Use of high-flow nasal cannula and intravenous propofol sedation while performing flexible video bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit: Case reports.

Flexible video bronchoscopy is a procedure that plays an important role in diagnosing various types of pulmonary lesions and abnormalities. Case 1 is a 68-year-old male patient with a lesion in the right lung apex of approximately 4 mm × 28 mm with atelectasis bands due to a crash injury. High-flow system with 35 L/min and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) 0.45 and temperature of 34 °C was installed prior to the video bronchoscopy. SpO2 was maintained at 98%-100%. The total dose of sedative was 50 mg of propofol. In Case 2, a 64-year-old male patient with bronchiectasis, cystic lesions and pulmonary fibrosis of the left lung field was placed on a high-flow system with 45 L/min and 0.35 FiO2 at a temperature of 34 °C. SpO2 was maintained at 100%. The total duration of the procedure was 25 min; SpO2 of 100% was sustained with oxygenation during maintenance time with the flexible bronchoscope within the airway. The total dose of propofol to reach the degree of desired sedation was 0.5-1 mg/kg. Both patients presented hypotension. For the patient of case 1, a vasopressor (norepinephrine at doses of 0.04 µg/kg/min) was given, and for the patient of case 2, only saline volume expansion was used. The video bronchoscopy with propofol sedation and high-flow nasal cannula allows adequate oxygenation during procedure in the intensive care unit.

Azygos Vein Aneurysm with Thrombosis and Aspergillus fumigatus Diagnosed Using Bronchoscopy: Case Report.

BACKGROUND The venous system of the posterior thoracic wall merges into a single trunk called the azygos vein, located in the posterior mediastinum, before draining into the superior vena cava. An aneurysm in the azygos vein is extremely rare. Such aneurysms are discovered as incidental radiology findings or while investigating a mediastinal mass. Visualization via bronchoscopy is atypical. CASE REPORT An 86-year-old female patient presented to the Emergency Department with a 5-day complaint of dyspnea and chest pain. She was admitted because of worsening condition leading to respiratory failure and paresthesias. She underwent endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilatory support. A chest X-ray showed a thickened mediastinum, tortuous thoracic aorta, and bilateral perihilar infiltrate with right predominance. Bronchoscopy revealed bleeding along the right bronchus and a blue protrusion coated with white material at the entrance of the main right bronchus. A pulmonary computed tomography angiography confirmed the presence of an azygos vein dilatation. Culture of bronchoalveolar lavage revealed Aspergillus fumigatus. CONCLUSIONS Bronchoscopy as a diagnostic method allows clinicians to verify the state and permeability of the airways during investigation of azygos vein aneurysms, which are rare entities but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses and may be complicated by fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus mostly in immunocompromised patients.