Integrating Microbiome Analysis, Metabolomics, Bioinformatics, and Histopathology to Elucidate the Protective Effects of Pomegranate Juice against Benzo-alpha-pyrene-Induced Colon Pathologies.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are common dietary pollutants with potential carcinogenic activity, while polyphenols are potential chemopreventive antioxidants. Although several health benefits are attributed to polyphenol-rich pomegranate, little is known about its interaction with BaP. This study integrates histochemical, microbiomic, and metabolomic approaches to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate juice from BaP-induced pathologies. To this end, 48 Sprague-Dawley rats received, for four weeks, either pomegranate, BaP, both, or neither (n = 12 rats per group). Whereas histochemical examination of the colon indicated tissue damage marked by mucin depletion in BaP-fed animals, which was partially restored by administration of pomegranate juice, the fecal microbiome and metabolome retained their resilience, except for key changes related to pomegranate and BaP biotransformation. Meanwhile, dramatic microbiome restructuring and metabolome shift were observed as a consequence of the elapsed time (age factor). Additionally, the analysis allowed a thorough examination of fecal microbiome-metabolome associations, which delineated six microbiome clusters (marked by a differential abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae, Rumincococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) and two major metabolome clusters (a sugar- and amino-acids-dominated metabotype vs. a cluster of fatty acids and hydrocarbons), with sugar alcohols maintaining a unique signature. In conclusion, using paired comparisons to minimize inter-individual animal variations allowed the dissection of temporal vs. treatment-derived variations. Microbiome-metabolome association clusters may be further exploited for metabotype prediction and gut-health biomarker discovery.

One-pot biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficiency against otitis media-causing pathogens.

There are increasing demands for biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their unique properties and their numerous applications especially in biomedical field. Direct sunlight irradiation on aqueous garlic extract (AGE) represent fast, applicable, non-toxic, cheap, and ecofriendly method for (AgNPs) synthesis, with potentials to compete multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and biofilm-forming pathogens causing otitis media (OM). The aim of this study was to establish an eco-friendly method for synthesis of AgNPs, using aqueous garlic extract and sunlight, and moreover, detect its potential to inhibit MDR OM microbes. Obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectral analysis, TEM, DLS, XRD, and FTIR. The effect of biosynthesized AgNPs on microbial growth, as well as biofilm productivity, was assessed against five resistant OM-causing strains, namely Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess the inhibitory effect of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml of AgNPs compared with tetracycline or nystatin and AGE. Additionally, the effect of 25 µg/ml of AgNPs on biofilm productivity of such strains was qualitatively assessed using Congo red agar (CRA) and TEM used to capture the changes inside the selected strains. The obtained AgNPs showed a highly significant (p value < 0.001) antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against tested strains. TEM images of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus flavus treated with 25 µg/ml AgNPs showed shrinkage in the cytoplasmic materials and rupture of cell walls.

Predictive and Prognostic Value of Ascitic Fluid Mannose Binding Lectin in Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common bacterial infection of ascitic fluid, mainly in ascites due to liver cirrhosis. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) can activate phagocytosis and the complement system. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was detected to be higher in MBL deficiency. This study aimed to assess ascitic fluid MBL in liver cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. METHODS: Ninety patients with cirrhotic ascites were included. Forty five of them had SBP. Child- Pugh score, Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and its update (uMELD) scores were used to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis. Ascitic fluid samples were obtained for differentiation of leucocytic count, estimation of albumin, protein, glucose, and serum-ascitic albumin gradient. Ascitic fluid levels of MBL were measured for all patients. SBP was documented if polymorphonuclear leucocytic count ≥250/mm in ascitic fluid. RESULTS: Ascitic fluid MBL level was significantly lower in patients with SBP. MBL had a significant negative correlation with ascitic total leukocytic count (TLC), also with serum creatinine, bilirubin, PT, INR and MELD score among SBP patients. However, it had a significant positive correlation with ascitic protein and with platelets. According to multivariate analysis, fever, TLC, platelets, creatinine, MBL, glucose and polymorphs were independent predictors for SBP development. CONCLUSION: Ascitic fluid MBL could be a good predictive and prognostic marker in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Surveillance and impact of occult hepatitis B virus, SEN virus, and torque teno virus in Egyptian hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

OBJECTIVES: Egypt ranks first regarding the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Many patients have concomitant diseases like kidney disorders requiring hemodialysis, a procedure carrying the hazard of transmitting other hepatitis viruses. The purpose of this study was to investigate for occult hepatitis B virus (HBV), SEN virus (SENV), and torque teno virus (TTV) among chronic HCV patients on maintenance hemodialysis to identify their impacts. METHODS: A total of 325 hemodialysis patients were enrolled and divided into two groups based on HCV RNA testing results. Blood samples were collected before hemodialysis. Sera were tested for hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) using ELISA. HBV, SENV, and TTV DNA were detected by PCR. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was measured. RESULTS: Anti-HBc and HBV DNA were detected in 73.1% and 50.8% of group 1 versus 36.4% and 22.6% of group 2. The serum ALT level was higher in group 1 than group 2. SENV was detected in 11.5% of group 1 versus 8.2% of group 2. TTV was detected in 29% of group 1 versus 27% of group 2. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased prevalence of occult HBV in our locality among chronic HCV patients undergoing hemodialysis. The existence of SENV and TTV viremia has no clinical impact.

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Before and During Treatment.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection and it is a major global health problem. Over the past decade, numerous studies have reported that patients with CLD, especially HCV-positive and HBV-positive patients, have decreased 25(OH) D levels. The current study was designed to assess the serum levels of vitamin D [25(OH) D3] in chronic hepatitis B patients, before and during treatment with antiviral therapy. METHODS: It was a prospective study in which 80 subjects were enrolled between December 2017 and June 2018. A total of 50 treatment-naïve chronic HBV patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited. The studied cases received treatment in the form of Lamivudine 100 mg tablet, once daily. Full routine laboratory investigations, HBV DNA measurement by real-time PCR were conducted once before initiation of antiviral treatment and again at least 6 months later. Serum vitamin D level [25(OH)D3 was assessed twice, once before initiation of antiviral treatment and again at least 6 months later. This was done for all the patients enrolled in the study. RESULTS: The studied cases showed a significantly low mean serum Vitamin D level when assessed before treatment (21.6 ± 5.8 ng/ml), compared to the level after 6 ms of treatment (31.1 ± 7.3 ng/ml) which was comparable to that of the control group (33.4 ± 5 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the impact of antiviral therapy on vitamin D deficiency in CHB patients, where effective therapy improves vitamin D levels. Meanwhile, it is recommended to study the impact of vitamin D replacement and correction on the disease progression or regression.