Sweet tea extract encapsulated by different wall material combinations with improved physicochemical properties and bioactivity stability.

Aim: To prepare sweet tea extract microcapsules (STEMs) via a spray-drying by applying different wall material formulations with maltodextrin (MD), inulin (IN), and gum arabic (GA). Methods: The microcapsules were characterised by yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, sensory evaluation, morphology, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and in vitro digestion studies. Results: The encapsulation improved the physicochemical properties and bioactivity stability of sweet tea extract (STE). MD5IN5 had the highest yield (56.33 ± 0.06% w/w) and the best EE (e.g. 88.84 ± 0.36% w/w of total flavonoids). MD9GA1 obtained the smallest particle size (642.13 ± 4.12 nm). MD9GA1 exhibited the highest retention of bioactive components, inhibition of α-glucosidase (96.85 ± 0.55%), α-amylase (57.58 ± 0.99%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (56.88 ± 2.20%), and the best antioxidant activity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Conclusion: The encapsulation of STE can be an appropriate way for the valorisation of STE with improved properties.

Rapid colorimetric determination of the pesticides carbofuran and dichlorvos by exploiting their inhibitory effect on the aggregation of peroxidase-mimicking platinum nanoparticles.

A novel and highly sensitive enzyme inhibition assay was developed for the rapid detection of the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos and the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. It achieves signal amplification by the secondary catalysis of platinum nanoparticles. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine to form thiocholine. Thiocholine causes the aggregation of citrate-capped platinum nanoparticles which then lose their peroxidase-mimicking properties. After addition of pesticides, the activity of AChE is inhibited, less thiocholine is produced, less aggregation occurs, and the peroxidase-mimetic properties are increasingly retained. In the presence of tetramethylbenzidine and H2O2, a deep blue coloration with an absorption maximum at 650 nm will be formed. The assay was applied to the determination of dichlorvos and carbofuran, and detection limits of 2.3 µg·L-1 and 1.4 µg·L-1 were obtained, respectively. Recovery experiments with spiked tap water and pears gave satisfactory relative standard deviations. Graphical abstract The blue product formed by platinum nanoparticle-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3'5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 is reduced if acetylthiocholine (ATCh) is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form thiocholine. However, if AChE is inhibited by pesticides, color formation will recover.

A fluorescence aptamer sensor utilizing WS2 nanosheets for sensitive detection of patulin: enhanced specificity and wide applicability.

A tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheet-based aptamer sensor was developed to detect patulin (PAT). The 5'-end of the PAT aptamer was modified with a cyanine 3 (Cy3) fluorophore, which self-assembled on WS2 nanosheets. The interaction between the Cy3 fluorophore at the 5'-end of the PAT aptamer and the WS2 nanosheets resulted in reduced fluorescence (FL) intensity due to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The introduction of PAT into this sensing system led to hybridization with the PAT aptamer, forming a G-quadruplex/PAT complex with low affinity for the WS2 nanosheet surface. This hybridization increased the distance between the Cy3 fluorophore and the WS2 nanosheets, inhibiting FRET and producing a strong FL signal. Under optimal experimental conditions, the FL intensity of the sensing system demonstrated an excellent linear correlation with PAT concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 40.0 ng mL-1, and it achieved a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.23 ng mL-1. This sensing system offers enhanced specificity for PAT detection and has the potential for broad application in detecting other toxins by substituting the sequence of the recognition aptamer.

An electrochemical aptasensor for detection of carbofuran using gold nanoparticles decorated hierarchical porous carbon as an effective sensing platform.

In this study, a novel electrochemical aptasensor for carbofuran (CBF) detection is prepared by gold nanoparticles decorated hierarchical porous carbon (Au@HPC). The prepared carbon materials show a three-dimensional hierarchical structure with a large specific surface area and a highly developed porous structure. Aptamers loading significantly improves when gold nanoparticles are embedded into the hierarchical porous carbon skeleton. Besides, Au@HPC modified electrode exhibits a large electroactive area and excellent electrochemical conductivity, serving as a promising platform for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of CBF. The developed CBF electrochemical aptasensor shows a wide linear from 1.0 to 100000 pg/L with a detection limit of 0.5 pg/L, demonstrating an extraordinary sensitivity compared to other sensors for CBF detection. Additionally, the designed aptasensor was used to monitor the CBF in vegetable samples, with a recovery range from 98.4% to 104.8%. The results coincide with the standard test method, revealing its practicability in the food safety analysis.

A sensitive MnO2 nanosheet sensing platform based on a fluorescence aptamer sensor for the detection of zearalenone.

An aptamer sensor based on manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets was developed for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN). The ZEN aptamer was modified at the 5'-end by a 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM) fluorophore with self-assembly on MnO2 nanosheets. Interaction of the 6-FAM fluorophore at the 5'-end of the ZEN aptamer with the MnO2 nanosheet lowered fluorescence (FL) intensity due to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The introduction of ZEN into the sensing system resulted in hybridization with the ZEN aptamer, forming a stable G-quadruplex/ZEN, which exhibited a low affinity for the MnO2 nanosheet surface. The distance between the 6-FAM fluorophore and MnO2 nanosheet hampered FRET, with a consequent strong FL signal. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the FL intensity of the sensing system showed a good linear correlation with ZEN concentration in the range of 1.5-10.0 ng mL-1, and a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.68 ng mL-1. The sensing system delivered enhanced specificity for the detection of ZEN, and can find wide application in the detection of other toxins by replacing the sequence of the recognition aptamer.

Dual-mode detection of organophosphate pesticides in pear and Chinese cabbage based on fluorescence and AuNPs colorimetric assays.

Herein, a dual-mode method based on fluorescent and colorimetric sensor was developed for determination of organophosphate pesticides (OPs). In this study, indoxyl acetate (IDA) was hydrolyzed by esterase into indophenol. Indophenol leads to changes in fluorescence signal and aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs); ultimately changing the color from red to blue. When OPs exist, the formation of indophenol was inhibited. With increasing the concentrations of OPs, the enhancement rate of fluorescence signal decreases, and the color change of AuNPs weakened gradually. The assay was applied for determination of dichlorvos, trichlorfon, and paraoxon, and the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.0032 mg/kg, 0.0096 mg/kg, and 0.0074 mg/kg (fluorometric assay), and 0.0120 mg/kg, 0.0224 mg/kg, and 0.0106 mg/kg (colorimetric assay), respectively. Finally, such a convenient and sensitive sensing assay was successfully applied for quantification of OPs in pear and Chinese cabbage with good recoveries ranged between 80.19 and 116.93%.

An Overview on the Mechanisms and Applications of Enzyme Inhibition-Based Methods for Determination of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides.

Acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds, such as organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides, are widely used in agriculture to ensure sustainable production of food and feed. As a consequence of their applications, they would result in neurotoxicity, even death. In this essence, the development of enzyme inhibition methods still shows great significance as rapid detection techniques for on-site large-scale screening of OPs and CMs. Initially, mechanisms and applications of various enzyme-inhibition-based methods and devices, including optical colorimetric assay, fluorometric assays, electrochemical biosensors, rapid test card, and microfluidic device, are highlighted in the present overview. Further, to enhance the enzyme sensitivity for detection; alternative enzyme sources or high yield enrichment methods (such as abzyme, artificial enzyme, and recombinant enzyme), as well as enzyme reactivation and identification, are also addressed in this comprehensive overview.

Phenolic and Volatile Compounds in the Production of Sugarcane Vinegar.

This study aimed to explore the dynamic variations in the phenolic and volatile organic compounds of sugarcane vinegar subjected to different production processes. The determination of phenolic and volatile organic compounds was performed by UPLC-MS and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The complete fermentation process of sugarcane lasted nine days, and production of vinegar of up to 3.04% (w/v), total acids, and 4.1° alcoholicity was accomplished. Various phenolic compounds of sugarcane juice (non-sterilized) and those of alcoholic and acetic acid fermentation were obtained after nine days of fermentation. These were benzoic acid (2.024, 1.002, and 1.027 mg L-1), ferulic acid (0.060, 0.205, and 1.124 mg L-1), quinic acid (0.019, 0.074, and 0.031 mg L-1), chlorogenic acid (0.349, 1.635, and 1.217 mg L-1), apigenin (0.002, 0.099, and 0.004 mg L-1), kaempferol (0.003, 0.336, and 0.003 mg L-1), caffeic acid (-, 0.005, and 0.005 mg L-1), luteolin (0.003, 0.323, and 0.005 mg L-1), and p-coumaric acid (0.018, 0.015, and 0.027 mg L-1). Forty-five volatile organic compounds were also identified. The sugarcane juice can be commercialized as an alternative to wine as it presents characteristics of an alcoholic fermented beverage.

"Off-On" non-enzymatic sensor for malathion detection based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between ß-cyclodextrin@Ag and fluorescent probe.

Here, we developed a novel non-enzymatic rapid testing method for determination of organophosphate pesticide (malathion) in water. In principle, target molecule can block the Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between chemical fluorescent probe (energy donor) and ß-cyclodextrin-coated silver nanoparticles (@AgNP) (receptor). The effects of malathion on the dynamics of fluorescent probe and ß-cyclodextrin@AgNP were evaluated and their properties were further characterized. The current methodology showed a good sensitivity of 0.01 µg/mL represented as a limit of detection (LOD) and the calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-25 µg/mL. Recovery rate from water samples spiked at 3 different concentration levels (0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 µg/mL) showed satisfactory range between 83% and 101%.