Wound closure after total knee replacement: Comparison between staples and sutures.

Background and Objective: Total Knee Arthroplasty is a commonly performed procedure for arthritic knees. Preventing complications is of utmost importance for good functional outcomes and preventing morbidity. Wound closure after the procedure is as important as the replacement aspect of surgery.The objective of this study was to provide subjective and objective evidence of better closure technique and material; we conducted the study so that the outcome of TKA can be further improved. Methods: We conducted a randomized trial at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, from December 2018 to June 2020. All patients from age 40 to 70 years who underwent total knee arthroplasty were included in the study. The wound of one knee was closed with Polypropylene (Prolene) sutures, and the other with staples. The wound was assessed independently by two assessors using Hollander's score; lower score means a worse outcome. All data was entered and analyzed using STATA version 16. Results: Thirty patients who underwent bilateral total knee replacement were included in the analysis, among which 71.8% were female. The average age of participants was 57.3 (± 7.5) years. The mean incision length on the right knee was 17.6 ± 1.1 cm, while on the left the incision length was 18.3 ± 1.2 cm. Overall, the mean Hollander score was significantly different among participants in the sutures and staples group in both the right (p-value=0.001) and left knees (p-value=0.001). The score was significantly higher in knees closed with sutures as compared to staples. Also, the mean Hollander score is significantly higher in females than males in both the right knee (B=0.56, p-value=0.049) and the left knee (B=0.38, p-value=0.044). Conclusion: The study has shown that Hollander's score was significantly higher in knees closed with sutures as compared to the patients in whom staples were used for wound closure.

Inter-observer variation of the Schatzker and Khan classification of Tibial plateau fractures: Cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the inter-observer reliability of Shatzker classification and Khan Classification of Tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Radiographs of 50 patients who presented with tibial plateau fractures from March 2015 to November 2016 were collected. Two observers classified these cases independently according to Shatzker and Khan Classification. Gwet's AC1 statistics applied to assess inter-observer reliability of both the classification systems. RESULTS: Moderate inter-observer agreement for Schatzker classification (p<0.001) and slight inter-observer agreement on Khan Classification (p=0.738) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Khan Classification is more comprehensive in classifying tibial plateau fractures and can be used for clinical research purpose, while Shatzker classification with better inter-observer reliability is applicable for routine clinical practice.

Nottingham Hip Fracture Score as a predictor of 3 months postoperative mortality in patients undergoing surgical fixation of hip fractures: A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Nottingham Hip Fracture Score was utilized to evaluate its efficacy to identify high risk pateints interms of 3 months postoperative mortality.NHFS comprises of seven independent predictors that were incorporated into a risk score to identify patients who were high risk for post-operative mortality with hip fracture.. METHODS: NHFS was prospectively calculated for 88 patients who underwent surgeries for hip fracture from 25th December 2014 to 25th June 2015 at the Indus Hospital Karachi. Both neck of femur and Intertrochanteric fracture were included. NHFS of ≤4 was considered as low risk and a score of ≥5 as high risk for mortality. RESULTS: The 3 months post-operative mortality was 22%. Increase in number of mortality was observed in patients who belonged to the high risk (NHFS ≥5) group, with statistically significant relationship when compared with the low risk (NHFS ≤4) group (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: NHFS can be used to predict the risk of 3 months postoperative mortality in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis after treatment of femoral neck fracture.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in children after treatment of femoral neck fracture is a very rare condition. This complication should be recognized promptly and treated urgently. The risk of development of this complication can be minimized by anatomical reduction of the fracture and stable internal fixation of the fracture. Five years old male child sustained right sided femur neck fracture and was treated with closed reduction and Hip spica cast application. The fracture healed with a varus deformity. After 7 months, he developed slip of femoral epiphysis with a coxa vara deformity of proximal femur, which was treated with in situ fixation with Cannulated screws. His subsequent course remained uneventful up to five months. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) after treatment of femoral neck fracture in children is a rare complication that should be recognized and treated promptly. The onset of SCFE may show inadequate reduction or fixation of the fracture. Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation for femoral neck fracture in children provides best outcomes. Postoperative care and delayed weight bearing are also equally important to avoid complications.

The frequency of Deep Vein Thrombosis in patients with hip fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the frequency of deep vein thrombosis in hip fracture patients. Methods: The prospective, cross-sectional study Was conducted at Indus Hospital, Karachi, from November 2016 to September 2017, and comprised patients with hip fractures who were scanned for the presence of deep vein thrombosis on both lower limbs preoperatively at the time of presentation and postoperatively on post-op day 3 and day 28. No thrombo-prophylaxis was provided to the patients. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis were also assessed. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.. Results: Of the 109 patients, 50(46%) were male and 59(64%) were females. The overall mean age was 64.59 ± 9.82 years. Deep vein thrombosis was found in 4(3.66%) patients; 2(50%) preoperatively and 2(50%) in the early postoperative period. No deep vein thrombosis was found in any patient on postop day 28.. Conclusion: The frequency of deep vein thrombosis in Pakistani geriatric patients with hip fractures was found to be low compared to the western population.

Intra-operative implantation errors during Austin Moore Hemiarthroplasty.

Austin Moore hemiarthroplasty is an established treatment in elderly patients with neck of femur fractures. Being commonly performed, it is also associated with several technical errors of implantation which results in complications and failure requiring revision surgery. This retrospective pre- and post-operative radiographic study to determine the frequency of technical errors was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of 50 patients who underwent Austin Moore hemiarthroplasty between January and November 2016. Of the total, 29(58%%) patients had no error of implantation. Overhanging of prosthesis was observed in 21(42%) patients, followed by inadequate length of the neck remnant in 18(36%). Moreover, 8(16%) patients sustained intra-operative periprosthetic fractures managed with cerclage wire. Also, 33(66%) patients had a Dorr type-Afemur morphologic pattern. Hemiarthroplasty was found to be a technically demanding procedure associated with avoidable intra-operative implantation errors by proper preoperative planning, careful patient selection, proper training of surgeons, hence avoiding failure.

Blunt splenic injury: use of a multidetector CT-based splenic injury grading system and clinical parameters for triage of patients at admission.

PURPOSE: To assess the use of a dual-phase multidetector computed tomography (CT)-based grading system alone and in combination with assessment of clinical parameters at triage of patients with blunt splenic injury for determination of appropriate treatment (observation, splenic artery embolization [SAE], or splenic surgery). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. Between January 2009 and July 2011, 171 hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic injury underwent multidetector CT at admission to the hospital. Images were reviewed by applying a multidetector CT-based grading system, and the amount of hemoperitoneum was quantified. Demographic data, vital signs, laboratory values, injury severity score, abbreviated injury severity, final treatment decision, and success of nonsurgical treatment were reviewed. Receiver operating characteristic curves and stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the optimal parameters for effective triage of patients. RESULTS: One hundred seventy one patients with splenic injury underwent multidetector CT. At triage, clinical treatment decisions were made, and patients received either observation (85 of 171 [50%]) or splenic intervention (surgery, 19 of 171 [11%] or splenic angiography, 67 of 171 [39%]). Four patients underwent SAE after unsuccessful observation. Six of 171 (3.5%) other patients received unsuccessful nonsurgical treatment with SAE. No patients who received observation required splenectomy. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) showed that the CT grading system was the best individual predictor of successful observation (AUC, 0.95), and stepwise logistic regression analysis results showed that multidetector CT grade and the abbreviated injury scale score (AUC, 0.97; P = .02) were the best combination of variables for selection of patients for observation versus splenic intervention. The combination of abbreviated injury scale score, systolic blood pressure reading, and serum glucose level was the best triage model for decision making between splenectomy and SAE (AUC, 0.84). CONCLUSION: The best individual predictor of successful observation in patients with blunt splenic injury was the CT-based grading system. Multidetector CT grade and abbreviated injury scale score were the best combination of variables for selection of patients for observation versus splenic intervention.

The pulley suture: A reliable option for closure of selected soft tissue defects under tension- three years experience of a tertiary care hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of closure of soft tissue defects through pulley suture in different clinical situations. METHODS: The descriptive chart review was conducted at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data from May 2008 to November 2011. A detailed questionnaire was developed to address variables of interest. All patients with less than three months of follow-up or inadequate information were excluded. The data was collected through Health Management Information System. Data was entered and analysed by SPSS 16. RESULTS: There were 259 patients with 289 wounds in the study. The mean age was 29.2±11.9 years. At follow-up of two weeks, there was wound dehiscence in 2.07%, infection in 0.69% and partial flap necrosis in 1.03% patients. At 12 weeks, hypertrophic scar was reported in 2.07% and stretched scar in 0.3% patients. Acute pain was not reported in the first week of surgery. Type of wound was found to have significant association with complications (p value<0.005). Age and gender were not found have any significant association with complications (p value 0.372 and 0.238 respectively). None of the patients reported scar tenderness at 12-week follow-up. Cosmetic outcome was acceptable to all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Judicious use of pulley suture can lead to primary closure of selected soft tissue defects under moderate tension. The technique, however, needs to be utilised by surgeons experienced in soft tissue reconstruction.

A comparative review of three techniques of syndactyly release.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of three techniques of congenital syndactyly release; to identify factors leading to difference in outcome, and to identify the incidence of neurovascular abnormalities in various types of syndactyly. METHODS: The chart review was conducted at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of all patients who had undergone syndactyly release between August 2008 and December 2014. Three techniques of release were included as described in literature by Bauer, Skoog and Niranjan. The data was collected through Health Management Information System. A detailed questionnaire was designed to address variables of interest. RESULTS: The age of the 29 patients with 50 webs in the study ranged from 2.2 to 17.1 years. The male to female ratio was 21:8. The complications encountered were web creep, skin flap necrosis, flexion deformity and contracture of joint. Single neurovascular bundle was found in 04(8%)webs and 45(90%) required skin graft for resurfacing of the digits. CONCLUSIONS: Bauer technique was found to be to be superior for web formation and there was low incidence of web creep compared to Skoog technique. Inclusion of syndromic cases may lead to increased complication and dissatisfaction rate. Tight closure of flaps should be avoided and generous use of skin grafts is advocated for success.

Protection of heel flaps with Ilizarov fixator as an elevation frame: A case series and review of literature.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcome of Ilizarov fixator for protection of heel and foot flaps with that of plaster of Paris boot technique. METHODS: The retrospective chart review was conducted at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of patients who underwent flap reconstruction of the heel from January 2011 to December 2014. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 3 months. The patients using Ilizarov fixator were placed in group A and those with modified plaster of Paris boot as the elevation device were placed in group B. A detailed questionnaire was developed to note down the relevant variables. RESULTS: Of the 31 patients, 21(70%) were in group A and 10(30%) in group B. The modified boot was considered heavy (70%) compared to none in the Ilizarov group. The mean time of removal was 5.9 wks in group A and 4.8 weeks in group B. The mean time for use of Foley\'s catheter was 16.8 hours in group A and 14.8 hours in group B. There was significant number of associated bony injuries (33%) in group A and none in group B. Both groups were satisfied with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: While Ilizarov technique is recommended for patients with extensive wounds along the heel and foot, obese patients and those non-compliant to the positioning protocol, careful use of modified plaster of Paris boot technique in relatively simpler situations of heel reconstruction with flaps is also very rewarding.

Cost-effectiveness of the Ponseti method for treatment of clubfoot in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Clubfoot is disabling, with an incidence of 0.9/1,000 live births to 7/1,000 live births. It affects mobility, productivity, and quality of life. Patients are treated surgically or non-surgically using the Ponseti method. We estimated the cost per patient treated with both methods and the cost-effectiveness of these methods in Pakistan. METHODS: Parents of patients treated, either surgically or with the Ponseti method, at the Indus Hospital's free program for clubfoot were interviewed between February and May 2012. We measured the direct and indirect household expenditures for pre-diagnosis, incomplete treatment, and current treatment until the first brace for Ponseti method and the first corrective surgery for surgically treated patients. Hospital expenditure was measured by existing accounts. RESULTS: Average per-patient cost was $349 for the Ponseti method and $810 for patients treated surgically. Of these, the Indus hospital costs were $170 the for Ponseti method and $452 for surgically treated patients. The direct household expenditure was $154 and $314 for the Ponseti and surgical methods, respectively. The majority of the costs were incurred pre-diagnosis and after inadequate treatment, with the largest proportion spent on transportation, material, and fee for service. The Ponseti method is shown to be the dominant method of treatment, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1,225. CONCLUSIONS: The Ponseti method is clearly the treatment of choice in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan. Household costs for clubfoot treatment are substantial, even in programs offering free diagnostics and treatments and may be a barrier to service utilization for the poorest patients.

Comparison of recessed gate-head structures on normally-off AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor performance.

In this work, different gate-head structures have been compared in the context of AlGaN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Field-plate (FP) technology self-aligned to the gate electrode leads to various gate-head structures, most likely gamma (γF)-gate, camel (see symbol)-gate, and mushroom-shaped (T)-gate. In-depth comparison of recessed gate-head structures demonstrated that key performance metrics such as transconductance, output current, and breakdown voltage are better with the T-gate head structure. The recessed T-gate with its one arm toward the source side not only reduces the source-access resistance (R(g) +R(gs)), but also minimizes the source-side dispersion and current leakage, resulting in high transconductance (G(m)) and output current (I(DS)). At the same time, the other arm toward the drain-side reduces the drain-side dispersion and tends to distribute electric field peaks uniformly, resulting in high breakdown voltage (V(BR)). DC and RF analysis showed that the recessed T-gate FP-HEMT is a suitable candidate not only for high-frequency operation, but also for high-power applications.

A comparison between orthopedic surgeon and allied health worker in pirani score.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the strength of agreement for each of the Pirani assessment categories between an orthopaedic surgeon and allied health worker on scoring clubfeet. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi, from November 2012 to June 2013, comprised children below 12 months of age with untreated unilateral or bilateral clubfoot deformity an allied health worker, who was a plaster technician, was given 1-week training in the Pirani Scoring method. The feet were scored by the surgeon and the paramedic independently. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The study had 57 patients, and 92 feet were assessed. The difference between the means of score of each parameter, including the hind foot score and total score, was less than 0.09. The means of total score were found to be identical. Total Hind Foot Score was 0.48 and Total Score was 0.354. The statistical inter-observer reliability for all components was rated as substantial to moderate agreement except Equinus Rigidityand Total Score, which showed fair agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Pirani scoring method for clubfoot assessment was found to be a reliable tool for use by plaster technicians for independent assessment of clubfoot. However, prior training and supervision in the early phase is necessary.

Perception about braces in parents of children with clubfoot.

OBJECTIVE: To access the acceptability of Steenbeek brace by children undergoing clubfoot correction and their parents to ensure long-term compliance. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi from October 2013 to March 2014. A trained researcher interviewed the person primarily responsible for bracing the child using a pre-coded questionnaire. Modified Orthotics Prosthetics User Survey for satisfaction with either the Mitchell brace of the Steenbeek brace was used. It included 11 questions in the Parent Bracing Satisfaction Survey. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Interviews were completed with 110 primary caregivers among whom 90(81.8%) were mothers. Overall, 32(29.1%) children were using the Mitchell brace, 30(27.3%) the Steenbeek brace, 46(41.8%) had shifted from Mitchell to Steenbeek brace, and 2(1.8%) had shifted from Steenbeek to Mitchell brace. Median duration of current brace usage was 4 and 3.5 months for Steenbeek and Mitchell braces respectively. The mean age of the child was 1.4 ±0.7 years, and the mean of 4-point Likerts cale score of parent bracing satisfaction was 28.7±2.2 in children on the Mitchell brace versus 28.5±1.9 for those on Steenbeek brace (p=0.505). Overall, 82(74.5%) parents had favourable attitude towards braces in general, but there were no significant differences in the items except "brace is easy to put on" (p=0.040) and "durability between Mitchell and Steenbeek groups" (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in satisfaction levels between the two types of brace users.

Significance of strontium ranelate in healing of surgically fixed tibial diapyseal fractures treated with strontium ranelate vs placebo; a randomised double blind controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the surgical outcome of patients with axial cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi, from August 2011 to August 2013. Patients were randomised to receive placebo or strontium ranelate postoperatively after surgical fixation of tibial diaphyseal fractures. Assessment of fracture healing was done clinically and radiologically at 30, 60 and 90 days. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Initially, 76 patients were enrolled, but 63(82.9%) completed the study. Out of 63 patients, 32(50.8%) were randomly assigned to group A and 31(49.2%) to group B, which was administered the placebo. Overall enhancement of fracture healing efficacy of strontium ranelate group was 20(62.5%) versus 9(29%) of the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Strontium ranelate was effective in enhancing fracture healing based on clinical and radiological assessment. Hence, it can be considered an effective therapeutic agent for accelerating fracture healing.

Anthropomorphic mismatch between distal femurs and a standard total knee replacement system in Pakistani population.

AIMS: To compare the measurements of distal femurs of a Pakistani population and with the implants used. METHODS: The single-centre prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi, from 01-06-2011 to 31-10-2011, and comprised total knee replacement patients. Surgeries were performed by the same team. Each measurement was taken after the resection of the trochlea (flush to the anterior femoral cortex), the distal cut and the anterior chamfer cuts. Measurements were taken intraoperatively with a sterile vernier calliper. SPSS 17was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The mean age of the 33 patients in the study was 59.3±7years. There were 4(12.1%) males and 29(87.9%) females. A mismatch was found in per-operative measurements with the mean aspect ratio being 0.79±0.05and the standardised aspect ratio of the implants being 0.90 (SD±0.0). CONCLUSIONS: There are differences between anthropomorphometry of our skeleton and Caucasian designed implants. This could have implications in the long term.

Percutaneous Achilles tendon tenotomy in clubfoot patients with a 22 gauge needle in a low-resource setting.

Ponseti treatment has been well-established as the gold standard for the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot in high-income countries and middle- and low-income countries (LMICs). The tenotomy is usually performed in the clinic using a scalpel blade under local anesthesia. However, we believe that by adapting the technique from Minkowitz et al. to a low-resource setting, we can help address some of the known barriers to Ponseti care. Using a needle instead of a blade makes the procedure less cumbersome easier to learn and easier to understand for the provider, family and the patient. We were able show that the needle tenotomy technique can be implemented in a low-resource setting like Pakistan, and can be performed using only one assistant and materials that are locally and readily available for the same cost This paper and its attached educational videos can help spread the technique among providers in low-resource settings.

A single-center, single-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial to compare the efficacy of a 22-gauge needle versus a 15 blade to perform an Achilles tendon tenotomy in 244 clubfeet-study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Achilles tendon tenotomy is an integral part of the Ponseti method, aimed at correcting residual equinus and lack of dorsiflexion after correction of the adductus deformity in clubfoot. Percutaneous tenotomy using a number 15 scalpel blade is considered the gold standard, resulting in excellent results with minimal complications. The use of a large-bore needle to perform Achilles tendon tenotomies has been described in literature, but a large-scale randomized controlled trial is currently lacking. In this trial, we aim to show the non-inferiority of the needle tenotomy technique compared to the gold standard blade tenotomy technique. METHODS: We will randomize 244 feet into group A: needle tenotomy or group B: blade tenotomy. Randomization will be done using a block randomization with random block sizes and applying a 1:1 allocation to achieve an intervention and control group of the exact same size. Children will be evaluated at 3 weeks and 3 months post-tenotomy for primary and secondary clinical outcomes. The primary clinical outcome will be the range of dorsiflexion obtained the secondary clinical outcomes will be frequency of minor and major complications and Pirani score. The non-inferiority margin was set at 4°, and thus, the null hypothesis of inferiority of the needle technique will be rejected if the mean difference between both techniques is less than 4°. The statistical analysis will use a multi-level mixed effects linear regression model for the primary outcomes and a multi-level mixed effects logistic regression model for the secondary clinical outcomes. The physician performing the evaluations post-tenotomy will be the only one blinded to group allocation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered prospectively with ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT04897100 on 21 May 2021.

Eight-year Review of a Clubfoot Treatment Program in Pakistan With Assessment of Outcomes Using the Ponseti Technique: A Retrospective Study of 988 Patients (1,458 Clubfeet) Aged 0 to 5 Years at Enrollment.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an 8-year retrospective review of a clubfoot treatment program using the Ponseti technique with close monitoring of outcomes. METHODS: Between October 2011 and August 2019, 988 children with 1,458 idiopathic clubfeet were enrolled, ages ranging from new born up to 5 years. Ponseti treatment was used, and progress was monitored by comparing mean Pirani scores at enrollment (P1), initiation of bracing (P2), and end of treatment (P3) or most recent visit (P4) for children under treatment. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in Pirani scores was noted (P < 0.001) for all feet. For 320 feet completing treatment (213 children), the mean Pirani scores reduced from P1: 3.8 (±1.1) to P2: 1.1 (±0.6) and finally to P3: 0.6 (±0.3). Four hundred sixteen children are currently undergoing bracing. Higher education of the head of household and male sex of the child were markedly associated with improved outcomes in foot correction status. Correction was obtained with a mean of 5.8 casts per foot, the tenotomy rate was 68.2%, and the mean duration of bracing in children completing treatment was 3.6 years (±0.9). No surgical correction, other than tenotomy, was required. Relapse was noted in 12.1% of the total enrolled feet, and 32.0% children were lost to follow-up from the entire cohort of 988 children. CONCLUSION: Clubfoot treatment requires long-term follow-up. A dedicated clubfoot program is effective in maintaining continuity of care by encouraging adherence to treatment.

The triumvirate of NF-κB, inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has once again reminded us of the significance of host immune response and consequential havocs of the immune dysregulation. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) inflicts severe complications to the infected host, including cough, dyspnoea, fever, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDs), and multiple organ failure. These manifestations are the consequence of the dysregulated immune system, which gives rise to excessive and unattended production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Elevated circulatory cytokine and chemokine levels are accompanied by spontaneous haemorrhage, thrombocytopenia and systemic inflammation, which are the cardinal features of life-threatening cytokine storm syndrome in advanced COVID-19 diseases. Coronavirus hijacked NF-kappa B (NF-κB) is responsible for upregulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, alarmins and inducible enzymes, which paves the pathway for cytokine storm. Given the scenario, the systemic approach of simultaneous inhibition of NF-κB offers an attractive therapeutic intervention. Targeted therapies with proteasome inhibitor (VL-01, bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib), bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (acalabrutinib), nucleotide analogue (remdesivir), TNF-α monoclonal antibodies (infliximab and adalimumab), N-acetylcysteine and corticosteroids (dexamethasone), focusing the NF-κB inhibition have demonstrated effectiveness in terms of the significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. Hence, this review highlights the activation, signal transduction and cross-talk of NF-κB with regard to cytokine storm in COVID-19. Moreover, the development of therapeutic strategies based on NF-κB inhibition are also discussed herein.