RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Shigellosis is diarrheal disease caused by highly infectious Shigella bacteria. Shigella can spread in multiple ways, including sexual contact. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are particularly at risk for shigellosis. METHODS: To evaluate the acceptability of 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-developed behavioral recommendations for the prevention of sexually transmitted shigellosis, virtual in-depth interviews were conducted among 26 gay or bisexual men in March to May 2021. RESULTS: Participants had a median age of 25 years; 65% were non-Hispanic White, 12% were Hispanic White, 12% Asian, 4% Hispanic Black, and 8% multiracial/other. Respondents indicated willingness to engage in certain prevention behaviors (e.g., washing hands, genitals, and anus before and after sex), but were less willing to engage in behaviors that were viewed as outside social norms or difficult to practice (e.g., dental dams for oral-anal contact; latex gloves for fingering or fisting). Respondents thought recommendations may be more feasible if knowledge of shigellosis was greater; however, some perceived that the severity of shigellosis is low and did not warrant the effort of engaging in prevention behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Educational efforts to increase awareness of shigellosis and other enteric diseases spread through sexual contact are needed and public health practitioners should consider the acceptability of how realistic it is for individuals to engage in certain prevention behaviors. Rather than recommending behaviors that do not have buy-in, it may be more efficacious to focus recommendations on adopting behaviors reported as acceptable to the target audience.
Asunto(s)
Disentería Bacilar , Homosexualidad Masculina , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Humanos , Masculino , Disentería Bacilar/prevención & control , Disentería Bacilar/epidemiología , Adulto , Estados Unidos , Adulto Joven , Conducta Sexual , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Investigación Cualitativa , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: During the 2022 mpox outbreak, most cases were associated with sexual contact, and many people with mpox sought care from sexual health clinics and programs. The National Network of STD Clinical Prevention Training Centers, in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conducted a survey of US sexual health clinics and programs to assess knowledge, practices, and experiences around mpox to inform a future public health response. METHODS: Between August 31 and September 13, 2022, the National Network of STD Clinical Prevention Training Centers facilitated a web-based survey. Descriptive statistics were generated in R. RESULTS: Among 168 responses by clinicians (n = 131, 78%) and program staff (n = 37, 22%), more than half (51%) reported at least somewhat significant mpox-related clinical disruptions including burdensome paperwork requirements for mpox testing (40%) and tecovirimat use (88%). Long clinic visits (51%) added additional burden, and the median mpox-related visit lasted 1 hour. Few clinicians felt comfortable with advanced pain management, and clinicians felt most uninformed about preexposure (19%) and postexposure (24%) prophylaxis. Of 89 respondents involved in vaccination, 61% reported using equity strategies; however, accounts of these strategies revealed a focus on guideline or risk factor-based screenings instead of equity activities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the substantial impact of the 2022 mpox outbreak on sexual health care in the United States. Critical gaps and barriers were identified that may inform additional mpox training and technical assistance, including challenges with testing, diagnosis, and management as well as a disconnect between programs' stated goal of equity and operationalization of strategies to achieve equity.
Asunto(s)
Mpox , Salud Sexual , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Humanos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Atención Ambulatoria , Instituciones de Atención AmbulatoriaRESUMEN
From 2020 to 2021, Marion County, Indiana, USA, saw an increase in early syphilis diagnoses, primarily among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This rapid ethnographic assessment combines survey data from GBMSM with data from key informant interviews with multiple groups of stakeholders, including GBMSM, to describe how COVID-19 impacted sexual behaviors, sexual decision-making, and access to sexually transmitted disease (STD) services among GBMSM in Marion County, Indiana. A total of 62 virtual, semi-structured qualitative interviews with 72 key respondents including health department staff, medical providers, community-based organization staff, and GBMSM were conducted from October 14 to November 22, 2021. Modifications to partner-seeking and sexual behaviors attributable to the pandemic were associated with the way in which individuals reacted to the pandemic in general. Some GBMSM adopted mitigation strategies to avoid COVID-19 when meeting sex partners, such as creating a "sex pod." Effects on mental health included increased loneliness, heightened anxiety, and a sense of hopelessness regarding the perceived inevitability of acquiring COVID-19. For some, the latter prompted decreased engagement in preventive measures when engaging in sexual activity. The pandemic decreased access to STD services and significantly curtailed public health outreach efforts, which may have limited access to needed STD treatment and care. Efforts focusing on ongoing public health concerns during extreme health events like COVID-19 may want to consider the many ways these events affect ancillary behaviors, such sexual decision-making and sexual behaviors. The role of mental health is key; messaging and guidance may benefit from a trauma-informed approach.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Masculino , Humanos , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Pandemias , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Indiana/epidemiología , Conducta SexualRESUMEN
Monkeypox (mpox) is a serious viral zoonosis endemic in west and central Africa. An unprecedented global outbreak was first detected in May 2022. CDC activated its emergency outbreak response on May 23, 2022, and the outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022, by the World Health Organization (WHO),* and a U.S. Public Health Emergency on August 4, 2022, by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A U.S. government response was initiated, and CDC coordinated activities with the White House, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and many other federal, state, and local partners. CDC quickly adapted surveillance systems, diagnostic tests, vaccines, therapeutics, grants, and communication systems originally developed for U.S. smallpox preparedness and other infectious diseases to fit the unique needs of the outbreak. In 1 year, more than 30,000 U.S. mpox cases were reported, more than 140,000 specimens were tested, >1.2 million doses of vaccine were administered, and more than 6,900 patients were treated with tecovirimat, an antiviral medication with activity against orthopoxviruses such as Variola virus and Monkeypox virus. Non-Hispanic Black (Black) and Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) persons represented 33% and 31% of mpox cases, respectively; 87% of 42 fatal cases occurred in Black persons. Sexual contact among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) was rapidly identified as the primary risk for infection, resulting in profound changes in our scientific understanding of mpox clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and transmission dynamics. This report provides an overview of the first year of the response to the U.S. mpox outbreak by CDC, reviews lessons learned to improve response and future readiness, and previews continued mpox response and prevention activities as local viral transmission continues in multiple U.S. jurisdictions (Figure).
Asunto(s)
Mpox , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Masculino , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Mpox/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Shigellosis, an acute diarrheal disease, is the third most common bacterial infection in the United States. Shigellosis most commonly affects children younger than 5 years; however, clusters and outbreaks of shigellosis have been reported among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Evidence suggests that knowledge of shigellosis among MSM is low, indicating health promotion outreach is needed for this population. METHODS: To inform the development of shigellosis-related health communication materials and strategies, 6 focus groups were conducted in 2017, in Atlanta, GA among 24 self-identified gay and bisexual men. Participants were asked about their preferences and recommendations for health communication materials. RESULTS: Participants indicated they would prefer a range of physical and virtual materials placed in diverse locations where the community would see them. Respondents recommended health messages be simple, quick to read, and concise with limited word counts. Participants also advised the use of diverse images that were inclusive of couples of varying sexual orientations to reduce stigma. Participants advocated for the use of humor and provocative images to increase user engagement. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the potential benefits of conducting formative research when designing health communication materials. Incorporating messaging preferences of MSM in the development of shigellosis-related health communication materials could enhance their relevance for the target population while also avoiding unintended consequences associated with stigmatizing MSM.
Asunto(s)
Disentería Bacilar , Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Niño , Disentería Bacilar/epidemiología , Disentería Bacilar/prevención & control , Promoción de la Salud , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore gaps between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's clinical guidelines for obtaining a sexual history and regular clinical practice. We examine how patient, provider, and setting characteristics may influence the likelihood of obtaining comprehensive sexual histories and examine patient outcomes linked to sexual history taking. METHODS: We performed a narrative review to identify studies that examined clinical practice and sexual history taking via 8 databases. A 2-level inclusion protocol was followed, wherein the abstract and full text of the article were reviewed, respectively. Data were abstracted using a standardized tool developed for this study. RESULTS: The search yielded 2700 unique studies, of which 2193 were excluded in level 1, and 497 were excluded in level 2, leaving 10 studies for data abstraction. None of the studies reported comprehensive sexual history taking, and 8 studies reported differences in how providers obtain a sexual history when patient and provider demographics are considered. Three studies found a positive link between providers who discuss sexual history and provider sexually transmitted disease testing. CONCLUSIONS: When sexual histories are obtained, they are not comprehensive, and providers may discuss sexual history differentially based on patients' demographic characteristics. Providers who discuss patients' sexual history may be more likely to also provide sexual health preventive care.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Sexual , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , Humanos , Anamnesis , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Associations between online sex seeking and increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) typically rely on convenience samples. We examined Internet and mobile app use for finding sex partners among a nationally representative sample of MSM. METHODS: We analyzed 2011 to 2017 data from the National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population (15-44 years). The analytic sample was comprised of men who reported 1 or more same-sex partners in the past year. We also assessed associations between online sex-seeking and STI risk, sexual health care behaviors, and condom use. RESULTS: Of 13,320 male respondents, 442 (3.0%) reported sex with a man in the past year, of whom 215 (46.3%) had met a partner online. Between MSM who met partners online and those who did not, we found no differences by age, education, race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status. Men who have sex with men with online partners were more likely to identify as gay (68.4% vs 49.5%, P = 0.0124). They also reported more sex partners overall (M = 3.04 vs 1.60, P < 0.0001), and multiple insertive (46.3% vs 8.5%, P < 0.0001) and receptive (33.2% vs 15.4%, P = 0.0055) anal sex partners, in the past year. They were also more likely to receive sexual risk assessments (56.0% vs 40.4%, P = 0.0129), STI testing (57.4% vs 35.3%, P = 0.0002), and STI treatment (17.8% vs 8.7%, P = 0.0152) in the past year. We found no differences in condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Men who have sex with men who report using online sources to find sex partners are more likely than other MSM to report behaviors that increase risk for STI/HIV but are also more likely to engage in behaviors that may mitigate further transmission, such as STI testing.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Shigellosis is a highly contagious enteric bacterial disease transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It is primarily transmitted through person-to-person contact and via contaminated food and water. Outbreaks of shigellosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) attributed to sexual person-to-person contact have been reported. These outbreaks are of concern because they are often caused by multidrug-resistant strains of Shigella. Little is known about shigellosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among gay, bisexual, and other MSM. METHODS: Six focus groups were conducted among self-identified gay or bisexual men in Atlanta, GA, in Fall 2017. Participants were asked about shigellosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Focus groups were audio recorded, and the transcribed audio was analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic coding. RESULTS: Among the 24 focus group participants, most perceived that diarrheal illness was caused by contaminated food. Knowledge of shigellosis and Shigella was low, with most never having heard of the disease or bacteria. Participants did not perceive shigellosis to be a serious health concern, especially when compared with HIV; however, they did perceive gay and bisexual men to be at risk of Shigella infection. Participants reported mixed intentions to change sexual behaviors to prevent shigellosis or talk with sexual partners about diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Health communication and education efforts could be used to increase knowledge about shigellosis and shift perceptions about the severity of shigellosis among gay, bisexual, and other MSM. Additional work is needed to identify effective ways to promote shigellosis-related prevention behaviors among gay, bisexual, and other MSM.
Asunto(s)
Disentería Bacilar , Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Bisexualidad , Disentería Bacilar/epidemiología , Disentería Bacilar/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Geosocial networking (GSN) app use among men who have sex with men (MSM) has presented new opportunities for increasing the reach and efficiency of sexual health interventions but also poses challenges to HIV/sexually transmitted disease partner notification. Understanding MSM's attitudes toward app-based preventive sexual health services can help inform their development and delivery. METHODS: We recruited US MSM who had met a sex partner on GSN apps in the last year to participate in an online survey assessing acceptability and preferences regarding app-based partner notification, health department presence, and sexual health services. Three app-based notification strategies were presented: sending notification messages through participant's/partner's app profile, health department app profile, or in-app anonymous messaging. RESULTS: Of 791 respondents, a majority (70%) preferred to be notified by their partner directly; however, most would get tested if notified by health department profile (95%) or anonymous in-app message (85%). Given the options provided, 50% preferred notifying a partner using their own profile, 26% with health department assistance, and 24% via in-app anonymous message. A majority (71%) were comfortable notifying a partner through a health department profile, and 74% were comfortable using in-app anonymous messaging. Most participants (82%) were comfortable with health departments having app profiles to provide sexual health services. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that GSN app-based partner notification and sexual health services would be used by and are acceptable to US MSM. Partnering with app companies to integrate these services and increase access to public health programs has potential to improve MSM sexual health.
Asunto(s)
Trazado de Contacto/métodos , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Aplicaciones Móviles/estadística & datos numéricos , Parejas Sexuales/psicología , Red Social , Adulto , Trazado de Contacto/instrumentación , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Salud Sexual , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We examined 2016 United States market research to understand the demographics and sexual health testing behaviors of dating app users. Internet/app users were more likely to be young adults, male, nonwhite, of Hispanic ethnicity, and unmarried. Users also reported greater testing for sexually transmitted disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Internet , Aplicaciones Móviles , Pruebas de Embarazo/psicología , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Matrimonio/estadística & datos numéricos , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual/etnología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since the late 1990s, health departments and sexually transmitted disease (STD) programs throughout the United States have used technologies, such as the Internet and mobile phones, to provide services to persons with a sexually transmitted infection, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and their sex partners, also known as partner services. This study reviewed the published literature to assess and compare partner services outcomes as a result of using technology and to calculate cost savings through cases averted. METHODS: We conducted a structured literature review of all US studies that examined the use of technology to notify persons exposed to an STD (syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea), including HIV, by health care professionals in the United States from 2000 to 2017. Outcome measures, including the number of partners notified, screened or tested; and new positives identified, were captured and cost savings were calculated, when data were available. RESULTS: Seven studies were identified. Methods used for partner services differed across studies, although email was the primary mode in 6 (83%) of the 7 studies. Only 2 of the 7 studies compared use of technology for partner services to traditional partner services. Between 10% and 97% of partners were successfully notified of their exposure through the use of technology and between 34% and 81% were screened or tested. Five studies reported on new infections identified, which ranged from 3 to 19. Use of technology for partner serves saved programs between US $22,795 and US $45,362 in direct and indirect medical costs. CONCLUSIONS: Use of technology for partner services increased the number of partners notified, screened or tested, and new infections found. Importantly, the use of technology allowed programs to reach partners who otherwise would not have been notified of their exposure to an STD or HIV. Improved response times and time to treatment were also seen as was re-engagement into care for previous HIV positive patients. Data and outcome measures across the studies were not standardized, making it difficult to generalize conclusions. Although not a replacement for traditional partner services, the use of technology enhances partner service outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología Biomédica/economía , Trazado de Contacto , Atención a la Salud/métodos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/economía , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Tecnología Biomédica/métodos , Teléfono Celular , Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Atención a la Salud/economía , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Internet , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/instrumentación , Salud Pública/métodos , Sífilis/epidemiología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Young people (15-24 years) in the United States are disproportionately affected by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Shortfalls in HIV/STD-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions (KABI) likely contribute to this discrepancy. In this report we describe our experience developing a novel means of health communication combining entertainment-education theory and recent technological advances to create a HIV/STD-focused "motion comic." We also report the audience satisfaction and acceptance of the intervention. We used the Health Belief Model (HBM), entertainment-education (EE) principles, and the Sabido Method (SM) and conducted three rounds of focus groups to develop a 38-minute HIV/STD focused motion comic for young people between the ages 15 and 24 years. Participants indicated that motion comics were an acceptable method of delivering HIV/STD prevention messages. They also expressed satisfaction with motion comics plot, story settings, the tone of humor, and drama. Our results suggest that motion comics are a viable new method of delivering health communication messages about HIV/STD and other public health issues, and warrant further development and broader evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Historietas como Asunto , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Comunicación en Salud , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Adolescente , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Masculino , Teoría Psicológica , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In the United States, young people (ages 15-24 years) are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), due at least in part to inadequate or incorrect HIV/STD-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions (KABI). Comic book narratives are a proven method of HIV/STD prevention communication to strengthen KABI for HIV/STD prevention. Motion comics, a new type of comic media, are an engaging and low-cost means of narrative storytelling. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot six-episode HIV/STD-focused motion comic series to improve HIV/STD-related KABI among young people. We assessed change in HIV/STD knowledge, HIV stigma, condom attitudes, HIV/STD testing attitudes, and behavioral intentions among 138 participants in 15 focus groups immediately before and after viewing the motion comic series. We used paired t-tests and indicators of overall improvement to assess differences between surveys. We found a significant decrease in HIV stigma (p < .001) and increases in both HIV knowledge (p = .002) and behavioral intentions to engage in safe sex (p < .001). In summary, this motion comic intervention improved HIV/STD-related KABI of young adult viewers by reducing HIV stigma and increasing behavioral intentions to engage in safer sex. Our results demonstrate the promise of this novel intervention and support its use to deliver health messages to young people.
Asunto(s)
Historietas como Asunto , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Intención , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Sexo Seguro , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Homelessness affects an estimated 1.6 million US youth annually. Compared with housed youth, homeless youth are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, including inconsistent condom use, multiple sex partners, survival sex, and alcohol/drug use, putting them at increased sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk. However, there is no national estimate of STD prevalence among this population. METHODS: We identified 10 peer-reviewed articles (9 unique studies) reporting STD prevalence among homeless US youth (2000-2015). Descriptive and qualitative analyses identified STD prevalence ranges and risk factors among youth. RESULTS: Eight studies reported specific STD prevalence estimates, mainly chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Overall STD prevalence among homeless youth ranged from 6% to 32%. STD rates for girls varied from 16.7% to 46%, and from 9% to 13.1% in boys. Most studies were conducted in the Western United States, with no studies from the Southeast or Northeast. Youths who experienced longer periods of homelessness were more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. Girls had lower rates of condom use and higher rates of STDs; boys were more likely to engage in anal and anonymous sex. Additionally, peer social networks contributed to protective effects on individual sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted disease prevalence estimates among homeless youth fluctuated greatly by study. Sexually transmitted disease risk behaviors are associated with unmet survival needs, length of homelessness, and influence of social networks. To promote sexual health and reduce STD rates, we need better estimates of STD prevalence, more geographic diversity of studies, and interventions addressing the behavioral associations identified in our review.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Sexual , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Noroeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Asunción de Riesgos , Sudoeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite the ubiquity of sex in the media, a culture of silence surrounds sexual health in the United States, serving as a barrier to sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, testing, and treatment. Campaigns can increase STD-related knowledge, communication, and protective behaviors. This review assesses the effectiveness of STD prevention and testing campaigns in the United States to inform the field on their use as a strategy for affecting behavior change. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify original research articles, published between 2000 and 2014, which report on US media campaigns promoting community- or population-level STD testing or prevention behaviors and are evaluated for impact on one or more behavioral outcomes. Titles and abstracts were independently reviewed by 2 researchers. RESULTS: The review yielded 26 articles representing 16 unique STD testing and/or prevention campaigns. Most campaigns were developed using formative research and social marketing or behavioral theory. Most campaigns (68.75%) used posttest-only or pretest-posttest designs without comparison groups for evaluation; only 5 campaigns used control groups, and these proved challenging (i.e., achieving necessary exposure and avoiding contamination). Nearly all campaigns found differences between exposed and unexposed individuals on one or more key behavioral outcomes. Several campaigns found dose-response relationships. Among evaluations with uncontaminated control groups whose campaigns achieved sufficient exposure, sustained campaign effects were observed among targeted populations. CONCLUSIONS: Current findings suggest that campaigns can impact targeted STD-related behaviors and add to the evidence that greater exposure is associated with greater behavior change.
Asunto(s)
Comunicación en Salud/métodos , Educación Sexual/organización & administración , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Mercadeo Social , Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Conducta Sexual , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Estigma Social , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Zika virus has been identified as a cause of congenital microcephaly and other serious brain defects (1). CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016, with an initial update on April 1, 2016 (2). The following recommendations apply to all men and women who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus transmission* and their sex partners. The recommendations in this report replace those previously issued and are now updated to reduce the risk for sexual transmission of Zika virus from both men and women to their sex partners. This guidance defines potential sexual exposure to Zika virus as having had sex with a person who has traveled to or lives in an area with active Zika virus transmission when the sexual contact did not include a barrier to protect against infection. Such barriers include male or female condoms for vaginal or anal sex and other barriers for oral sex.() Sexual exposure includes vaginal sex, anal sex, oral sex, or other activities that might expose a sex partner to genital secretions.(§) This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
Asunto(s)
Guías como Asunto , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Infección por el Virus Zika/prevención & control , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Embarazo , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Abstinencia Sexual , Viaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisiónRESUMEN
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (1,2). Infection with Zika virus is asymptomatic in an estimated 80% of cases (2,3), and when Zika virus does cause illness, symptoms are generally mild and self-limited. Recent evidence suggests a possible association between maternal Zika virus infection and adverse fetal outcomes, such as congenital microcephaly (4,5), as well as a possible association with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Currently, no vaccine or medication exists to prevent or treat Zika virus infection. Persons residing in or traveling to areas of active Zika virus transmission should take steps to prevent Zika virus infection through prevention of mosquito bites (http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/).
Asunto(s)
Guías como Asunto , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Infección por el Virus Zika/prevención & control , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Abstinencia Sexual , Viaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisiónRESUMEN
CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016. The following recommendations apply to men who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus transmission and their female or male sex partners. These recommendations replace the previously issued recommendations and are updated to include time intervals after travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission or after Zika virus infection for taking precautions to reduce the risk for sexual transmission. This guidance defines potential sexual exposure to Zika virus as any person who has had sex (i.e., vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, or fellatio) without a condom with a man who has traveled to or resides in an area with active Zika virus transmission. This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
Asunto(s)
Guías como Asunto , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Infección por el Virus Zika/prevención & control , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Embarazo , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Abstinencia Sexual , Viaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisiónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The GYT: Get Yourself Tested campaign promotes sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV testing and communication with partners and providers among youth. We evaluated these behaviors in relation to campaign awareness among youth through a national survey. METHODS: We collected data from 4017 respondents aged 15 to 25 years through an online panel survey designed to be representative of the US population. The GYT campaign targeted 4 key behaviors: STD testing, HIV testing, talking to partners about testing, and talking to providers about testing. RESULTS: Respondents who were aware of the GYT campaign (24.4%) were more likely to report engaging in each of the 4 target behaviors. Associations remained significant when stratified by race and sex and when taking into account sexuality, sexual activity, age, insurance status, and use of campaign partner-provided services. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the GYT campaign is related to the 4 target behaviors promoted by the campaign, suggesting that health promotions campaigns oriented toward youth can be successful in increasing STD-related, health-seeking behavior, including among populations disproportionately affected by STD.