Ablation Therapy of the Biliary Tree: Status and Comprehensive Review.

Malignant biliary obstruction is typically referred to endoscopists for palliation. A curative resection is indeed rarely an option in this condition. Photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation are 2 modalities that can be offered in those patients. Many studies have demonstrated improved stent patency and survival after ablation. Photodynamic therapy is unfortunately very expensive and is associated with photosensitivity; however, it transmits to the entire biliary tree. Radiofrequency ablation is more affordable and easier to apply but requires contact with the tumor to be efficient. This review explores both modalities in terms of their safety and efficacy for bile duct cancer palliation.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of recurrent, circumferential, distal rectal tumor with severe submucosal fibrosis using multiple clip-line tractions.

Video 1Endoscopic submucosal dissection for a recurrent, circumferential, distal rectal tumor.