Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important for DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination, and mutations in these genes predispose to breast and other cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an enzyme involved in base excision repair, a key pathway in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. We show here that BRCA1 or BRCA2 dysfunction unexpectedly and profoundly sensitizes cells to the inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity, resulting in chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This seems to be because the inhibition of PARP leads to the persistence of DNA lesions normally repaired by homologous recombination. These results illustrate how different pathways cooperate to repair damage, and suggest that the targeted inhibition of particular DNA repair pathways may allow the design of specific and less toxic therapies for cancer.

An in vivo functional screen identifies ST6GalNAc2 sialyltransferase as a breast cancer metastasis suppressor.

To interrogate the complex mechanisms involved in the later stages of cancer metastasis, we designed a functional in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) screen combined with next-generation sequencing. Using this approach, we identified the sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 as a novel breast cancer metastasis suppressor. Mechanistically, ST6GalNAc2 silencing alters the profile of O-glycans on the tumor cell surface, facilitating binding of the soluble lectin galectin-3. This then enhances tumor cell retention and emboli formation at metastatic sites leading to increased metastatic burden, events that can be completely blocked by galectin-3 inhibition. Critically, elevated ST6GALNAC2, but not galectin-3, expression in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers significantly correlates with reduced frequency of metastatic events and improved survival. These data demonstrate that the prometastatic role of galectin-3 is regulated by its ability to bind to the tumor cell surface and highlight the potential of monitoring ST6GalNAc2 expression to stratify patients with breast cancer for treatment with galectin-3 inhibitors.

The collagen receptor Endo180 (CD280) Is expressed on basal-like breast tumor cells and promotes tumor growth in vivo.

Tumor cell invasion into the surrounding stroma requires increased cell motility and extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Endo180 (CD280, MRC2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein) is a recycling endocytic receptor that functions in both these cellular activities by promoting cell migration and uptake of collagens for intracellular degradation. In the normal breast, Endo180 is predominantly expressed by stromal fibroblasts. The contrary observation that Endo180 is expressed on epithelial tumor cell lines that display a high invasive capacity suggested that up-regulation of this receptor may be an associated and functional component in the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype by tumor cells in vivo. Here, we show that high levels of Endo180 are found in a subset of basal-like breast cancers and that this expression is an independent prognostic marker for shorter disease-free survival. Two potential mechanisms for Endo180 up-regulation were uncovered. First, it was shown that Endo180 can be transcriptionally up-regulated in vitro following transforming growth factor-beta treatment of breast cancer cells. Second, a proportion of Endo180(+) tumors were shown to have Endo180 gene copy number gains and amplifications. To investigate the functional consequence of Endo180 up-regulation, MCF7 cells transfected with Endo180 were inoculated into immunocompromised mice. Expression of wild-type Endo180, but not an internalization-defective Endo180 mutant, resulted in enhanced tumor growth together with a reduction in tumor collagen content. Together, these data argue that elevated expression of this receptor in tumor cells could have important consequences in subsets of basal-like carcinomas for which there is a current lack of effective treatment.