[Intrastromal corneal segments implantation in keratoconus].

Up-to-date models of intrastromal corneal segments are reviewed. Different techniques of up-to-date models of intrastromal corneal segments implantation in keratoconus are described. Mechanical and laser techniques of forming of corneal tunnels are analyzed. Information about potential complications of intrastromal corneal segment implantation is given.

[Intrastromal corneal segments implantation in keratoconus].

Comparative analysis of intrastromal corneal segments Keraring implantation using either femtosecond laser or manual technique to create corneal tunnel in 47 patients (47 eyes) with keratoconus stage II-III is presented. Refractional and functional results in groups with femtosecond laser and manual technique did not show significant difference. The main advantage of femtosecond laser revealed in the study is technical simplification of intrastromal tunnels creation.

Intracranial Hemorrhage in Term and Late-Preterm Neonates: An Institutional Perspective.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm neonates is relatively unexplored. This descriptive study examines the MR imaging-detectable spectrum of intracranial hemorrhage in this population and potential risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prevalence and distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in consecutive term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging between January 2011 to August 2018 were assessed. MRIs were analyzed to determine intracranial hemorrhage distribution (intraventricular, subarachnoid, subdural, intraparenchymal, and subpial/leptomeningeal), and chart review was performed for potential clinical risk factors. RESULTS: Of 725 term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging, intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 63 (9%). Fifty-two (83%) had multicompartment intracranial hemorrhage. Intraventricular and subdural were the most common hemorrhage locations, found in 41 (65%) and 39 (62%) neonates, respectively. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 33 (52%); subpial, in 19 (30%); subarachnoid, in 12 (19%); and epidural, in 2 (3%) neonates. Twenty infants (32%) were delivered via cesarean delivery, and 5 (8%), via instrumented delivery. Cortical vein thromboses were present in 34 (54%); periventricular or medullary vein thromboses, in 37 (59%); and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, in 5 (8%). Thirty-seven (59%) had elevated markers of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 1.2, fibrinogen level < 234), 9 (14%) had a clinically meaningful elevation in the international normalized ratio (>1.4), and 3 (5%) had a clinically meaningful decrease in the fibrinogen level (<150). Three (5%) neonates had thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 103/µL). CONCLUSIONS: While relatively infrequent, there was a wide distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm infants; intraventricular and subdural hemorrhages were the most common types. We report a high prevalence of venous congestion or thromboses accompanying neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.

Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) describes the clinical syndrome of a newborn with abnormal brain function that may result from a variety of etiologies. HIE should be distinguished from neonatal encephalopathy due to other causes using data gathered from the history, physical and neurological exam, and further investigations. Identifying the underlying cause of encephalopathy has important treatment implications. This review outlines conditions that cause NE and may be mistaken for HIE, along with their distinguishing clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatments. NE due to brain malformations, vascular causes, neuromuscular causes, genetic conditions, neurogenetic disorders and inborn errors of metabolism, central nervous system (CNS) and systemic infections, and toxic/metabolic disturbances are discussed.

Pyrvinium pamoate inhibits proliferation and invasion of human endometriotic stromal cells.

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissue in other pelvic organs. This gynecologic problem occurs in 35-50% of women with pain and infertility. Endometriotic cells share some characteristics such as proliferation, migration, and invasion with tumor cells. Pyrvinium pamoate, an anthelmintic drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration, could inhibit the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and its anticancer effects were examined by several researchers. In this study, 12 ectopic and eutopic endometrial biopsies from females with ovarian endometrioma and 12 endometrial biopsies from nonendometriotic females were obtained. Ectopic (EESCs), eutopic (EuESCs), and control (CESCs) endometrial stromal cells were isolated. Then, the effect of pyrvinium pamoate on the proliferation and invasiveness of in vitro cultured cells was evaluated. The proliferation of CESCs, EuESCs, and EESCs was significantly decreased after treatment with pyrvinium pamoate. In addition, treatment with pyrvinium pamoate significantly inhibited the invasiveness of CESCs, EuESCs, and EESCs compared to nontreated groups. The results of the present research showed that pyrvinium pamoate inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human endometriotic stromal cells in vitro, further investigations on the therapeutic potential of this compound in endometriosis are required.

[Investigation of the impact of pterygium on ocular optic system aberration. Communication 1. Relationship of induced aberrations to the stage of pterygium].

The authors made a study in two areas: they investigated corneal aberrations in patients from different age groups in health; analyzed the corneal aberration pattern at different stages of pterygium in the matched age groups; and comparatively estimated values in pterygium and in health in the similar age groups. High-order aberrations (HOA) of the corneal were studied in 45 patients (84 eyes) aged 20 to 76 years. The corneal aberration pattern was analyzed in 44 patients (55 eyes) aged 25 to 74 years who had pterygium of different stages. The study covered patients with Stages II (24 eyes), III (n=20), and IV (n=11). The results of corneal HOA in health suggest that coma aberrations significantly increase with age while the rise of spherical aberrations is not decisive. Comparative analysis of aberrations in health and in pterygium of different stages showed that its stage II causes no significant changes in the corneal aberration pattern; the characteristic features of the latter in Stages III and IV pterygium are increases in trefoil and aberrations of the fourth and fifth orders: tetra- and pentafoil, secondary trefoil. The increase in the above parameters is proportional to the stage of pterygium. The comprehensive examination of patients with pterygium of different stages should comprise a study of corneal HOA, it is required for more detailed evaluation of disorders induced by the extent of pterygium, which in turn makes it possible to optimize the latter's removing technology.

[Investigation of the impact of pterygium on ocular optic system aberration. Communication 2. New approaches to reducing aberrations during surgical treatment for pterygium].

The authors made a detailed comparative analysis of the aberration pattern of the cornea as a result of surgical treatment for pterygium, by applying various technologies. Forty-four patients (55 eyes) with primary Stages II to IV pterygium were examined. According to the surgical techniques, the patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) those in whom pterygium was surgically removed, followed by abrasive microsurgery and plastic repair with an autoconjunctiva (29 eyes) (a control group); (2) those who had undergone surgical pterygium removal, abrasive microsurgery, and plastic repair with an autoconjunctiva, followed by phototherapeutic eximer laser keratoablation (26 eyes). The study has revealed that phototherapeutic eximer laser ablation of the cornea after surgical excision and abrasive treatment of the corneal bed in Stages II to IV pterygium causes a considerable reduction in the level of aberrations of higher orders. The expedience of phototherapeutic keratoablation as part of multimodality treatment for Stages III and IV pterygium, which has been shown by the aberration analysis, is only one of the first steps in evaluating the efficiency of this technology of surgical treatment for pterygium. Studies involving an integrated clinicofunctional and ophthalmoergonomic assessment of this treatment technology should be continued, which makes it possible to evaluate the clinical efficiency of this procedure and to define a place of the presented technology in the surgical treatment of pterygium.

[Evaluation of the efficiency of aspheric eximer laser keratoablation (a preliminary communication)].

The authors have evaluated the efficiency of aspheric customized keratoablation (ORK-CAM) versus LASIK operation by the routine technology. The studies were conducted in 2 groups: 1) 11 patients (22 eyes) who had undergone aspheric individualized keratoablation (a study group); 2) 13 patients (24 eyes) who had LASIK operation by the routine technology (a control group). After aspheric individualized correction, the clinical and functional results were comparable in visual acuity and correction accuracy with those after routine laser operations. After optimized ablation, there was a statistically significantly less increase in spheric aberration, cumulative high-grade aberrations than after routine LASIK operation. Questioning about visual comfort revealed that aspheric individualized keratoablation was effective in solving characteristic optical problems. The studies have yielded encouraging preliminary results. Further complex studies are required for comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of aspheric keratoablation.

[Indications for optimized refractive keratoablation. Communication 1. Dependence on the grade of myopia and baseline high-order aberrations].

The authors made a detailed comparative analysis of the aberration pattern of patients before and after aspheric individualized keratoablation (ORK-CAM) and the LASIK operation by routine technology, by taking into account the grade of correctable myopia and the size of baseline high-order aberrations (HOA). Investigations were made in 2 groups: 1) 20 patients (39 eyes) who had undergone routine ablation (a study group); 2) 19 patients (38 eyes) who had aspheric individualized keratoablation (a control group). The findings suggest that individualized aspheric keratoablation is effective in patients with mild and moderate myopia with varying baseline HOA. In addition, a relationship was found between the results of standard and optimized correction and one more key parameter of the aberration pattern, namely the magnitude of 4th-order spherical aberration that should be also taken into account on choosing an eximer laser correction technology. There is an outstanding question whether it is expedient to perform ORK-CAM in patients with high-grade myopia. The above problems require that further studies be continued and will be considered in part 2 of the present investigation.

[Indications for optimized refractive keratoablation. Communication 2. Dependence on baseline spherical aberrations].

The authors made a detailed comparative analysis of the aberration pattern of patients before and after aspheric individualized keratoablation (ORK-CAM) and the LASIK operation by routine technology, by taking into account the magnitude of 4th-order spherical aberration. Investigations were made in 2 groups: 1) 20 patients (39 eyes) who had undergone routine ablation (a study group); 2) 19 patients (38 eyes) who had aspheric individualized keratoablation (a control group). The detailed comparative analysis of the aberration pattern in patients after eximer laser correction by different technologies yielded major criteria predetermining the choice of an eximer laser correction technology. Indications for routine and individualized aspheric keratoablation are defined. Further studies of the impact of high-order aberrations on different visual functions are required to solve the vexed questions whether it is aberrationally expedient to choose laser correction. Ophthalmo-ergonomic studies should be also performed to provide a clinical verification of the consistency of the proposed concept of the indications and the choice of the optimal technology of eximer laser correction.

[Comparative clinical study of the standard lasik operation versus optimized ORK "Corwave" keratoablation (a preliminary communication)].

The efficiency of primary ORK "Corwave" versus LASIK operation was evaluated. Studies were conducted in 2 groups: 1) 12 patients (34 eyes) with bilateral ORK "Corwave" (a study group); 2) 18 patients (36 years) undergone bilateral LASIK by the conventional technology (a control group). The following parameters: uncorrected visual acuity, values of refraction 1 and 3 months after surgery; high-order aberrations (values of RMS coma, spherical aberrations, RMS HOA of orders 3 to 6), spatial contrast sensitivity, blindness sensitivity, questionnaire data on visual comfort, were studied for comparative evaluation of the results of eximer laser correction made by different technologies. In the acuity of vision and in the accuracy of correction of refractive disorders, the clinical and functional results following the optimized correction by the "Corwave" technology were comparable with those after standard laser operations. After ORK "Corwave", spatial contrast sensitivity was found to tend to improve at average and high frequencies. After optimized ablation, the increase in high-order aberrations was less than that after traditional LASIK in terms of all three analyzed parameters; however, this difference was statistically insignificant. The questionnaire test for visual comfort revealed that ORK was effective in overcoming the characteristic optical problems: visual disorders were detected in fewer cases after optimized correction.

[Eximer laser methods for correction of astigmatism in cataract surgery].

This paper deals with refractive disorders in cataract surgery. The authors have studied the efficiency of eximer laser correction (LASIK) of astigmatism on pseudophakic eyes and proposed their own modification of the technology "Pre-flap" that provides the most advantageous conditions for laser correction. In addition, preflapping permits correction of astigmatism in the immediate period after cataract extraction, thus reducing the time of the patients' rehabilitation. Clinical and functional studies have provided evidence for the proposed procedure.

An intra-hippocampal injection of nandrolone induces learning and memory impairments in rat.

This study was investigated to evaluate the effect of intra-hippocampal injection of the nandrolone on spatial learning task in rats. The drug or vehicle was manually injected into the hippocampus with a 10-µl Hamilton syringe attached via polyethylene tubing to 27-gauge stainless-steel injection cannula. After 6 days of recovery, learning behaviors were evaluated using an 8-arm radial maze. The results showed that intra-hippocampal injection of nandrolone can impair trained spatial learning at a dose of 5 µl. We also observed a dense cytoplasm and nucleus in CA1 neurons as well as signs of necrosis. Nandrolone can impair the time required to reach the baited arm as well as the frequency of successful arm entries. At the 10 µl dose of nandrolone, neural hypertrophy and increased dentate gyrus volume were also observed.

[Characteristics of the formation of conditioned defense reactions in monkeys in a primatological chair]. / Osobennosti formirovaniia uslovnykh oboronitel'nykh refleksov u obez'ian v primatologicheskom kresle.

Rate of reactions in motor conditioned electro-defensive reflexes and different kinds of internal inhibition, such as acute extinction, differentiation and delay with different retardations, were studied on monkeys in primatological chair. Specificity in formation of conditioned reactions was studied with simultaneous recording of vegetative (respiration and heart rate) and motor conditioned reactions. It has been established, that forming of vegetative and motor components of defensive reflex does not proceed synchronously. At first (2-4 trials) vegetative reactions appear, such as increase of heart and respiration rates. Conditioned motor reactions (legs' jerks) appear later, after 4-9 trials. It has been shown that in monkeys in the primatological chair we have a possibility to form all kinds of negative conditioned defensive reactions: acute extinction, differentiation, delay. Formation of delay inhibition with retardation of 90 s leads to neurotic disorders. But they last only for short periods and disappear after breaks in work. The obtained data are discussed from evolutionary point of view, with a comparative study of specificity of higher nervous activity formation among lower organized vertebrates and with consideration of processes of excitation and inhibition in evolution.

[New electrophysiologic data on localizing visual representation in the limbic area of the neocortex]. / Novye élektrofiziologichekie dannye o lokalizatsii zritel'nogo predstavitel'stva v limbicheskoi oblasti neokorteksa.

In the limbic part of the rat neocortex, afferents from the retino-geniculo-cortical and retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical visual subsystems converge to the area 29. A specific feature of the area 29 responses to stimulation of thalamic visual nuclei (the LGB and the postero-lateral nucleus) involves gradualness of their appearance during rhythmic stimulation. The responses have an initial negative phase, are resistant against nembutal, have a short and stable latency, their neuronal reaction being phasic in nature and showing dependence on physical parameters of stimulation. These intermediate type reactions possess features of both specific and unspecific responses of the neocortex which seems to be characteristic of the area 29 function.

[The role of beta-endorphin in regulating the conditioned reflex activity of cats]. / Uchastie beta-éndorfina v reguliatsii uslovnoreflektornoi deiatel'nosti koshek.

The role of beta-endorphin in regulation of instrumental food conditioning and in more complicated forms of nervous activity in cats was found to involve a facilitating unspecific effect both on positive and negative food conditioning, the latter having a general adaptive character. The influence of the same small doses of beta-endorphin (10 mkg/kg - 15 x 10(-6) mkg/kg) on the choice responses was more complicated and depended on the basic level of conditioning and the typology of animals. Possible mechanism of the beta-endorphin effect on higher nervous activity, is discussed.

[Comparative pathology of higher nervous activity]. / Sravnitel'naia patologiia vysshei nervnoi deiatel'nosti.

In experiments with defensive behaviour, using multiparametric recording of indices, studies have been made on the origin and development of pathological disturbances in the higher nervous activity of insectivores, carnivores and primates during presentation of difficult conditioned reflex problems or extreme stimulation. It was found that elaboration of absolute differentiation retarded conditioned reactions with a delay of 25 s in insectivores is a difficult task which results in pathological changes in the higher nervous activity. In hedgehogs, neurotic changes are immediate, all the investigated indices being affected. In carnivores, especially in primates, the onset of evident pathological changes is preceded by a long preneurotic period, i.e. a stage of self-regulation. In pathological process, more corticalized forms of the nervous activity are initially involved. Common features and differences in the development of pathological changes in the higher nervous activity among mammals are discussed.

[Spatial contrast sensitivity in patients with high myopia after refraction lamellar keratoplasty]. / Prostranstvennaia kontrastnaia chuvstvitel'nost' u patsientov s vysokoi miopiei posle refraktsionnoi lamelliarnoi keratoplastiki.

Spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) is one of the most important visual functions. SCS was examined in 23 patients (38 eyes) with high myopia before and after refraction lamellar keratoplasty (RLK) and in 21 healthy controls. Before surgery an appreciable (p < 0.01) reduction of SCS was observed in patients with high myopia in the entire range of spatial frequencies in comparison with the controls. After the operation the maximally corrected vision acuity was virtually unchanged, whereas the parameters of SCS somewhat increased for all frequencies, the increase being statistically reliable at frequencies of 0.23 to 3.75 and 15 cycles/degree. Hence, the studies demonstrated that changes in the topography of the cornea after refraction lamellar keratoplasty do not deteriorate the visual function.

[A surgical method for the treatment of traumatic low-solubility hyphema]. / Khirurgicheskii sposob lecheniia travmaticheskikh trudno- rassasyvaiushchikhsia gifem.

Presents experimental and clinical data on the operation of 'angular drainage' of the anterior chamber in traumatic poorly soluble hyphemas. The operation consists in conduction of a supramide thread through performed orifices in the cornea and formation of an angular drainage for blood evacuation from the anterior chamber. High efficacy and safety of the suggested method for treatment of recurrent complicated hyphemas is proved.