Mice derived from in vitro αMEM-cultured preimplantation embryos exhibit postprandial hyperglycemia and higher inflammatory gene expression in peripheral leukocytes.

We examined whether peripheral leukocytes of mice derived from in vitro αMEM-cultured embryos and exhibiting type 2 diabetes had higher expression of inflammatory-related genes associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Also, we examined the impact of a barley diet on inflammatory gene expression. Adult mice were produced by embryo transfer, after culturing two-cell embryos for 48 h in either α minimal essential media (α-MEM) or potassium simplex optimized medium control media. Mice were fed either a barley or rice diet for 10 weeks. Postprandial blood glucose and mRNA levels of several inflammatory genes, including Tnfa and Nox2, in blood leukocytes were significantly higher in MEM mice fed a rice diet compared with control mice. Barley intake reduced expression of S100a8 and Nox2. In summary, MEM mice exhibited postprandial hyperglycemia and peripheral leukocytes with higher expression of genes related to the development of atherosclerosis, and barley intake reduced some gene expression.

Anticancer saponin OSW-1 is a novel class of selective Golgi stress inducer.

OSW-1 is a plant-derived natural product proposed to selectively kill cancer cells by binding to members of the oxysterol binding protein family, thereby disrupting lipid/sterol homeostasis. However, how these protein-ligand interactions mediate cell death signaling has remained elusive. Here, we discovered that OSW-1 selectively activates the Golgi stress response leading to apoptosis, providing a mechanistic basis for the anticancer activity of OSW-1.

Effects of chemotherapy treatment with doxorubicin on right ventricular function in dogs.

Left ventricular dysfunction in dogs after the administration of doxorubicin (DOX) has been extensively examined. However, the effects of DOX on right ventricular (RV) function remain unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated whether the chemotherapy treatment with DOX decreases RV function. Twelve dogs (five with multicentric lymphoma, four with hemangiosarcoma, two with thyroid cancer, and one with lung adenocarcinoma) that received at least two doses of DOX were prospectively enrolled. Echocardiography and the measurement of troponin I were performed prior to each administration of DOX and approximately one month after the last administration. Right ventricular function was assessed by the RV fractional area change and RV Tei index. Two (n=4), three (n=3), four (n=3), and five (n=2) doses of DOX were administered. While no significant differences were observed in the RV fractional area change, the RV Tei index was significantly impaired after two doses of DOX. Troponin I level significantly increased after four doses. Cumulative doses of DOX correlated with the RV Tei index (r=0.77, P<0.001). The present results demonstrated that the chemotherapy treatment with DOX decreased RV function in a dose-dependent manner in dogs.

Induction of the Lipid Droplet Formation Genes in Steatohepatitis Mice by Embryo/Postnatal Nutrient Environment Is Associated with Histone Acetylation around the Genes.

Recently, we have demonstrated that mice, cultured embryos in α-minimum essential medium (αMEM) and subsequent fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet, developed steatohepatitis. In this study, we investigated using these samples whether the expression of lipid droplet formation genes in the liver is higher in MEM mice, whether these expressions are regulated by histone acetylation, writers/readers of histone acetylation, and the transcriptional factors of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mice were produced by two-cell embryos in αMEM or standard potassium simplex-optimized medium (control) in vitro for 48 h, and implanted into an oviduct for spontaneous delivery. MEM and control-mice were fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet for 18 wk, and then liver samples were collected and analyzed by histology, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Gene expression of Cidea, Cidec, and Plin4 were higher in MEM mice and histone H3K9 acetylation, BRD4, and CBP were higher in MEM mice than in control mice around those genes. However, the binding of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related transcription factors (ATF4, CHOP and C/EBPα) around those genes in the liver, was not clearly differed between MEM mice and control mice. The increased expression of Cidea, Cidec and Plin4 in the liver, accompanied by the development of steatohepatitis in mice induced is positively associated with increased histone H3K9 acetylation and CBP and BRD4 binding around these genes.

Comparison of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression and its relationship to tumor cell proliferation in canine epithelial and mesenchymal tumors.

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis. VEGFR2 is expressed not only in vascular endothelial cells but also in tumor cells; however, the relationship of VEGF/VEGFR2 expression and tumor proliferation has yet to be elucidated. In addition, since several studies have reported that VEGFR2 inhibitors are more effective against epithelial tumors than mesenchymal tumors, there may be a difference in VEGF/VEGFR2 expression between epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. The purpose of this study was to elucidate differences in VEGF/VEGFR2 expression between epithelial and mesenchymal tumors and the relationship of VEGF/VEGFR2 expression and proliferation in canine tumor cells. We assessed 29 epithelial and 21 mesenchymal canine tumors for microvessel density (MVD), mRNA transcription levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and endoglin, expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, and phosphorylated VEGFR2 (pVEGFR2), and proliferation index (PI) using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. VEGFR2 expression on vascular endothelial cells, MVD, and mRNA transcription levels of vWF and endoglin were not significantly different between the two groups. However, expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, and pVEGFR2 was higher in epithelial tumors (P<0.01). Moreover, PI correlated with pVEGFR2 expression in only epithelial tumors (P<0.01, Rs=0.543). These results suggest that the activity of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in tumor cells is raised in epithelial tumors, and that this signaling pathway may be related to tumor cell proliferation in epithelial tumors.

Medium-chain fatty acids enhance expression and histone acetylation of genes related to lipid metabolism in insulin-resistant adipocytes.

BACKGROUND: The expressions of genes related to lipid metabolism are decreased in adipocytes with insulin resistance. In this study, we examined the effects of fatty acids on the reduced expressions and histone acetylation of lipid metabolism-related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. METHODS: Short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid were co-administered with TNF-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Then, mRNA expressions and histone acetylation of genes involved in lipid metabolism were determined using mRNA microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS: We found in microarray and subsequent qRT-PCR analyses that the expression levels of several lipid metabolism-related genes, including Gpd1, Cidec, and Cyp4b1, were reduced by TNF-α treatment and restored by co-treatment with a short-chain fatty acid (C4: butyric acid) and medium-chain fatty acids (C8: caprylic acid and C10: capric acid). The pathway analysis of the microarray showed that capric acid enhanced mRNA levels of genes in the PPAR signaling pathway and adipogenesis genes in the TNF-α-treated adipocytes. Histone acetylation around Cidec and Gpd1 genes were also reduced by TNF-α treatment and recovered by co-administration with short- and medium-chain fatty acids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Medium- and short-chain fatty acids induce the expressions of Cidec and Gpd1, which are lipid metabolism-related genes in insulin-resistant adipocytes, by promoting histone acetylation around these genes.

Repeatable and objective method for evaluating angiogenesis using real-time RT-PCR of endoglin expression in canine tumours.

Anti-angiogenic therapy is a cancer treatment strategy targeting new blood vessel formation. Microvessel density (MVD) is a histopathological method for evaluating angiogenesis and endoglin is used as an activated endothelial marker in human medicine. The assessment of the treatment effect using MVD is difficult because it is a non-repeatable method. To develop a repeatable method for evaluating angiogenesis, we investigated correlations among MVD, mRNA transcription levels of endothelial markers and angiogenesis factors, and confirmed the agreement of mRNA transcription levels between tissue samples and small samples obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA). The various types of spontaneous tumours were collected from 51 dogs. MVD was assessed by immunostaining for von Willebrand factor (vWF). mRNA transcription levels of vWF, endoglin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) were analysed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). There were significant correlations between MVD and mRNA transcription levels of vWF, endoglin and VEGFR2. VEGFR2 was more strongly correlated with endoglin (P <.01, Rs = 0.649) than vWF (P <.01, Rs = 0.512), indicating that angiogenesis can be evaluated more accurately by the measurement of mRNA transcription levels of endoglin. The mRNA transcription levels in tissue and FNA samples were strongly correlated, suggesting that evaluating angiogenesis using FNA samples is possible. In conclusion, we developed a repeatable and objective method for angiogenesis evaluation using mRNA transcription levels of endothelial markers by FNA sampling.

Development of the Diabetic Kidney Disease Mouse Model Culturing Embryos in α-Minimum Essential Medium In Vitro, and Feeding Barley Diet Attenuated the Pathology.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a critical complication associated with diabetes; however, there are only a few animal models that can be used to explore its pathogenesis. In the present study, we established a mouse model of DKD using a technique based on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, i.e., by manipulating the embryonic environment, and investigated whether a dietary intervention could ameliorate the model's pathology. Two-cell embryos were cultured in vitro in α-minimum essential medium (MEM; MEM mice) or in standard potassium simplex-optimized medium (KSOM) as controls (KSOM mice) for 48 h, and the embryos were reintroduced into the mothers. The MEM and KSOM mice born were fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet for 58 days after they were 8 weeks old. Subsequently, half of the MEM mice and all KSOM mice were fed a diet containing rice powder (control diet), and the remaining MEM mice were fed a diet containing barley powder (barley diet) for 10 weeks. Glomerulosclerosis and pancreatic exhaustion were observed in MEM mice, but not in control KSOM mice. Renal arteriolar changes, including intimal thickening and increase in the rate of hyalinosis, were more pronounced in MEM mice fed a control diet than in KSOM mice. Immunostaining showed the higher expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) in the proximal/distal renal tubules of MEM mice fed a control diet than in those of KSOM mice. Pathologies, such as glomerulosclerosis, renal arteriolar changes, and higher TGFB expression, were ameliorated by barley diet intake in MEM mice. These findings suggested that the MEM mouse is an effective DKD animal model that shows glomerulosclerosis and renal arteriolar changes, and barley intake can improve these pathologies in MEM mice.

Consumption of barley ameliorates the diabetic steatohepatitis and reduces the high transforming growth factor ß expression in mice grown in α-minimum essential medium in vitro as embryos.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes the subtype non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a major complication of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), even among non-obese patients. However, the exact cause of NAFLD/NASH in non-obese patients with T2DM is unclear. We studied a non-obese mouse model of T2DM created through the malnourishment of embryos by culture in vitro for 48 h in α-minimum essential medium (MEM) at the two-cell stage. We compared the development of steatohepatitis in these MEM mice with control mice that were similarly cultured in standard potassium simplex-optimized medium (KSOM). We also studied the effects of 10 weeks of consumption of barley, which contains large amounts of the soluble fiber ß-glucan, on the steatohepatitis of the adult MEM mice. The size of lipid droplets, the area of fibrosis, and the mRNA expression of the transforming growth factor beta (Tgfb) gene in the liver were higher in adult MEM mice fed a rice-based diet than in KSOM mice fed the same diet. However, barley consumption reduced the area of fibrosis and TGFB expression in MEM mice. In conclusion, adult mice that are cultured in MEM at the two-cell embryo stage develop steatohepatitis and T2DM, accompanied by higher hepatic TGFB expression, than KSOM controls. Furthermore, the consumption of barley during adulthood ameliorates the steatohepatitis and reduces the TGFB expression.