[Distribution features of gunshot residue from hunting Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine on targets]. / Osobennosti raspredeleniya na mishenyakh produktov vystrela iz okhotnich'ego karabina Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3.

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphology of distribution of shot factors on white targets made of coarse calico at different distances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 57 experimental damages of targets made of cotton fabric, caused by shots from hunting self-loading Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine of.223 Rem caliber. The number of experimental firings equal 19 was done by 3 shots at the distance from close range to 250 cm. The examination of shot targets was carried out using the visual, metric, stereoscopic (Leica 125M microscope) methods, in ultraviolet rays (LUMATEC SUPERLITE M Series light). RESULTS: The nature and morphology of distribution of gunshot residue on targets' surfaces made it possible to establish close range firing zones. The nature in which soot is deposited during shot under the conditions of point-blank range and in the first zone of close range (up to 8 cm) allows to establish the position of weapon's transverse plane relative to the target basing on a specific blowout of a gas-powder jet from special design of flame arrestor. The performed experimental shooting from hunting self-loading Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine made it possible to determine the metric and morphological characteristics of the close range firing zones: 1 zone is equal a distance up to 8 cm; 2 zone - up to 30 cm; 3 zone - up to 100 cm from muzzle of weapon. The design features of Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine's flame arrestor allow to identify the type of weapon according to the morphological pattern of target's damage. The complex of obtained data makes it possible to determine the firing distance with high accuracy.

[Forensic medical characteristic of prevalence and structure of sudden juveniles' death in Moscow Region and St. Petersburg]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti i struktury vnezapnoi smerti lits molodogo vozrasta v Moskovskoi oblasti i Sankt-Peterburge.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to compare the prevalence and structure of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of nonviolent death in Moscow Region as a representative of the large region and St. Petersburg as a city of federal importance. Frequency and structure of this parameter, as well as its dynamics were analyzed. The comparison of obtained results with data of Federal State Statistics Service was done. Nonparametric analysis of the initial data has been conducted. Clustering and visualization, based on the following parameters of initial sample, have been done: «death rate from CVD in the structure of nonviolent death¼, «morbidity rate¼, «incomes¼ and «unemployment rate¼. Correlation dependences between death rate from CVD according to the Form №42 and mentioned parameters of medical and social state of the subject have been determined. Dependences between sudden death rate from CDV and a number of medical and social parameters have been established.

[Morphofunctional cerebral changes associated with development of suicidal behavior]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniya golovnogo mozga, svyazannye s razvitiem suitsidal'nogo povedeniya.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to identify the cerebral areas, which demonstrate the most significant structural changes and damaged functional activity in patients with suicidal behavior. The original studies, presented in PubMed database, were used to analyze the literature. Additional literature in the form of atlases, review articles and publications, written in related spheres, was used to interpret the results. The study identified the 69 cerebral regions, demonstrating significant changes and the structures with the most significant deviations among them were selected. The regions of cerebral grey matter, in particular basal ganglia (structures of striatum and limbic system), as well as selected regions of cerebral cortex, specifically frontal, insularis, singulate and parietal mostly were included in the list. The decrease in grey matter volume, changes of neuronal and glial density, special patterns of activity and variations of functional association with other cerebral regions are described within mentioned structures. The literature review found that there was a lack of postmortem examinations in suicidal cases. Advanced study of the described structures is required in cases of completed suicide using new research methods.

Optical nonlinearity of a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal via temperature-mediated mapping of dielectric anisotropy.

Liquid crystals are of great interest in the field of nonlinear optics due to their efficient response to low intensity light fields. Here we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, mechanism of a nonlinear optical response which is observed for a dye-doped dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal. The local increase in temperature caused by the absorption of light beam in the liquid crystal medium leads to spatial variation and inversion of the sign of the dielectric anisotropy. When an alternating current electric field with a frequency close to the cross-over frequency is applied to the liquid crystal cell, the planar orientation sustains at the beam periphery, but elastic deformation occurs in the irradiation region. In the case of a dye dopant with negative absorption dichroism, a first-order orientational transition with large bistability region is obtained.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of GZK-111, a Dipeptide with Neuroprotective Activity.

We studied the pharmacokinetics of GZK-111 (N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline ethyl ether), a compound with neuroprotective activity, and its metabolite CPG (cyclo-L-prolylglycine) in rat blood plasma after single intravenous and intragastric administration in a dose of 20 mg/kg. It was found that the parent drug undergoes intensive biotransformation; its metabolite CPG persists in the circulation more than twice as long as GZK-111 and its plasma concentrations were higher by 50-70 times than the concentrations of the parent compound.

Metabolism of a New Dipeptide Neuroprotector in Rats.

Metabolism of a new neuroprotector GZK-111 (N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester) in rat blood plasma was studied by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Four biotransformation products were identified. It is concluded that the main ways of GZK-111 biotransformation are hydrolysis of the ester bond by esterases followed by degradation of the resulting metabolite, as well as reactions leading to the formation of phenylacetic acid and cycloprolylglycine that exhibits neuropsychotropic activity.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of istiratumab (MM-141) plus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine versus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in front-line metastatic pancreatic cancer (CARRIE).

BACKGROUND: Preclinical data suggest that dual blockade of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and HER3 pathways has superior activity to IGF-1R blockade alone in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We tested whether istiratumab, an IGF-1R- and ErbB3-bispecific antibody, can enhance the efficacy of standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy in patients with metastatic PDAC selected for high IGF-1 serum levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CARRIE was an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study for patients with previously untreated metastatic PDAC. In part 1, 10 patients were evaluated for pharmacokinetics and safety. In part 2, patients with high free serum IGF-1 levels were randomized 1 : 1 to receive either istiratumab [2.8 g intravenously (i.v.) every 2 weeks] or placebo combined with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel at approved dose schedule. The co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with high IGF-1 levels and PFS in patients with both high serum IGF-1 levels and heregulin (HRG)+ tumors. Key secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST v.1.1, and adverse events (AEs) rate. RESULTS: A total of 317 patients were screened, with 88 patients randomized in part 2 (experimental arm n = 43; control n = 45). In the high IGF-1 cohort, median PFS was 3.6 and 7.3 months in the experimental versus control arms, respectively [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.88, P = 0.027]. In the high IGF-1/HRG+ subgroup (n = 44), median PFS was 4.1 and 7.3 months, respectively (HR = 1.39, P = 0.42). Median OS and ORR for the overall population were similar between two arms. No significant difference in serious or grade ≥3 AEs was observed, although low-grade AEs leading to early discontinuation were higher in the experimental (39.5%) versus control arm (24.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Istiratumab failed to improve the efficacy of SOC chemotherapy in this patient setting. High serum IGF-1 levels did not appear to be an adverse prognostic factor when compared with non-biomarker-selected historic controls. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02399137; EUDRA CT: 2014-004572-34.

Flavone inspired discovery of benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-ones (aurones) as potent inhibitors of human protein kinase CK2.

In this work, we describe the design, synthesis and SAR studies of 2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3-ones (aurones), a new family of potent inhibitors of CK2. A series of aurones have been synthesized. These compounds are structurally related to the synthetic flavones and showed nanomolar activities towards CK2. Biochemical tests revealed that 20 newly synthesized compounds inhibited CK2 with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Further property-based optimization of aurones was performed, yielding a series of CK2 inhibitors with enhanced lipophilic efficiency. The most potent compound 12m (BFO13) has CLipE = 4.94 (CLogP = 3.5; IC50 = 3.6 nM) commensurable with the best known inhibitors of CK2.

Comparison of the diagnostic performance of the 2017 and 2018 versions of LI-RADS for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI.

AIM: To compare the diagnostic performance of the 2017 (v2017) and 2018 versions (v2018) of the Liver Imaging-Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-EOB-MRI) and to evaluate the effect in v2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Treatment-naive patients at high-risk for HCC who underwent Gd-EOB-MRI were included. The LI-RADS categories were assigned according to v2017 and v2018. The diagnostic performances were compared between v2017 and v2018 according to the size and combination of imaging features. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients with 137 observations were identified, including 89 HCCs; 76.2% (64/84) of observations with threshold growth were re-classified as subthreshold growth when using v2018 instead of v2017. The final categories changed in nine (14%) cases. For the combination of LR-5/LR-5V, there were no significant differences in sensitivity and specificity between the two versions (sensitivity, 64% versus 58.4%; specificity, 87.5% versus 85.4%; all p>0.05). For the combination of LR-4 and LR-5/5V, the diagnostic performance of v2018 was inferior to that of v2017 when considering only major features (accuracy, 86.1% versus 80.3%, respectively; p=0.013), particularly in observations measuring 10-20 mm, but was comparable after adding the ancillary features (accuracy, 86.9% versus 86.1%, respectively; p=1.00). CONCLUSION: In LI-RADS v2018, although a considerable number of observations re-classified subthreshold growth, changes in the assigned categories were insignificant; overall diagnostic performance was comparable to that of v2017, but v2018 might emphasise the value of ancillary features in combination with major features for determining the probability of HCC.

Seroepidemiology of Leptospira infection in slaughtered cattle in Gauteng province, South Africa.

Leptospirosis is an important economical disease of livestock globally, especially in Asia, the Caribbean, and the African continent. Its presence has been reported in a wide range of livestock. However, information on leptospirosis in South Africa is scanty. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 11 randomly selected abattoirs to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in slaughtered cattle in Gauteng province, South Africa. During abattoir visits to selected abattoirs, blood samples were collected from 199 cattle and demographic data obtained on the slaughtered animals. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed on all sera using a 26-serotype panel using cutoff titer ≥ 1:100. Animal- and abattoir-level risk factors were investigated for their association with seropositivity for leptospirosis. The seroprevalence of leptospirosis in the cattle sampled was 27.6% (55/199). The predominant serogroups detected in seropositive cattle were Sejroe (sv. Hardjo) (38.2%) and Mini sv. Szwajizak) (14.5%) but low to Canicola (sv. Canicola) (1.8%) and Pomona (sv. Pomona) (1.8%). The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Of the five variables investigated, only one (abattoirs) had statistically significantly (P < 0.001) differences in the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among abattoirs. The study documented for the first time in South Africa, the occurrence of serogroups Sejroe (Hardjo bovis strain lely 607), Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, and Medanensis in slaughtered cattle. It was concluded that six of the nine serovars (representing seven serogroups) of Leptospira spp. circulating in cattle population in South Africa are not vaccine serogroups. The clinical, diagnostic, and public health importance of the findings cannot be ignored.

[Electrophysiological study of the visual pathway in anti-VEGF therapy of neovascular age-related macular degeneration combined with glaucoma]. / Élektrofiziologicheskoe issledovanie zritel'nogo puti pri anti-VEGF-terapii neovaskuliarnoi vozrastnoi makuliarnoi degeneratsii v sochetanii s glaukomoi.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF drugs ranibizumab and aflibercept on the functional state of the visual pathway in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using the method of recording visual evoked potentials (VEP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 54 patients (54 eyes) with nAMD and POAG were examined. The control group consisted of 39 healthy patients (39 eyes). The study included 24 patients (24 eyes) with stage IA POAG, 23 patients (23 eyes) with stage IIA POAG, 7 patients (7 eyes) with stage IIIA POAG. All patients with nAMD and POAG were given intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drug: 35 patients received ranibizumab, 19 patients received aflibercept. Injections were performed monthly for 3 months. Ophthalmologic examination included visometry, biomicroscopy, retinal OCT using SPECTRALIS tomograph ('Heidelberg Engineering GmbH', Germany). VEP were recorded on EP-1000 Multifocal ('Tomey', Germany). All ophthalmologic studies were performed prior to administration of the anti-VEGF preparation and after the 3rd injection. RESULTS: After the third intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increased to 0.46±0.1 (p=0.001). According to OCT, central retinal thickness decreased by an average of 110.6 µm, the total volume of the retina decreased by 1.3 mm3, total thickness RNFL - by 3.8 µm (p<0.05). A decrease in the peak latency and an increase in the amplitude of the component P100 of VEP were noted. Statistically significant differences in indicators of VEP between antiangiogenic drugs ranibizumab and aflibercept were not detected (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF drugs ranibizumab and aflibercept has no negative influence on the functional state of the visual pathway in patients with nAMD and POAG. Intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and aflibercept can be considered a safe treatment option for patients with nAMD and POAG.

[Effect of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and aflibercept on the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with concomitant neovascular age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma]. / Vliianie intravitreal'nykh in''ektsii ranibizumaba i aflibertsepta na sloi nervnykh volokon setchatki pri sochetanii neovaskuliarnoi vozrastnoi makuliarnoi degeneratsii i glaukomy.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of ranibizumab and aflibercept on the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 62 patients (62 eyes) with nAMD and comorbid POAG. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the anti-VEGF treatment. The first group included 42 patients (42 eyes) who received injections of ranibizumab. The second group consisted of 20 patients (20 eyes) who received aflibercept. All patients received three injections of ranibizumab or aflibercept with one-month intervals. In addition to standard ophthalmic examination, patients underwent optical coherence tomography of the macular area and peripapillary RNFL. RESULTS: After anti-VEGF treatment, patients of both groups exhibited improvements expressed in reduced macular edema, increased visual acuity and absence of intraocular pressure (IOP) changes, as well as no statistically significant changes in the width and depth of excavation. There was a statistically significant decrease of peripapillary RNFL thickness in the temporal quadrant after treatment. CONCLUSION: The decrease of peripapillary RNFL thickness in the temporal quadrant occurs due to resorption of macular edema. In the absence of statistically significant changes in IOP, width and depth of excavation, intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and aflibercept can be considered safe treatment options for patients with concomitant nAMD and POAG.

[Early postoperative stabilometric training in patients with spinal diseases who underwent decompressive-stabilizing interventions]. / Stabilometricheskii trening v rannem posleoperatsionnom periode u patsientov s zabolevaniiami pozvonochnika, perenesshikh dekompressivno-stabiliziruiushchie vmeshatel'stva.

AIM: To study the impact of rehabilitation measures on the dynamics of pain syndrome and on the state of postural muscle balance in the early postoperative period in patients with degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the lumbar spine who have undergone decompressive-stabilizing interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This paper comparatively analyzed the level of pain syndrome in the lumbar spine and lower extremities, the stabilometric indicators characterizing the amplitude of center-of-pressure oscillations in patients who had undergone decompressive-stabilizing operations at 7±2 days after surgical treatment for degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the lumbar spine. Two groups of 60 people in each were formed: rehabilitation measures were implemented, starting on day 2 of an early postoperative period (the duration of the latter was 7±2 days after surgery); the basic complex was supplemented with stabilometric training in Group 1 (a study group); only the basic complex was used in Group 2 (a comparison group). RESULTS: In the study group, the frequency of rehabilitation outcomes with an achieved excellent result depending on the level of pain syndrome in the lower extremities and spine on a visual analogue scale was 62.5 and 88.9%, respectively; which significantly statistically exceeds the proportion of patients with the same outcome in the comparison group (37.5 and 11.1%; p<0.01 in both cases). There was a statistically significant more pronounced decrease in the level of pain syndrome in the lumbar spine (p=0.0001) and lower limbs (p=0.003) in the patients of the study group in the early postoperative period. Intergroup comparison revealed a statistically significant decrease in all the indicators monitored in the study, which characterize the amplitude of the center-of-pressure oscillations. Moreover, the value of the oscillation area parameter between the patient groups differed by 1.76 and 1.83 times during Romberg's test with the eyes open or closed, respectively (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the comprehensive treatment supplemented with stabilometric training in the early postoperative period improves the state of postural muscle balance. There was a statistically significant predominance of compliance with normative values in patients of the study group during Romberg's test with the eyes open or closed (p=0.007 and p=0.00002, respectively), which contributes to a more marked decrease in the level of pain syndrome in the lumbar spine (p=0.001) and lower extremities (p=0.003).

[Evidence-based medicine: opportunities of the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method in eliminating selection bias in retrospective neurosurgical studies]. / Dokazatel'naia meditsina: vozmozhnost' ispol'zovaniia metoda podbora bol'nykh po indeksu sootvetstviia (PSM) dlia ustraneniia sistematicheskoi oshibki otbora v retrospektivnykh neirokhirurgicheskikh issledovaniiakh.

To date, a large amount of retrospectively collected data about treatment of neurosurgical pathology have been accumulated. Modern methods of medical statistics are necessary for correct interpretation of the data. The article purpose is to demonstrate application of one of the modern methods, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), in neurosurgery. The use of PSM avoids misinterpretation of retrospectively collected data and obviates errors in planning further prospective studies. For the past 10 years, the number of published international PSM-based studies has increased more than 10-fold, with the number of articles by Russian authors accounting for less than 0.2%. In line with the tendencies of international studies, application of PSM in analysis of retrospectively collected data will enable testing of a number of hypotheses and correct planning of prospective randomized studies.

[The use of the microbial and entomological data for the diagnostics of prescription of death coming]. / Ispol'zovanie mikrobno-éntomologicheskikh dannykh dlia ustanovleniia davnosti nastupleniia smerti.

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the possibility of the diagnostics of prescription of death coming (PDC) based on the results of the studies with the application of the entomological and microbiological methods. The entomological materials included larvae of two dipteran species Stearibia nigriceps (Piophilidae) and Fannia vesparia (Fanniidae) collected from bone tissue fragments and the bony bed. The detailed investigation of the succession of necrophilic insects taking place in the course of decomposition of organic matter and the development of the preimaginal stages of the dipterans made it possible to determine the duration of the period during which the corpse remained in the ambient environment. The microbiological studies made it possible to determine the composition of necrobiome of the bone remains. It included, among other things, the association of soil bacterial forms belonging to the orders Actinomycetales, Pseudomonadales, and Aeromonadales in the combination with the fungi of the order Endomycetales. The enteral microorganisms that trigger putrefaction at the early stages of corpse decomposition were totally absent in the remains that hosted soil microorganisms destroying the hard tissues. The predominance of Actinobacteria in the samples of bone remains gave evidence of active disintegration of the skeletal tissues by the bacterial species inhabiting the local soil milieu. The study demonstrated that the results of the analysis of the microbial constituent of the washouts from the surfaces of the skull and the left upper arm bone of the human corpse were consistent with the conclusion about the prescription of death coming based on the entomological data. It is agued that the development of the methods for the diagnostics of prescription of death coming, including those to be used for the examination of the skeletonized corpses, based on the results of the entomological and microbiological investigations has good prospects as an area of research in the field of forensic medicine.

Evidence of multiple intraspecific transmission routes for Leptospira acquisition in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Infectious diseases frequently have multiple potential routes of intraspecific transmission of pathogens within wildlife and other populations. For pathogens causing zoonotic diseases, knowing whether these transmission routes occur in the wild and their relative importance, is critical for understanding maintenance, improving control measures and ultimately preventing human disease. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the primary reservoir of leptospirosis in the urban slums of Salvador, Brazil. There is biological evidence for potentially three different transmission routes of leptospire infection occurring in the rodent population. Using newly obtained prevalence data from rodents trapped at an urban slum field site, we present changes in cumulative risk of infection in relation to age-dependent transmission routes to infer which intra-specific transmission routes occur in the wild. We found that a significant proportion of animals leave the nest with infection and that the risk of infection increases throughout the lifetime of Norway rats. We did not observe a significant effect of sexual maturity on the risk of infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that vertical and environmental transmission of leptospirosis both occur in wild populations of Norway rats.

Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil.

Urban slum environments in the tropics are conducive to the proliferation and the spread of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens to humans. Calodium hepaticum (Brancroft, 1893) is a zoonotic nematode known to infect a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are considered the most important mammalian host of C. hepaticum and are therefore a potentially useful species to inform estimates of the risk to humans living in urban slum environments. There is a lack of studies systematically evaluating the role of demographic and environmental factors that influence both carriage and intensity of infection of C. hepaticum in rodents from urban slum areas within tropical regions. Carriage and the intensity of infection of C. hepaticum were studied in 402 Norway rats over a 2-year period in an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. Overall, prevalence in Norway rats was 83% (337/402). Independent risk factors for C. hepaticum carriage in R. norvegicus were age and valley of capture. Of those infected the proportion with gross liver involvement (i.e. >75% of the liver affected, a proxy for a high level intensity of infection), was low (8%, 26/337). Sixty soil samples were collected from ten locations to estimate levels of environmental contamination and provide information on the potential risk to humans of contracting C. hepaticum from the environment. Sixty percent (6/10) of the sites were contaminated with C. hepaticum. High carriage levels of C. hepaticum within Norway rats and sub-standard living conditions within slum areas may increase the risk to humans of exposure to the infective eggs of C. hepaticum. This study supports the need for further studies to assess whether humans are becoming infected within this community and whether C. hepaticum is posing a significant risk to human health.

Modification of Rat Lung Decellularization Protocol Based on Dynamic Conductometry of Working Solution.

We modified the protocol of obtaining of biological scaffolds of rat lungs based on dynamic recording of specific resistivity of working detergent solution (conductometry) during perfusion decellularization. Termination of sodium deoxycholate exposure after attaining ionic equilibrium plateau did not impair the quality of decellularization and preserved structural matrix components, which was confirmed by morphological analysis and quantitative assay of residual DNA.

[Immunity of a leguminous plant infected by nodular bacteria Rhizobium spp. F.]

Recent studies of the immune system of leguminous plants infected with nodular bacteria (rhizobia) are summarized. The possibility of blocking the invasion of rhizobia into plant organs not affected by the primary infection is discussed. The concept of local and systemic resistance of the leguminous plant to rhizobial infection is introduced. The Nod factors of rhizobia are considered, as well as the plant receptors that interact with these factors upon the formation of symbiosis of the plant and bacteria. The role of bacterial surface exopolysaccharides in the suppression of the protective system of the plants is discussed. The innate immunity of leguminous plant cells is assumed to affect the formation and functioning of the symbiosis of the plant and the bacteria.

[Glibenclamide as a promising agent for prevention and treatment of cerebral edema]. / Glibenklamid - perspektivnoe sredstvo profilaktiki i lecheniia oteka golovnogo mozga.

The article presents a review of the literature on the use of a fundamentally new technique for prevention and treatment of cerebral edema. A drug glibenclamide, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, is able to reduce cerebral edema and neuronal damage as evidenced by the results of preclinical trials in rodents and the first results of drug application in patients. The article describes the mechanism of glibenclamide action and discusses the potential for its application.