Housing conditions and respiratory morbidity in Indigenous children in remote communities in Northwestern Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Rates of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) among First Nations (FN) children living in Canada are elevated. We aimed to quantify indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the homes of FN children in isolated communities and evaluate any associations with respiratory morbidity. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional evaluation of 98 FN children (81 with complete data) aged 3 years or younger, living in 4 FN communities in the Sioux Lookout region of Northern Ontario. We performed medical chart reviews and administered questionnaires. We performed a housing inspection, including quantifying the interior surface area of mould (SAM). We monitored air quality for 5 days in each home and quantified the contaminant loading of settled floor dust, including endotoxin. We analyzed associations between IEQ variables and respiratory conditions using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 1.6 years and 21% had been admitted to hospital for respiratory infections before age 2 years. Houses were generally crowded (mean occupancy 6.6 [standard deviation 2.6, range 3-17] people per house). Serious housing concerns were frequent, including a lack of functioning controlled ventilation. The mean SAM in the occupied space was 0.2 m2. In multivariable modelling, there was evidence of an association of LRTI with log endotoxin (p = 0.07) and age (p = 0.02), and for upper respiratory tract infections, with SAM (p = 0.07) and age (p = 0.03). Wheeze with colds was associated with log endotoxin (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.04). INTERPRETATION: We observed poor housing conditions and an association between endotoxin and wheezing in young FN children living in Northern Ontario.

Care of the Injured Patients at Nursing Stations and during Air Medical Transport.

INTRODUCTION: Nursing stations are the only access point into the health care system for some communities and have limited capabilities and resources. We describe characteristics of patients injured in Northern Ontario who present to nursing stations and require transport by air ambulance. Secondary objectives are to compare interventions performed at nursing stations with those performed by flight paramedics and to identify systemic gaps in trauma care. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all injured patients transported by air ambulance from April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2015. RESULTS: A total of 125 injured patients were transported from nursing stations. Blunt trauma accounted for 82.5% of injuries, and alcohol intoxication was suspected in 41.6% of patients. The most frequently performed interventions were intravenous fluids and analgesia. Paramedics administered oxygen 62.4% of the time, whereas nursing stations only applied in 8.8% of cases. Flight paramedics were the only providers to intubate and administer tranexamic acid, mannitol, or vasopressors. CONCLUSION: Care for patients at nursing stations may be improved by updating the drug formulary based on gap analyses. Further research should examine the role of telemedicine support for nursing station staff and the use of point-of-care devices to screen for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in northwest Ontario: A five-year report of incidence and antibiotic resistance.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is traditionally high in remote areas of Canada with large Aboriginal populations. Northwestern Ontario is home to 28,000 First Nations people in more than 30 remote communities; rates of CA-MRSA are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the CA-MRSA rates and antibiotic susceptibilities in this region. METHODS: A five-year review of laboratory and patient CA-MRSA data and antibiotic susceptibility was undertaken. RESULTS: In 2012, 56% of S aureus isolates were CA-MRSA strains, an increase from 31% in 2008 (P=0.06). Reinfection rates have been increasing faster than new cases and, currrently, 25% of infections are reinfections. CA-MRSA isolates continue to be susceptible to many common antibiotics (nearly 100%), particularly trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin and tetracycline. Erythromycin susceptibility stands at 58%. DISCUSSION: Rates of CA-MRSA, as a percentage of all S aureus isolates, were higher than those reported in other primary care series. The infection rate per 100,000 is one the highest reported in Canada. Antibiotic susceptibilities were unchanged during the study period; the 99% susceptibility rate to clindamycin differs from a 2010 Vancouver (British Columbia) study that reported only a 79% susceptibility to this antibiotic. CONCLUSION: There are very high rates of CA-MRSA infections in northwestern Ontario. Disease surveillance and ongoing attention to antibiotic resistance is important in understanding the changing profile of MRSA infections. Social determinants of health, specifically improved housing and sanitation, remain important regional issues.

HISTORIQUE: L'incidence de Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline d'origine non nosocomiale (SARM-ONN) est généralement élevée dans les régions éloignées du Canada aux fortes populations autochtones. Ainsi, 28 000 membres des Premières nations habitent dans plus de 30 communautés éloignées du nord-ouest de l'Ontario. On n'y connaît pas le taux de SARM-ONN. OBJECTIF: Déterminer le taux de SARM-ONN et les susceptibilités aux antibiotiques dans cette région. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont effectué une analyse quinquennale des données de laboratoire et des données des patients à l'égard du SARM-ONN ainsi que de leur susceptibilité aux antibiotiques. RÉSULTATS: En 2012, 56 % des isolats de S aureus étaient des souches de SARM-ONN, soit une augmentation par rapport aux 31 % de 2008 (P=0,06). Le taux de réinfection augmentait plus rapidement que le taux de nouveaux cas : 25 % des infections sont désormais des réinfections. Les isolats de SARM-ONN continuent d'être susceptibles à de nombreux antibiotiques courants (près de 100 %), notamment le triméthoprim-sulfaméthoxazole, la clindamycine et la tétracycline. La susceptibilité à l'érythromycine est de 58 %. EXPOSÉ: Le taux de SAMR-ONN, à titre de pourcentage de tous les isolats de S aureus, était plus élevé que celui déclaré dans d'autres séries de soins de première ligne. Le taux d'infection sur 100 000 habitants est l'un des plus élevés à être signalé au Canada. Les susceptibilités aux antibiotiques demeuraient inchangées pendant la période de l'étude. Le taux de susceptibilité de 99 % à la clindamycine diffère de celui de seulement 79 % obtenu dans une étude de 2010 menée à Vancouver, en Colombie-Britannique. CONCLUSION: Les chercheurs ont constaté un taux très élevé d'infections par le SARM-ONN au nord-ouest de l'Ontario. Il est important de surveiller la maladie et de demeurer attentif à l'antibiorésistance pour comprendre l'évolution du profil des infections par le SARM. Les déterminants sociaux de la santé, particulièrement l'amélioration des logements et des mesures d'assainissement, continuent de représenter d'importants problèmes régionaux.

Management of infectious diseases in remote northwestern Ontario with telemedicine videoconference consultations.

Northwestern Ontario in Canada provides a unique clinical challenge for providing optimal medical care. It is a large geographic area (385,000 km2) and is home to 32 remote First Nations communities, most without road access. These communities suffer a heavy burden of infectious disease and specialist consultations are difficult to obtain. The Division of Infectious Diseases at the Ottawa Hospital and the Sioux Lookout Meno Ya Win Health Centre established a telemedicine-based infectious disease consultation service in July 2014. We describe the implementation of this service, types of cases seen and patient satisfaction, as well as some of the challenges encountered. Information on visits was prospectively collected through an administrative database, and patient satisfaction surveys were administered after each initial consultation. During our first year of operation, 191 teleconsultations occurred: 76 initial consultations, 82 follow-up appointments and 33 case conferences. The scope of cases has been broad, mostly involving musculoskeletal infections (26%), followed by skin and soft tissue infections (23%). HCV, acute rheumatic fever, and respiratory infections (including pulmonary tuberculosis) were other diagnoses. Patient satisfaction has been very high and 28 telemedicine patient visits have occurred in their remote home communities, minimizing travel. The infectious disease consulting service and local clinicians have succeeded in addressing needs for care in infectious diseases in northwestern Ontario, where important gaps in service to First Nations' communities continue to exist. Regular scheduled available access to an infectious disease specialist is a well-received advancement of care in this remote region of Canada.

Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae diseases in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, 2010-2015.

INTRODUCTION: North American indigenous populations experience a high burden of invasive bacterial infections. Because Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae have multiple antigenic variants, the existing vaccines cannot prevent all cases. This study addresses the current epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae and pneumococcal disease (IPD) in a region of Northwestern Ontario, Canada with a relatively high (82%) indigenous population. METHODS: Data were retrieved from a retrospective chart review at a hospital servicing a population of 29000 (82% indigenous), during January 2010-July 2015. RESULTS: Ten cases of invasive H. influenzae disease and 37 cases of IPD were identified. The incidence of both in the study population (6.3 and 23.1/100000/year, respectively) exceeded national rates (1.6 and 9.0/100000/year). H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) was the most common (50%), followed by non-typeable H. influenzae (20%). In adults, 77% of IPD cases were caused by serotypes included in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. All paediatric IPD cases were caused by serotypes not included in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The case-fatality rate was 10% for invasive H. influenzae and 2.7% for IPD. Most cases exhibited substantial co-morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: In Northwestern Ontario, the incidence of invasive Hia disease exceeds that of H. influenzae type b (Hib) in the pre-Hib vaccine era. This provides strong support for the development of a new Hia vaccine. Improved pneumococcal vaccination of high-risk adults in the region is warranted.

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia requiring hospitalization in young first nations children in Northern Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: High rates of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, have been reported in Inuit infants living in arctic Canada. We examined rates of LRTI in First Nations Canadian infants living in the Sioux Lookout Zone, in Northern Ontario. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospital admissions for LRTI during a 5-year period, in patients <1 year of age was carried out at the Sioux Lookout Meno Ya Win Health Centre, an acute-care hospital that provides secondary care to 31 mainly isolated communities and the town of Sioux Lookout. Admission rates were compared with those in the province of Ontario, as a whole. RESULTS: One-hundred and seventeen subjects were identified. The annualized rate of admission for nonbacterial LRTI was 44 per 1000 infants <1 year of age per year. This rate was significantly higher than for the whole province (P = 0.011). Admission rates also varied significantly between communities (P < 0.001).Thirteen percent of subjects required transfer to a tertiary care center. A virus was identified in 55% (36/65) of subjects tested for respiratory viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus were identified most often. Of patients who had a blood culture performed, bacteria were found in 10% (6/59) of subjects. Many patients had radiographic evidence of consolidation, consistent with pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of LRTI are significantly elevated in First Nations infants living in the Sioux Lookout Zone. Varying rates between communities suggest that environmental factors may be contributing to rates of LRTI in this population.

An evaluation of the Acute Critical Events Simulation (ACES) course for family medicine residents.

INTRODUCTION: A 2-year residency must prepare family physicians to provide a broad range of services. In many settings, especially rural and remote practices, family physicians provide emergency and inpatient care and thus encounter critically ill patients. Evidence of the importance of early recognition and aggressive intervention in critical illness is growing. However, opportunities to safely practise critical care skills during residencies are limited. METHODS: The 2-day Acute Critical Events Simulation (ACES) course was offered to all family medicine residents at the University of Ottawa in 2009. The course included lectures, case discussions, hands-on task training and a half-day of high-fidelity simulation. Its aims were to enhance the abilities of residents in family medicine to recognize signs of critical illness, to teach competencies in the early resuscitation and care of such patients, and to increase residents' confidence to include inpatient and emergency care in their practices, or to practise in a rural or remote setting. A postcourse questionnaire, which included Likert-scale and open-ended questions, was distributed to all participants. RESULTS: Thirty-seven participants completed the survey. The ACES course was exceptionally well-received by participants, who reported increases in confidence and perceived competence, as well as intentions to change practice. The course appeared to increase participants' confidence to work in rural or remote areas and include inpatient or emergency medicine services in their practices. CONCLUSION: The ACES course achieved its aims, and participants reported positive outcomes. This highly interactive, simulation-based program may help prepare residents for work in rural or remote communities with critically ill patients.