmax. Voriconazole increased tacrolimus concentration immediately in all population. The simulated duration of DDIs disappearance after voriconazole withdrawal were 146h, 90h and 66h in poor metabolizers (PMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs) and extensive metabolizers(EMs), respectively. The developed and optimized PBPK models in this study can be applied to assit the dose adjustment for tacrolimus with and without voriconazole.