Global FT4 immunoassay standardization: an expert opinion review.

OBJECTIVES: Results can vary between different free thyroxine (FT4) assays; global standardization would improve comparability of results between laboratories, allowing development of common clinical decision limits in evidence-based guidelines. CONTENT: We summarize the path to standardization of FT4 assays, and challenges associated with FT4 testing in special populations, including the need for collaborative efforts toward establishing population-specific reference intervals. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Committee for Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests has undertaken FT4 immunoassay method comparison and recalibration studies and developed a reference measurement procedure that is currently being validated. Further studies are needed to establish common reference intervals/clinical decision limits. Standardization of FT4 assays will change test results substantially; therefore, a major education program will be required to ensure stakeholders are aware of the benefits of FT4 standardization, planned transition procedure, and potential clinical impact of the changes. Assay recalibration by manufacturers and approval process simplification by regulatory authorities will help minimize the clinical impact of standardization. SUMMARY: Significant progress has been made toward standardization of FT4 testing, but technical and logistical challenges remain. OUTLOOK: Collaborative efforts by manufacturers, laboratories, and clinicians are required to achieve successful global standardization of the FT4 assays.

Acute psychosocial stress alters thalamic network centrality.

Acute stress triggers a broad psychophysiological response that is adaptive if rapidly activated and terminated. While the brain controls the stress response, it is strongly affected by it. Previous research of stress effects on brain activation and connectivity has mainly focused on pre-defined brain regions or networks, potentially missing changes in the rest of the brain. We here investigated how both stress reactivity and stress recovery are reflected in whole-brain network topology and how changes in functional connectivity relate to other stress measures. Healthy young males (n = 67) completed the Trier Social Stress Test or a control task. From 60 min before until 105 min after stress onset, blocks of resting-state fMRI were acquired. Subjective, autonomic, and endocrine measures of the stress response were assessed throughout the experiment. Whole-brain network topology was quantified using Eigenvector centrality (EC) mapping, which detects central hubs of a network. Stress influenced subjective affect, autonomic activity, and endocrine measures. EC differences between groups as well as before and after stress exposure were found in the thalamus, due to widespread connectivity changes in the brain. Stress-driven EC increases in the thalamus were significantly correlated with subjective stress ratings and showed non-significant trends for a correlation with heart rate variability and saliva cortisol. Furthermore, increases in thalamic EC and in saliva cortisol persisted until 105 min after stress onset. We conclude that thalamic areas are central for information processing after stress exposure and may provide an interface for the stress response in the rest of the body and in the mind.

Calcitonin measurement in pediatrics: reference ranges are gender-dependent, validation in medullary thyroid cancer and thyroid diseases.

BACKGROUND: There is only limited information on serum reference ranges of calcitonin (CT) in infants, children and adolescents. This gap hampers valid diagnostics in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and planned prophylactic thyroidectomy. In addition, age-dependent reference ranges for CT are necessary to define a cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We asked whether the reference ranges for CT levels were age- and gender-dependent in the serum of a pediatric cohort. METHODS: A total of 6090 serum samples of 2639 subjects of the LIFE-Child cohort aged between 1 month and 17.9 years were analyzed by the CT electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Reference intervals were estimated using the LMS method. For clinical validation the serum of 28 patients (61 samples) with MEN 2 and 106 patients (136 samples) with thyroid diseases were analyzed. RESULTS: CT levels showed a clear age- and gender-dependence with significantly higher values in boys (p<0.01). An accelerated decline of CT levels from newborn to children at the age of 4 and 5 years was observed for both sexes. A cure for MTC was demonstrated in 71% of MEN 2 patients after thyroidectomy, whereas 5 patients remained suspicious for micrometastasis or relapse. Only 1.5% of our patients with thyroid diseases revealed increased CT levels. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to establish novel pediatric reference ranges from the CT values of healthy subjects. It allows a precise laboratory monitoring of CT in pediatric patients with MEN 2. Thyroid diseases did not have a relevant influence on CT levels in our pediatric cohort.

United States and European Multicenter Prospective Study for the Analytical Performance and Clinical Validation of a Novel Sensitive Fully Automated Immunoassay for Calcitonin.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is the validation and proof of clinical relevance of a novel electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for the determination of serum calcitonin (CT) in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and in different diseases of the thyroid and of calcium homeostasis. METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective study on basal serum CT concentrations performed in 9 US and European referral institutions. In addition, stimulated CT concentrations were measured in 50 healthy volunteers after intravenous calcium administration (2.5 mg/kg bodyweight). RESULTS: In total, 1929 patients and healthy controls were included. Limits of blank, detection, and quantification for the ECLIA were 0.3, 0.5, and 1 ng/L, respectively. Highest intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 7.4% (CT concentration, 0.8 ng/L) and 7.0% (1.1 ng/L), respectively. Medians (interval) of serum CT concentrations in 783 healthy controls were 0.8 ng/L (<0.5-12.7) and 3 ng/L (<0.5-18) for females and males, respectively (97.5th percentile, 6.8 and 11.6 ng/L, respectively). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%/97.1% and 96.2%/96.4%, for female/males, respectively. Patients (male/female) with primary hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, and neuroendocrine tumors showed CT concentrations >97.5th percentile in 33%/4.7%, 18.5%/10%, and 8.3%/12%, females/males, respectively. Peak serum CT concentrations were reached 2 min after calcium administration (161.7 and 111.8 ng/L in males and females, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent analytical performance, low interindividual variability, and low impact of confounders for increased CT concentrations in non-MTC patients indicate that the investigated assay has appropriate clinical utility. Calcium-stimulated CT results suggest good test applicability owing to low interindividual variability.

Immunoassay or LC-MS/MS for the measurement of salivary cortisol in children?

BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of the adrenal cortex has been assessed with measurement of salivary cortisol. So far salivary cortisol is routinely measured with immunoassay (IA). However, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) is known to offer better specificity. We compared the concentrations of salivary cortisol measured by MS and IA at basal and stress induced conditions and evaluated reasons for the difference in method-dependent cortisol results. METHODS: Saliva samples (n=2703) were collected from 169 children (age range: 8-14 years; 81 healthy children; 55 with internalizing and 33 with externalizing disorders) under circadian conditions and during the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Biochemical analyses were performed with MS for cortisol and cortisone, IA (IBL, RE62011) for cortisol, and enzyme kinetic assay for α-amylase. RESULTS: MS and IA showed mostly comparable results for circadian activity and TSST-C response with similar statistical power. However, IA measured cortisol concentrations about 2.39-fold higher than MS. We found that this difference in measured values between MS and IA was mainly due to different standardization of IA compared to MS. In addition, at cortisol IA concentration below 5 nmol/L, cross-reactivity with cortisone was found to contribute to the lower concordance between MS and IA. CONCLUSIONS: Immunoassay and LC-MS/MS were largely comparable in the interpretation of salivary cortisol dynamics in stress research. But the IA method revealed a restricted accuracy in the measuring range below 5 nmol/L.

Calcitonin as Biomarker for the Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Calcitonin (CTN) is a polypeptide hormone consisting of 32 amino acids with a disulfide bridge between position 1 and 7 that is mainly produced by the C-cells of thyroid gland. The measurement of CTN concentrations in blood reflects C-cell activity and is performed in general by immunoassay methods. However, there are analytical, physiological, pharmacological, and pathological factors that can influence results of serum CTN values. Due to the influence of these factors, there is a high variability in assay-dependent cutoffs used to discriminate between MTC, C-cell hyperplasia (CCH), and the absence of the pathological impairment of C-cells. There is a lot of evidence that the measurement of serum CTN concentrations in patients with thyroid nodules can lead to an earlier diagnosis of MTC or CCH than the exclusive use of imaging procedures and/or fine-needle aspiration cytology. Basal CTN concentrations higher than 60-100 pg/mL are highly indicative for the diagnosis MTC. In the range between cutoff and 60 pg/mL CTN, both MTC and HCC may be a relevant diagnosis. PCT and CTN appear to have a comparable diagnostic capability to diagnose MTCs. However, "positive" PCT values of more than 50 pg/mL may be reached also in subclinical infections and will lead, therefore, to an overdiagnosis of the tumor. Pentagastrin- or calcium-stimulated serum CTN concentrations higher than cutoff values might improve diagnostics of MTC, but the non-availability of the first and the lacking of relevant cutoff values for the second tool favors the use of only basal values currently.

Analytical performance and diagnostic potential of immunoassays determining intact immunoglobulin kappa/lambda ratios in monoclonal gammopathies.

BACKGROUND: Hevylite chain (HLC) assays with specificity for epitopes at the junction between heavy and light chains of intact immunoglobulins (Ig) allow quantification of Ig kappa/lambda ratios of the three major Ig classes. Calculated Ig kappa/lambda ratios outside the reference range indicate a monoclonal background. The primary aim of the present study was to analytically validate HLC assays and to investigate their diagnostic potential in relation to immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) as the standard method for identification of monoclonal proteins (MPs). A second aim was to investigate the diagnostic potential of HLC assays in disease monitoring. METHODS: Precision, linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of HLC assays for Ig classes A, G, and M were determined as parameters of analytical performance. The diagnostic performance of HLC assays in the detection of MPs was investigated in patient sera revealing monoclonal bands in IFE (n = 156). The utility of the assays in disease monitoring was investigated in a proof of principal approach by quantification of HLC ratios in subsequent sera from stem cell transplanted (ScTx) myeloma patients (n = 4). RESULTS: All six HLC assays revealed analytical performances suitable for application in routine diagnostics. With regard to diagnostic performance, all samples with IgA MPs in IFE (n = 54) could be identified in the HLC IgA assay. Of sera showing IgG MP in IFE (n = 69), 57 could be identified in the HLC IgG assay, whereas 12 had normal IgG kappa/lambda ratios. Of sera showing IgM MP in IFE (n = 26), 25 could be identified in the HLC IgM assay, 1 serum revealed a normal IgM kappa/lambda ratio. ScTx patients achieving IFE-negative remission had normal HLC ratios. Those who failed to achieve IFE-negative remission showed normalization of conventional monitoring parameters but revealed HLC ratios never reaching reference range. CONCLUSIONS: HLC assays exhibit analytical performances suitable for clinical routine application. Our preliminary data from ScTx patients suggest a diagnostic potential especially of HLC IgA assay in disease monitoring. Other than that, combined application of HLC assays does not represent an alternative to IFE in first line diagnostics, in particular due to the limited diagnostic performance of the HLC IgG assay.

Increased chromogranin a and carcinoid syndrome-like symptoms in a patient treated with duloxetine.

OBJECTIVE: We report the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms suggestive of a serotonin-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasm. In addition, her serum chromogranin A (CA) level was elevated by more than 8-fold. METHODS: We present a case report with review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: No abnormalities could be detected in a complete conventional and functional morphological diagnostic work-up including a gallium-68-DOTA-d-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide (Ga-68-DOTATOC) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan. These negative results prompted us to consider possible drug-related effects as the cause for these findings. The patient had started to take duloxetine, a second-generation antidepressant (SGA) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), at a dose of 60 mg/day 2 months prior to her first visit at our department for pain relief. After withdrawal of duloxetine, her symptoms promptly ceased, and her CA levels fell to normal values within 7 weeks. CONCLUSION: We conclude that selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can cause symptoms suggestive of serotonin-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms, as well as elevated CA levels leading to unnecessary and expensive diagnostic workups. To our knowledge, the association between SNRI treatment and increased CA levels has not been described in the literature and needs to be further evaluated in well-controlled prospective studies.

Patient-reported outcomes in adequately treated hypothyroidism - insights from the German versions of ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ.

BACKGROUND: Disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been developed as important research tools in the study of various diseases. For hypothyroidism there exist three validated disease-specific questionnaires in English: the Thyroid-Dependent Quality of Life Questionnaire (ThyDQoL), the Underactive Thyroid Symptom Rating Questionnaire (ThySRQ) and the Thyroid Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ThyTSQ). We report psychometric properties of new German versions of the questionnaires including construct validity from two independent samples. METHODS: 230 envelopes with ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ were given out to patients receiving levothyroxine for diagnosed hypothyroidism. Reliability and factor analyses were performed, correlations and hypothesised subgroup differences calculated to assess psychometric properties. Independently, 18 patients with treated hypothyroidism for autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease) and 18 healthy control subjects were enrolled in a clinical study. Participants filled in the above questionnaires alongside well-known generic PROMs, e.g. the Beck Depression Inventory, the 12-item Well-Being Questionnaire and the Short-Form-36. Two blood samples were taken. Groups were compared and correlations between disease-specific and generic instruments analysed. Relationships between PROMs and biochemically determined thyroid hormone status were investigated. RESULTS: 102 patients returned completed questionnaires (response rate 44%). The newly translated questionnaires had satisfactory psychometric properties. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 for ThyDQoL, 0.81 for ThySRQ and 0.86 for ThyTSQ. For each of the questionnaires, a single factor structure explained the data best. Adequately treated patients with thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the upper normal range reported more symptoms in the ThySRQ. Those with autoimmune hypothyroidism reported being more bothered by depressive symptoms. Within the clinical sample, correlation with well-known generic instruments revealed good construct validity. In the clinical sample patients reported more symptoms in the ThySRQ, being more bothered by tiredness, higher depression and reduced well-being despite biochemically adequate treatment. Correlations between PROMs and biochemical thyroid hormone status revealed moderate though consistent associations. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric properties including construct validity of German versions of the ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ are satisfactory. Feasibility and sensitivity in a clinical sample could be shown. We encourage the use of disease-specific PROMs in future studies as important additions to generic instruments in clinical research on hypothyroidism.

Development of antibodies against growth hormone (GH) during rhGH therapy in a girl with idiopathic GH deficiency: a case report.

A 12.5-year-old Italian girl was referred to our institute for progressive growth failure from the age of 6 years, with a height of 128.2 cm (-3.37 SDS) and a bone age of 9 years. Endocrinological evaluation revealed a partial growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and GH therapy was started at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg/week. During the first 3 years, she showed an increase in growth rate and experienced pubertal development onset. Then a poor growth rate (2 cm/year=0.43 SDS) was observed, notwithstanding an increase in GH dosage (0.35 mg/kg/week) and good compliance. We found a positive anti-GH antibody titre (1:1850, cutoff 1/100), confirmed 6 months later (1:2035); the antibodies had low binding capacity (0.63 µg/mL) and were only partially capable of inhibiting the GH effect. However, GH treatment was discontinued, and after 3 months the antibody titre decreased (1:950). In conclusion, we suggest evaluation of anti-GH antibodies in GH-treated idiopathic GHD children in whom growth response decreases after some years of therapy.

Increase in Serotonin Transporter Binding in Patients With Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Case-Control Longitudinal Neuroreceptor Ligand Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) disrupts the lives of millions of people each month. The timing of symptoms suggests that hormonal fluctuations play a role in the pathogenesis. Here, we tested whether a heightened sensitivity of the serotonin system to menstrual cycle phase underlies PMDD, assessing the relationship of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) changes with symptom severity across the menstrual cycle. METHODS: In this longitudinal case-control study, we acquired 118 [11C]DASB positron emission tomography scans measuring 5-HTT nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) in 30 patients with PMDD and 29 controls during 2 menstrual cycle phases (periovulatory, premenstrual). The primary outcome was midbrain and prefrontal cortex 5-HTT BPND. We tested whether BPND changes correlated with depressed mood. RESULTS: Linear mixed effects modeling (significant group × time × region interaction) showed a mean increase of 18% in midbrain 5-HTT BPND (mean [SD] periovulatory = 1.64 [0.40], premenstrual = 1.93 [0.40], delta = 0.29 [0.47]: t29 = -3.43, p = .0002) in patients with PMDD, whereas controls displayed a mean 10% decrease in midbrain 5-HTT BPND (periovulatory = 1.65 [0.24] > premenstrual = 1.49 [0.41], delta = -0.17 [0.33]: t28 = -2.73, p = .01). In patients, increased midbrain 5-HTT BPND correlated with depressive symptom severity (R2 = 0.41, p < .0015) across the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest cycle-specific dynamics with increased central serotonergic uptake followed by extracellular serotonin loss underlying the premenstrual onset of depressed mood in patients with PMDD. These neurochemical findings argue for systematic testing of pre-symptom-onset dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or nonpharmacological strategies to augment extracellular serotonin in people with PMDD.

Association between neuroendocrinological parameters and learning and memory functions in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight recovery.

A growing body of evidence indicates that hormones play an important role in learning and memory functions as well as in mood modulation. During the acute stage of anorexia nervosa (AN), weight loss has a significant effect on serum levels of estrogen, thyroid hormones, and cortisol. Furthermore deficits in learning and memory functions are evident in patients with eating disorders during emaciation. Hormonal and neuropsychological alterations at least partly remit during weight restoration. We investigated the association between learning and memory functions as well as mood and neuroendocrinological parameters before and after weight gain in adolescent AN. Twenty-eight female subjects with AN, diagnosed according to DSM-IV, were examined before and after weight recovery. Both investigations took place while the patients were receiving hospital treatment, and the results were compared to a control group consisting of 18 age- and IQ-matched normal-weight female adolescents also tested twice within 4 months. Verbal memory and learning were assessed by a German paper-pencil-test (LGT). We performed correlation calculations between neuropsychological functions and depressive symptoms and estrogen, cortisol and free triiodothyronine (fT3) in the plasma at both time points. Compared to normal controls adolescents with AN performed worse in one subtest of the LGT which requires the verbal reproduction of figural material across both time points. Verbal learning was positively correlated with estrogen levels after weight recovery. Depressive symptoms of AN patients significantly decreased during weight rehabilitation and correlated negatively with fT3 at T1. We did not find a relationship between cortisol levels and neuropsychological functions. We observed subtle memory impairments and depressive symptoms in subjects with adolescent AN associated with starvation-induced estrogen and triiodothyronine deficits, respectively. Normalization of body weight and resuming of menses is needed to restore learning and memory functions as well as to alleviate depressive symptoms.

Leptin in maternal serum and breast milk: association with infants' body weight gain in a longitudinal study over 6 months of lactation.

The adipokine leptin has been detected in human breast milk, but its effect on postnatal growth and development remains largely unclear. We hypothesized that leptin could affect infant's body weight gain during early lactation in the first 6 mo of life. Therefore, we evaluated leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk of 23 healthy, lactating mothers and their neonates in a prospective, longitudinal study. Leptin concentration was quantified by a commercially available human leptin RIA. Our results showed that leptin levels in breast milk were 22-fold lower than in maternal serum, but both parameters were positively correlated to each other (r = 0.431, p = 0.001) and to maternal BMI (serum: r = 0.512, p < 0.001; milk: r = 0.298, p < 0.001) over 6 mo of lactation. A negative association was found between breast milk leptin levels during the first week after delivery and the infant weight gain from the end of the first to the sixth month (r = -0.681, p = 0.007). This suggests that milk-borne leptin provides a link between maternal body composition and infant growth and development and plays a critical role in regulating appetite and food intake during early infancy.

Calcitonin and complementary biomarkers in the diagnosis of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignancy that is effectively curable by surgery. Unlike in adults, hereditary MTC has a predominant role in children. A fast and safe diagnosis is important to assure the good prognosis for the patients. A major cornerstone is the assessment of biomarkers, but the interpretation must respect their pre-, post- and analytical features. Especially calcitonin (Ctn) is a challenging biomarker in daily laboratory diagnostics. However, Ctn is of particular relevance for the diagnostic in MTC. The American Thyroid Association recommends thyroidectomy if the upper reference range of Ctn is exceeded. Interestingly, age-dependent reference ranges for children and adolescents have become available only recently for Ctn assays. With this review, we aim to highlight the importance of a timely diagnosis of MTC in children and adolescents. CONTENT: Recent developments in pediatric biochemical diagnostics of MTC were summarized. This includes guidance on interpretation of RET, Ctn, procalcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and chromogranin A. SUMMARY: Currently, Ctn is the most investigated biomarker in the diagnosis of MTC in children and adolescents. Other biomarkers as PCT suggest complementary evidence about pediatric MTC but their interpretation based largely on adult's data. A successful treatment of MTC requires, besides results of biomarkers, information about medical history, RET gene analysis and recent guideline knowledge. OUTLOOK: More research is required to validate complementary biomarkers of Ctn in children. Additionally, the effect of different confounder on pediatric Ctn levels has to be further clarified.

Pediatric Reference Intervals for Thyrotropin, Free Triiodothyronine, and Free Thyroxine and the Relevance of Body Mass Index and Puberty in Measurement Interpretation.

Background: The present study aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals for serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) in healthy children and adolescents. Additionally, we investigated the association of TSH, fT3, and fT4 with putative influencing factors, such as sex, body mass index (BMI), and puberty. Methods: A total of 9404 blood serum samples from 3140 children and adolescents without thyroid affecting diseases were included in determining TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels and age- and sex-specific reference ranges. To investigate the association of TSH, fT3, and fT4 with age, sex, weight status, and the role of puberty-based changes, the hormone levels and BMI values were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS). Results: In general, TSH, fT3, and fT4 were found to be age- and sex-dependent. Puberty was accompanied by decreased TSH, decreased fT3 with a temporary peak in males, and a temporary nadir of fT4 in Tanner stage 3 for both sexes. BMI-SDS was positively associated with TSH-SDS (ß = 0.081, p < 0.001); the effect was more pronounced in overweight subjects (ß = 0.142, p < 0.01) and insignificantly negative in underweight subjects (ß = -0.047, p > 0.05). BMI-SDS was positively associated with fT3-SDS (ß = 0.066, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with fT4-SDS (ß = -0.135, p < 0.001), with the effect insignificantly less negative in overweight children (ß = -0.055, p > 0.05). Conclusions: Age- and sex-specific reference intervals are important for the interpretation of measurements of TSH, fT3, and fT4 in children and adolescents. Influencing factors such as BMI and puberty should be taken into consideration when using measurements of TSH and thyroid hormones in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of thyroid diseases. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT02550236.

Unraveling the steroid hormone response in male marathon runners: Correlation of running time with aldosterone and progesterone.

Marathon running is a physical and psychological stressor. We aimed to characterize the response of nine steroid hormones, which include estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, to marathon running and their association with performance. Blood samples of sixty men (age: 49.3 ± 5.9 years) who participated in the Berlin marathon were collected within 3 days before, within 30 min and within 58 h after the end of the marathon. The nine steroid hormones in serum were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The responses of nine steroid hormones to marathon running were characterized. Aldosterone (fold change: 8.5), progesterone (fold change: 6.6), and cortisol (fold change: 3.7) showed significant increases within 30 min after the marathon (all p < 0.0001). Estradiol but not testosterone increased in the male runners. Marathon running time was significantly related to aldosterone increase (beta=-0.238, p = 0.008) and progesterone increase (beta=-0.192, p = 0.036) in addition to body mass index, self-reported training distance, and age. Serum progesterone correlated with aldosterone and cortisol (r = 0.81 and r = 0.92, respectively, p < 0.001). Progesterone, as a precursor hormone, is increased after the completion of marathon running in association with the increase of aldosterone and cortisol. These findings reveal a contribution of progesterone during the response to the psycho-physical stress of marathon running in males.

Adaptation and Validation of the Korean Version of the Urticaria Control Test and Its Correlation With Salivary Cortisone.

PURPOSE: Frequent changes in chronic urticaria (CU) activity over time can cause psychological stress, which also serves as a trigger of CU. To measure the control status of CU, the Urticaria Control Test (UCT) was developed in Germany. This study aimed to investigate the validity, reliability and responsiveness to changes in CU for the Korean version of the UCT (K-UCT) and its relation with salivary cortisol and cortisone levels. METHODS: Linguistic adaptation of the UCT into Korean was conducted. A total of 96 CU patients were enrolled, and 80 of them completed the study. The K-UCT and other outcome scores for CU were measured and repeated after 4 weeks of treatment. Control status was classified by physicians into well-controlled, partly-controlled, and uncontrolled CU. Salivary cortisol and cortisone were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Excellent internal consistency and intra-class reliability were obtained. Strong correlations between the K-UCT and disease severity, reflected in the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS)/global assessment of urticaria control by physicians/patient assessment of symptom severity/CU-specific quality of life were noted. K-UCT scores ≥12 were found to be optimal for determining well-controlled CU (sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 758%; area under the curve, 0.824). Perceived stress scale scores were significantly correlated with the UAS and the K-UCT. Salivary cortisone levels were significantly correlated with K-UCT (r = 0.308, P = 0.009) and differed significantly according to control status determined by a K-UCT ≥12. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the K-UCT can be a valid instrument with which to gauge CU control status in Korean patients. Further studies are needed to validate salivary cortisone as a biomarker for CU control.

Salivary cortisone, as a biomarker for psychosocial stress, is associated with state anxiety and heart rate.

BACKGROUND: Stress activates the central nervous, the autonomic nervous, and the endocrine system. This study aimed to (1) test the usability of salivary cortisone in a standardized psychosocial stressor, (2) create a comprehensive profile of hormonal responses to determine laboratory parameters with high discriminatory power, and (3) analyze their association with psychometric and autonomic stress measures. METHODS: Healthy young men (18-35 years) completed either the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) (n = 33) or a Placebo-TSST (n = 34). Blood and saliva were collected at 14 time points along with state-anxiety (STAI) and heart rate. Serum steroids (cortisol*, cortisone*, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, androstenedione*, progesterone*, 17-hydroxyprogesterone*, testosterone, estradiol*, aldosterone*), salivary cortisol* and cortisone*, copeptin*, adrenocorticoptropic hormone*, corticosteroid-binding globulin, and salivary alpha-amylase* were analyzed. We used mixed-design ANOVAs to test group differences, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to assess the discriminatory power of each measure, and Spearman correlation analyses to probe the association between measures. RESULTS: The largest area under the ROC curve was observed in salivary cortisone at 20 min after the end of the TSST (AUC = 0.909 ± 0.044, p < 0.0001). Significant time-by-group interactions were found in the parameters marked with * above, indicating stress-induced increases. The peak response of salivary cortisone was significantly associated with those of STAI (rho = 0.477, p = 0.016) and heart rate (rho = 0.699, p < 0.0001) in the TSST group. CONCLUSION: Our study found salivary cortisone to be a stress biomarker with high discriminatory power and significant correlations with subjective and autonomic stress measures. Our results can inform future stress studies of sampling time for different laboratory parameters.

Reference intervals of nine steroid hormones over the life-span analyzed by LC-MS/MS: Effect of age, gender, puberty, and oral contraceptives.

New reference intervals need to be established for a new analytical method with improved sensitivity and specificity. We aimed to establish the new reference intervals from infancy to senescence of nine steroid hormones (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, DHEAS, and aldosterone) for LC-MS/MS method. Serum samples from 4678 reference individuals (age range: 0.3-79 years) were measured with LC-MS/MS. Samples were collected between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. Exclusion criteria were concomitant endocrine diseases and body mass index ≥ 33. Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape, the nonparametric or robust method was applied. We established the reference intervals of the nine steroid hormones by sex, age, and pubertal stage. Below the age of one, we observed the surge of androgen and estrogen which implied mini-puberty. At the same period of life, aldosterone and cortisone levels were very high reflecting physiological hyperaldosteronism. An increase of steroid hormones during the pubertal development and slow decrease towards senescence after the peak at early adulthood were observed. Due to the increase of CBG synthesis, cortisol levels were increased under oral contraceptives (OC) significantly (p < 0.0001), while OC suppressed progesterone, 17-OHP, androstenedione, and estradiol (p < 0.0001). Our results will facilitate the interpretation of patient data in routine diagnostics with the use of LC-MS/MS method. Since LC-MS/MS methods have shown good comparability among the different laboratories, our reference intervals can be further adopted in other laboratories equipped with LC-MS/MS, once the validation with a small number of reference samples is performed.