Stepped Palliative Care for Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Despite the evidence for early palliative care improving outcomes, it has not been widely implemented in part due to palliative care workforce limitations. Objective: To evaluate a stepped-care model to deliver less resource-intensive and more patient-centered palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized, nonblinded, noninferiority trial of stepped vs early palliative care conducted between February 12, 2018, and December 15, 2022, at 3 academic medical centers in Boston, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Durham, North Carolina, among 507 patients who had been diagnosed with advanced lung cancer within the past 12 weeks. Intervention: Step 1 of the intervention was an initial palliative care visit within 4 weeks of enrollment and subsequent visits only at the time of a change in cancer treatment or after a hospitalization. During step 1, patients completed a measure of quality of life (QOL; Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung [FACT-L]; range, 0-136, with higher scores indicating better QOL) every 6 weeks, and those with a 10-point or greater decrease from baseline were stepped up to meet with the palliative care clinician every 4 weeks (intervention step 2). Patients assigned to early palliative care had palliative care visits every 4 weeks after enrollment. Main Outcomes and Measures: Noninferiority (margin = -4.5) of the effect of stepped vs early palliative care on patient-reported QOL on the FACT-L at week 24. Results: The sample (n = 507) mostly included patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (78.3%; mean age, 66.5 years; 51.4% female; 84.6% White). The mean number of palliative care visits by week 24 was 2.4 for stepped palliative care and 4.7 for early palliative care (adjusted mean difference, -2.3; P < .001). FACT-L scores at week 24 for the stepped palliative care group were noninferior to scores among those receiving early palliative care (adjusted FACT-L mean score, 100.6 vs 97.8, respectively; difference, 2.9; lower 1-sided 95% confidence limit, -0.1; P < .001 for noninferiority). Although the rate of end-of-life care communication was also noninferior between groups, noninferiority was not demonstrated for days in hospice (adjusted mean, 19.5 with stepped palliative care vs 34.6 with early palliative care; P = .91). Conclusions and Relevance: A stepped-care model, with palliative care visits occurring only at key points in patients' cancer trajectories and using a decrement in QOL to trigger more intensive palliative care exposure, resulted in fewer palliative care visits without diminishing the benefits for patients' QOL. While stepped palliative care was associated with fewer days in hospice, it is a more scalable way to deliver early palliative care to enhance patient-reported outcomes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03337399.

Six feet apart or six feet under: The impact of COVID-19 on the Black community.

To date, 110,000+ people in the United States have died from the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, the authors will discuss COVID-19 relative to Black people and their overrepresentation among those who are infected and died from the disease. Their dying, death, and grief experiences are explored through a cultural and spiritual lens. The physical distancing, social isolation, misinformation, and restrictive burials and cremations now elicited by this unprecedented pandemic have had diminished familial, cultural, emotional, and economic impacts on the Black community. Implications for public health and Black peoples' involvement in the political process are also addressed.

Impact of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Discontinuation Guidance in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients: A Pre-Post Cohort Study.

Purpose: Recent data highlight unclear efficacy and potential negative sequelae of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Minimizing SUP exposure has pertinent clinical and other implications. This study assessed medication use and clinical outcomes before and after implementation of a practice guideline promoting early discontinuation of SUP in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Methods: Retrospective, single-center, pre-post cohort study within a medical ICU at a large, academic medical center. Adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation and receiving SUP via a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or proton pump inhibitor (PPI) were eligible for inclusion. The clinical practice guideline was implemented on January 1, 2020. The impact of implementation was assessed via percent of patient-days with inappropriate SUP. Incidence of clinically important GI bleed was the primary safety outcome. Results: A total of 137 pre-guideline and 112 post-guideline patients were included. Comorbidity burden was similar between groups. A higher prevalence of baseline vasopressor receipt (39% vs 67%, P < .01) and acute kidney injury (56% vs 69%, P = .04) was observed in post-guideline patients. Post-guideline patients experienced a significantly lower percentage of patient-days of inappropriate SUP (25% vs 50%, P < .01) as well as higher rates of SUP discontinuation before extubation (71% vs 12%, P < .01) and during ICU stay (93% vs 50%, P < .01). Post-guideline patients observed a significantly lower incidence of SUP at hospital discharge (4% vs 35%, P < .01). No differences in bleeding outcomes were observed, though post-guideline patients experienced longer durations of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospital stay. Conclusions: Implementation of an early SUP discontinuation guideline was associated with significant improvements in SUP prescribing practices. Baseline differences between groups likely explain observed differences in clinical outcomes.

Ethical Challenges in Care of Patients on Mechanical Circulatory Support at End-of-Life.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although the utilization of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices is increasing, ethical dilemmas regarding device deactivation and dying process persist, potentially complicating delivery of optimal and compassionate care at end-of-life (EOL). This review aims to study EOL challenges, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as a nuanced life support treatment, legal history in the US impacting EOL care, and suggestions to improve EOL care for patients on MCS support. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have demonstrated challenging aspects of EOL care for patients on LVAD support: low use of advanced directives, high rates of surrogate decision-making due to lack of patient capacity, difficult decision-making involving LVAD deactivation even with cooperating patients, and high rates of death in the hospital and ICU settings. Recent studies also suggest lack of consensus even among clinicians in approaching LVAD deactivation as beliefs equating LVAD deactivation with physician-assisted suicide and/or euthanasia remain. Optimal care at EOL will likely require collaborative efforts among multiple specialties, caregivers, and patients. In light of the complex medical, logistical, and ethical challenges in EOL care for LVAD patients, there is room for improvement by multidisciplinary efforts to reach consensus about LVAD deactivation and best practices for EOL care, development and implementation of LVAD-specific advance planning, and protocols for LVAD deactivation. Programmatic involvement of hospice and palliative care in the continuum of care of LVAD patients has the potential to increase and improve advance care planning, support surrogate decision-making, improve EOL compassionate care, and to support caregivers.

Micromechanics of cellularized biopolymer networks.

Collagen gels are widely used in experiments on cell mechanics because they mimic the extracellular matrix in physiological conditions. Collagen gels are often characterized by their bulk rheology; however, variations in the collagen fiber microstructure and cell adhesion forces cause the mechanical properties to be inhomogeneous at the cellular scale. We study the mechanics of type I collagen on the scale of tens to hundreds of microns by using holographic optical tweezers to apply pN forces to microparticles embedded in the collagen fiber network. We find that in response to optical forces, particle displacements are inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and asymmetric. Gels prepared at 21 °C and 37 °C show qualitative difference in their micromechanical characteristics. We also demonstrate that contracting cells remodel the micromechanics of their surrounding extracellular matrix in a strain- and distance-dependent manner. To further understand the micromechanics of cellularized extracellular matrix, we have constructed a computational model which reproduces the main experiment findings.

Are Perfectionist Therapists Perfect? The Relationship between Therapist Perfectionism and Client Outcomes in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The psychological literature suggests that therapist perfectionism is common and potentially detrimental to client recovery. Little is known about the relationship between therapist perfectionism and client outcomes. AIMS: This study aimed to measure perfectionism in High Intensity Cognitive Behavioural therapists, and establish any relationships between dimensions of therapist perfectionism, client outcomes and drop-out rates in treatment. METHOD: Thirty-six therapists took part in the study; levels of perfectionism were measured using a self-report questionnaire and these were analysed in relation to the clinical outcomes from a sample of their clients. RESULTS: The results indicated that therapist perfectionism may be less common than previously suggested. Overall, a number of significant negative associations were observed between aspects of therapist perfectionism (e.g. having high standards for others), treatment efficacy and client retention in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Therapist perfectionism is associated with CBT treatment outcomes; tentative recommendations for therapists managing their own schema as part of their clinical practice have been made, although further investigation is required.

A randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of aqueous subcutaneous progesterone with vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support of in vitro fertilization.

STUDY QUESTION: Is the ongoing pregnancy rate with a new aqueous formulation of subcutaneous progesterone (Prolutex(®)) non-inferior to vaginal progesterone (Endometrin(®)) when used for luteal phase support of in vitro fertilization? SUMMARY ANSWER: In the per-protocol (PP) population, the ongoing pregnancy rates per oocyte retrieval at 12 weeks of gestation were comparable between Prolutex and Endometrin (41.6 versus 44.4%), with a difference between groups of -2.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) -9.7, 4.2), consistent with the non-inferiority of subcutaneous progesterone for luteal phase support. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Luteal phase support has been clearly demonstrated to improve pregnancy rates in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Because of the increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome associated with the use of hCG, progesterone has become the treatment of choice for luteal phase support. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, two-arm, non-inferiority study was performed at eight fertility clinics. A total of 800 women, aged 18-42 years, with a BMI of ≤ 30 kg/m(2), with <3 prior completed assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles, exhibiting baseline (Days 2-3) FSH of ≤ 15 IU/L and undergoing IVF at 8 centres (seven private, one academic) in the USA, were enrolled from January 2009 through June 2011. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: In total, 800 women undergoing IVF were randomized after retrieval of at least three oocytes to an aqueous preparation of progesterone administered subcutaneously (25 mg daily) or vaginal progesterone (100 mg bid daily). Randomization was performed to enrol 100 patients at each site using a randomization list that was generated with Statistical Analysis Software (SAS(®)). If a viable pregnancy occurred, progesterone treatment was continued up to 12 weeks of gestation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Using a PP analysis, which included all patients who received an embryo transfer (Prolutex = 392; Endometrin = 390), the ongoing pregnancy rate per retrieval for subcutaneous versus vaginal progesterone was 41.6 versus 44.4%, with a difference between groups of -2.8% (95% CI -9.7, 4.2), consistent with the non-inferiority of subcutaneous progesterone for luteal phase support. In addition, rates of initial positive ß-hCG (56.4% subcutaneous versus 59.0% vaginal; 95% CI -9.5, 4.3), clinical intrauterine pregnancy with fetal cardiac activity (42.6 versus 46.4%; 95% CI -10.8, 3.2), implantation defined as number of gestational sacs divided by number of embryos transferred (33.2 versus 35.1%; 95% CI -7.6, 4.0), live birth (41.1 versus 43.1%; 95% CI -8.9, 4.9) and take-home baby (41.1 versus 42.6%; 95% CI -8.4, 5.4) were comparable. Both formulations were well-tolerated, with no difference in serious adverse events. Analysis with the intention-to-treat population also demonstrated no difference for any outcomes between the treatment groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The conclusions are limited to the progesterone dosing regimen studied and duration of treatment for the patient population examined in this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Subcutaneous progesterone represents a novel option for luteal phase support in women undergoing IVF who for personal reasons prefer not to use a vaginal preparation or who wish to avoid the side effects of vaginal or i.m. routes of administration. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: The study was funded by Institut Biochimique SA (IBSA). CAJ, BC, ST and CJ are employees of IBSA. FH currently consults for IBSA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00828191.

Grief Training in Palliative Care Fellowships.

INTRODUCTION: No prior study has assessed grief and bereavement curriculum in Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM) fellowship programs in the United States. METHODS: A 14-item survey was created and distributed to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited HPM fellowship Program Directors to assess program demographics, curriculum emphasis, grief and bereavement programming, and attitudes toward grief and bereavement training for HPM fellows. RESULTS: The overall survey response rate was 63%. Most palliative care programs were academic (74%) and had four or fewer fellows (85%). 90% devoted a minority (0%-10%) of their curriculum to grief and bereavement training. Most programs reported at least some program-led grief and bereavement programming (69%); however, 53% endorsed that fellows are not very or not at all involved in this programming. Almost half of programs only have a small amount of programming related to supporting families after loss (49%). The majority endorsed having a great deal of programming for debriefing or supporting fellows through professional grief (55%), and the most common modalities were debriefing sessions (62%) and ensuring access to mental health resources (41%). The most common ways of teaching grief and bereavement were through bedside/anecdotal teaching and lectures/case conferences. Most program directors felt that palliative care fellowships should provide grief and bereavement training (81%) and consider it important or very important for fellows to learn how to process grief and bereavement (92%). DISCUSSION: It was widely reported by program directors that grief and bereavement training are important curricular components for HPM fellows. Acknowledging professional grief remains an underrecognized need in palliative care training and practice. Our study suggests that for grief and bereavement curricula in HPM fellowships, the time dedicated, specific types, and amount of fellow involvement was highly variable. It will be critical for programs to disseminate best practices to help move toward a more uniform approach for ensuring basic competency in grief and bereavement training in HPM fellowship programs in the United States.

Examining the validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) in traumatic brain injury.

This study examines the validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) population compared to participants with orthopaedic injuries and normative controls. The utility of the D-KEFS was examined using a between groups design. One hundred patients with mild uncomplicated to severe TBI were recruited from a consecutive cohort of patients admitted as inpatients to a UK Major Trauma Centre and compared to 823 participants from the D-KEFS normative sample and 26 participants with orthopaedic injuries. Data were filtered for performance validity. Sample discrimination was calculated from D-KEFS subtest scores and derived index scores. Sensitivity to TBI severity was established. The TBI participants performed significantly lower on the D-KEFS Trail Making Test, Colour Word Interference, Colour Word Switching, Letter Fluency and Verbal Fluency Category Switching Total Words Correct. The D-KEFS index scores discriminated between TBI, orthopaedic and normative participants with large and moderate effect sizes, respectively. The D-KEFS demonstrated a dose-response relationship with TBI severity. These effects were robust to differences in premorbid intellectual functioning; however, D-KEFS performance was sensitive to performance on tests of mental processing speed. The use of a D-KEFS index score provides a robust and reliable discrimination of TBI patients from healthy control participants. This discrimination is not accounted for by premorbid intellect or the non-specific effects of trauma. The clinical and conceptual implications of these findings are considered.

Comparing Knowledge and Perceptions of Palliative Care Among Neuro-Oncology Patients, Caregivers, and Providers to a Representative U.S. Sample.

BACKGROUND: Primary brain tumors (PBTs) pose a significant health challenge, affecting patients and their caregivers. While early integration of palliative care (PC) has shown benefits in advanced cancer, its integration for PBT patients, particularly glioblastoma (GBM) patients, remains complex. We hypothesized that our previous PC integration efforts may have failed due to knowledge-gaps and misconceptions among patients, caregivers, and providers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify knowledge gaps and misconceptions about PC among patients with primary brain tumors (PBTs), their caregivers, and their medical providers. METHOD: An electronic survey was distributed to PBT patients, caregivers, and medical providers, that included questions regarding PC from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Survey responses were analyzed; comparisons were made between the 3 groups as well as the general population. RESULTS: Of 141 respondents (59 patients, 57 caregivers, and 25 providers), each group held perspectives on PC differing from the general population. While all groups had an improved understanding of PC's role in symptom management, uncertainty persisted among patients and caregivers regarding life-prolonging treatment and certain PC goals like caregiver support or end-of-life care. CONCLUSION: Understanding gaps in knowledge and perceptions of PC among PBT patients and caregivers is crucial for effective intervention, with caregivers playing a vital role in advocating for PC. Future research should explore factors influencing these perceptions and development of targeted education to improve early PC referrals for patients with PBTs.

Dangerous Variation or Patient-Centered Care? Palliative Care and Pain Providers' Comfort, Experiences, and Approaches when Treating Cancer Pain With Coexisting Aberrant Behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer-related pain are at high risk for aberrant drug use behaviors (ADB), including self-escalation, diversion and concurrent illicit substance or opioid misuse; however, limited evidence is available to guide opioid prescribing for patients with life-limiting illness and concurrent or suspected ADB. We sought to characterize how specialists evaluate for and manage these high-risk behaviors in patients with cancer-related pain. METHODS: We conducted telephonic semi-structured interviews with palliative care and pain medicine providers. Participants discussed their own comfort and experience level with identifying and managing ADB in patients with life-limiting illness. They were subsequently presented with a series of standardized scenarios and asked to describe their concerns and management strategies. RESULTS: 95 interdisciplinary pain and palliative care specialists were contacted; 37 agreed to participate (38.9%). Analysis of interview contents revealed several central themes: (1) widespread discomfort and anxiety regarding safe and compassionate opioid prescribing for high-risk patients, (2) belief that widely used risk-mitigation tools such as opioid contracts and urine drug screens provided inadequate support for decision-making, and (3) lack of institutional and organizational support and guidance for safe prescribing strategies. Most clinicians reported self-education regarding addiction and alternative prescribing/pain management strategies. Providers varied widely in their willingness to discontinue opioid prescribing in a patient with aberrant behavior and pain associated with life-limiting illness. CONCLUSION: Providers caring for patients demonstrating ADB and cancer-related pain struggle to balance safe prescribing with symptom management. Increased guidance is needed regarding opioid prescribing, monitoring, and discontinuation in high-risk patients.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Caring for Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare chronic progressive blood cancers that vary widely in clinical presentation, yet all patients have a risk of disease progression and thrombotic complications. Diseases include primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia. With current treatment approaches, most patients live a prolonged life, but many experience a complex of symptoms that negatively influence their functional status and quality of life. Although significant advances have been made in preventing arterial and venous complications while mitigating inflammatory processes, comprehensive palliative care can help address unmet complex physical and psychosocial needs on a long-term basis. This article, created by a multidisciplinary group of providers, offers an overview of MPNs so palliative care clinicians can better support patients with these hematologic cancers.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Diagnosing, Categorizing, and Addressing Fatigue.

Fatigue is a multifactorial symptom that is commonly faced by patients with cancer, chronic disease, and other serious illnesses. Fatigue causes suffering across biopsychosocial domains and affects patients and their loved ones. In this article, a consortium of professionals across cancer care, physical therapy, exercise, pharmacy, psychiatry, and palliative medicine offers tips and insights on evaluating, categorizing, and addressing fatigue in the setting of serious illness. The comprehensive approach to managing fatigue underscores the importance of collaborative efforts characteristic of interdisciplinary palliative care. Prioritizing screening, diagnosing, and treating fatigue is crucial for enhancing patients' and families' overall quality of life.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Providing Care for People With Disabilities.

Palliative care (PC) clinicians are well poised to help people with disabilities (PWD) live well in the context of serious illness. PC prioritizes person-centered care with a focus on function, autonomy, and quality of life. This approach aligns with principles of high-quality care for PWD. An understanding of the unique experiences and needs of PWD can advance the delivery of comprehensive, equitable PC for this population. In this article, we provide 10 tips to help PC clinicians develop an informed disability lens in their approach to care.

Revisiting the debriefing debate: does psychological debriefing reduce PTSD symptomology following work-related trauma? A meta-analysis.

Psychological debriefing is an early post-trauma intervention which aims to prevent the development of PTSD and accelerate normal recovery through discussing, validating, and normalising group members responses to trauma. While originally designed in the 1980s for groups of emergency service personnel, the scope of psychological debriefing extended to individual primary victims of trauma. A Cochrane review in 2002 concluded that psychological debriefing was ineffective, yet some authors have argued that many of the studies that informed the Cochrane review did not adhere to key elements of psychological debriefing. This meta-analysis sought to re-examine the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in preventing or reducing PTSD symptoms following work-related trauma. Appropriate studies were selected from three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO). Inclusion criteria was intentionally broad so that features of psychological debriefing that may determine its effectiveness could be explored through a series of subgroup analyses. The overall synthesis did not find consistent evidence that psychological debriefing helps to prevent or reduce PTSD symptoms following work-related trauma. Shortcomings in the methodology and reporting of many of the studies meant that several important subgroup analyses could not be conducted. Further well-designed studies in this field are warranted to ensure that employees exposed to potentially traumatic events receive the effective support they need and deserve.

An evaluation of the convergent validity of a face-to-face and virtual neuropsychological assessment counter balanced.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for further research evaluating the validity of conducting a battery of neuropsychological assessments virtually compared with face-to-face administration. Previous research has suggested that some neuropsychological assessments yield valid results when administered virtually, however, much of the previous research focused on older adults. To determine the validity of virtually administered neuropsychological tests, 28 healthy participants were assessed using a within-subjects, counter-balanced design. Participants completed a neuropsychological assessment battery covering tests of general intellectual functioning, memory and attention, executive functioning, language and information processing speed, as well as effort. There was no significant difference between face-to-face administration of the neuropsychological battery compared with virtual administration for the majority of the tests used. However, there were significant differences in the Colour Naming Task, with participants making fewer errors on the colour naming task and inhibition/switching task when administered virtually compared with face-to-face administration. There was also a significant age cohort effect in the inhibition/switching task. There was also a trending significant difference in mode of administration for the Verbal Fluency Task. Virtually administered neuropsychological assessments largely provide a valid alternative to face-to-face assessments; however, consideration must be given to test selection as well as the population of participants that are being assessed. Other important considerations must focus on preserving the security and integrity of test materials, as well as administration in a medico-legal setting. Future research should focus on validating assessments with specific patient populations and developing a neuropsychological assessment battery using information technology.

A meta-analytic review examining the validity of executive functioning tests to predict functional outcomes in individuals with a traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: Deficits in executive functioning are a common consequence of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the severity of TBI is known to predict functional outcomes. In this review, the authors examine the ability of three commonly used tests of executive functioning [The Trail Making Test (TMT-B), The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Verbal Fluency (VF)] to predict domains of function. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty articles were identified and twenty-four met inclusion criteria (original articles published in English examining an adult TBI population). Data were subject to a study quality analysis and then meta-analyzed to assess whether tests of executive functioning (TMT-B, WCST, and VF) can predict functional, employment, and driving outcomes following a TBI. RESULTS: The TMT-B (r = 0.29; 95% CI 0.17-0.41) and the WCST (r = 0.20; 95% CI 0.02-0.37) were significantly associated with functional outcomes. The TMT-B was also associated with a person's ability to return to driving (r = 0.3890; 95% CI 0.2678-0.5103). No test of executive functioning was associated with employment outcomes following a TBI. CONCLUSION: These findings are important to guide rehabilitation strategies and future planning. This review has also highlighted the scarcity of research on specific outcomes.

Changes in parental sleep from pregnancy to postpartum: A meta-analytic review of actigraphy studies.

Sleep changes in new parents are widely observed but there is no extant meta-analysis of changes to sleep parameters in this group. We completed a meta-analysis of changes in actigraphy-measured parent sleep between pregnancy and the end of the first year of a child's life. A search of six databases was completed. Following review using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 papers were left for review. Data were extracted, analysed and each paper was reviewed for methodological quality. Where possible, subgroup analysis was completed based on time since birth and location of the study, and meta-regression of parent age. Parents' total sleep time and sleep efficiency were shown to decrease following the birth of a child, with wake after sleep onset increasing. This change was most notably observed in the first four weeks after birth. Up to 16 weeks post-birth, differences were still apparent, but sleep parameters were beginning to return to pre-birth levels. New parents experience a significant change in multiple sleep parameters following the birth of a child. Future data collection, using best practice actigraphy measurement, reporting a broader range of variables and including fathers, as well as mothers, is warranted.

Cognitive Outcome After Complicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cognitive outcome for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with positive brain imaging (complicated mTBI) was compared with that for mTBI with normal imaging (uncomplicated mTBI) and with moderate to severe TBI, using meta-analysis. Twenty-three studies utilizing objective neurocognitive tests were included in the analysis. At less than 3 months post-injury, complicated mTBI was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes than uncomplicated mTBI, but deficits were not comparable to those with moderate-severe TBI. After 3 months post-injury, a similar pattern was detected. Beyond 3 months, deficits in complicated mTBI relative to those with uncomplicated mTBI were present in processing speed, memory, executive function, and language, although the latter may be the result of reduced semantic fluency. The effect size of deficits in these domains was more marked in moderate-severe TBI. The available data support the use of complicated mTBI as a distinct classification in the prediction of cognitive outcome. The extent of cognitive deficit in complicated mTBI was small and unlikely to cause significant disability. However, patients with complicated mTBI constitute a broad category encompassing individuals who may differ markedly in the nature and extent of intracranial imaging abnormality, and further studies are warranted. Limitations of the available studies include small, selected samples; variations in TBI severity classification; absence of validity ("effort") testing; differing imaging methodology; and lack of long-term follow-up.