RESUMEN
Therapeutics based on stem cell technology, including stem cell-derived exosomes, have emerged in recent years for the treatment of what were otherwise considered incurable diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of human MSC-derived exosomes for protection against cisplatin induced ototoxic hearing loss. Incubation of cochlear explants with MSC-derived exosomes prior to addition of cisplatin induced a reduction in cisplatin-induced drug toxicity in auditory hair cells but not when the exosomes were introduced simultaneously with or after cisplatin. The delivery of MSC-derived exosomes to cochlear explants was confirmed by the increasing protein levels of the exosome markers CD63 and HSP70 to reduce apoptosis. These results were consistent with those from a model in which MSC-derived exosomes protect auditory hair cells from cisplatin-induced drug toxicity in an ex vivo cochlear explant model and support future studies into the therapeutic benefits of stem cell-derived exosomes in clinical applications.
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Exosomas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Apoptosis , Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Cisplatino/metabolismo , Exosomas/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stromal cells that release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain various growth factors and antioxidants that can positively affect the surrounding cells. Nanoscale MSC-derived EVs, such as exosomes, have been developed as bio-stable nano-type materials. However, some issues, such as low yield and difficulty in quantification, limit their use. We hypothesized that enhancing exosome production using nanoparticles would stimulate the release of intracellular molecules. RESULTS: The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of exosome generation by comparing the internalization of surface-modified, positively charged nanoparticles and exosome generation from MSCs. We determined that Rab7, a late endosome and auto-phagosome marker, was increased upon exosome expression and was associated with autophagosome formation. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the nanoparticles we developed were transported to the lysosome by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. additionally, entered nanoparticles stimulated that autophagy related factors to release exosome from the MSC. MSC-derived exosomes using nanoparticles may increase exosome yield and enable the discovery of nanoparticle-induced genetic factors.
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Exosomas , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Animales , Autofagia/genética , Células Cultivadas , Exosomas/química , Exosomas/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/química , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Ratones , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Polietileneimina/química , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a GTP rab7RESUMEN
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory disorder among the elderly, associated with aging and auditory hair cell death due to oxidative-stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Although transgenic mice and long-term aging induction cultures have been used to study ARHL, there are currently no ARHL animal models that can be stimulated by intermittent environmental changes. In this study, an ARHL animal model was established by inducing continuous oxidative stress to promote short-term aging of cells, determined on the basis of expression of hearing-loss-induced phenotypes and aging-related factors. The incidence of hearing loss was significantly higher in dual- and triple-exposure conditions than in intermittent hypoxic conditions, high-fat diet (HFD), or d-galactose injection alone. Continuous oxidative stress and HFD accelerated cellular aging. An increase in Ucp2, usually expressed during mitochondrial dysfunction, was observed. Expression of Cdh23, Slc26a4, Kcnq4, Myo7a, and Myo6, which are ARHL-related factors, were modified by oxidative stress in the cells of the hearing organ. We found that intermittent hypoxia, HFD, and galactose injection accelerated cellular aging in the short term. Thus, we anticipate that the development of this hearing loss animal model, which reflects the effects of intermittent environmental changes, will benefit future research on ARHL.
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Envejecimiento , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Galactosa/efectos adversos , Pérdida Auditiva , Hipoxia , Animales , Senescencia Celular , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/metabolismo , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a significant role in cancer recurrence. Design of better treatment strategies that can eliminate or otherwise control CSC populations in tumors is necessary. In this study, the sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cytotoxicity and the effect of amurensin G, a novel sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor, were examined using the CSC-enriched fraction of HCT-15 human colon cancer cells. Cancer stem cell-enriched HCT-15 colony cells were paradoxically less sensitive to doxorubicin, and more sensitive to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity, than their parental cells. Also, CD44(+) HCT-15 cells were more susceptible to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity than CD44(-) HCT-15 cells, possibly due to increased levels of death receptors DR4 and DR5 as well as c-Myc, and decreased levels of c-FLIPL /S in CD44(+) cells compared with CD44(-) HCT-15 cells. The combination effect of amurensin G on TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity was much more apparent in CD44(+) cells than in CD44(-) HCT-15 cells, and this was associated with more prominent downregulation of c-FLIP(L/S) in CD44(+) cells than in CD44(-) HCT-15 cells. These results indicate that HCT-15 colony or CD44(+) cells, which may have CSC properties, are more sensitive to TRAIL than parental or CD44(-) HCT-15 cells. Amurensin G may be effective in eliminating colon CSCs and be applicable to potentiate the sensitivity of colon CSCs to TRAIL.
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Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Dibenzocicloheptenos/farmacología , Receptores de Hialuranos/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Resorcinoles/farmacología , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/metabolismo , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Humanos , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Ototoxicity currently has no available treatment other than medication withdrawal as soon as toxicity is suspected. The human inner ear organs have little potential for regeneration; thus, ototoxicity-induced hair cell injury is deemed permanent. Dexamethasone (Dexa) is a synthetic steroid analog that has significant potential for otoprotection in the treatment of various inner ear diseases; however, its low absorption into the inner ear prevents significant recovery of function. Nanoparticles facilitate targeted drug delivery, stabilize drug release, and increase half-life of the drug. Methods: This study aimed to develop poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and Dexa (PSD-NPs) to control localized drug delivery by magnetic attraction in the treatment of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss. PSD-NPs and without SPIONs (PD-NPs) were prepared using a nanoprecipitation method. Results: Using an inner ear simulating system, we confirmed that PSD-NPs has an otoprotective effect in organotypic culture that is enhanced by magnetic attraction. PSD-NPs delivered via intrabullar injection in a magnetic field penetrated the inner ear and prevented hearing loss progression to a greater degree than equivalent doses of Dexa or PSD-NPs alone (day 28: ototoxic: 80.0 ± 0.0 dB; Dexa 100: 60.0 ± 15.5 dB; PSD 100: 50.0 ± 8.2 dB; PSD 100 with magnet: 22.5 ± 5.0 dB; P < 0.05). The protective effects were confirmed in various in vivo and in vitro models of ototoxicity. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SPIONs with Dexa and magnetic field application prevent the progression of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss through anti-apoptotic mechanisms in the inner ear.
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Pérdida Auditiva , Nanopartículas , Ototoxicidad , Ratones , Humanos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Hierro , Dexametasona/farmacología , Fenómenos MagnéticosRESUMEN
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) contains different components that can elicit varying adverse health effects in humans and animals. Studies on PM toxicity and its underlying mechanisms in the middle ear are limited, and they generally use a PM standard. However, as PM composition varies temporally and geographically, it is crucial to identify the toxic PM constituents according to season and region and investigate their associated health effects. Thus, we sought to determine whether PM induces cytotoxicity and inflammatory factor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human middle ear epithelial cells obtained from patients with otitis media. The cells were treated with both standard urban PM and PM directly captured from the atmosphere in Wonju City. The association between mitochondrial dysfunction and PM was investigated. PM exposure significantly increased COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA expression, increased ROS generation, induced inflammatory responses, and caused abnormalities in mitochondrial motility and function. Furthermore, PM induced cell apoptosis, which consequently reduced cell survival, particularly at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Overall, our study provides new insights into the toxic effects of standard and atmospheric PM on middle ear cell line.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Material Particulado , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Animales , Ciudades , Oído Medio/química , Humanos , Mitocondrias/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Material Particulado/análisis , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Especies Reactivas de OxígenoRESUMEN
Recently, application of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine has become an active field of study. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to have a strong ability for homing. MSCs labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) exhibit enhanced homing due to magnetic attraction. We have designed a SPION that has a cluster core of iron oxide-based nanoparticles coated with PLGA-Cy5.5. We optimized the nanoparticles for internalization to enable the transport of PCS nanoparticles through endocytosis into MSCs. The migration of magnetized MSCs with SPION by static magnets was seen in vitro. The auditory hair cells do not regenerate once damaged, ototoxic mouse model was generated by administration of kanamycin and furosemide. SPION labeled MSC's were administered through different injection routes in the ototoxic animal model. As result, the intratympanic administration group with magnet had the highest number of cells in the brain followed by the liver, cochlea, and kidney as compared to those in the control groups. The synthesized PCS (poly clustered superparamagnetic iron oxide) nanoparticles, together with MSCs, by magnetic attraction, could synergistically enhance stem cell delivery. The poly clustered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle labeled in the mesenchymal stem cells have increased the efficacy of homing of the MSC's to the target area by synergetic effect of magnetic attraction and chemotaxis (SDF-1/CXCR4 axis). This technique allows delivery of the stem cells to the areas with limited vasculatures. The nanoparticle in the biomedicine allows drug delivery, thus, the combination of nanomedicince together with the regenerative medicine will provide highly effective therapy.
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The technology of directing nanoparticles to specific locations in the body continues to be an area of great interest in a myriad of research fields. In the present study, we have developed nanoparticles and a method that allows the nanoparticles to move to specific sites by simultaneously utilizing the homing ability and magnetism of stem cells. Polymeric clustered SPIO (PCS) nanoparticles are composed of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) cluster core coated with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and labeled with the fluorescent dye Cy5.5 for tracking. PCS is designed to be internalized by stem cells via endocytosis and then moved to the desired subcellular location through magnetism. Here, we investigated the interactions between SPIONs and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including their absorption mechanism and subcellular localization. Exposure to the nanoparticles at 40 µg/mL for over 96 h did not affect cell survival or differentiation. We used a variety of endocytosis inhibitors and identified the potential cellular internalization pathway of SPIONs to be clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Antibodies to organelles were used to accumulate lysosomes through early and late endosomes. PCS at 40 µg/mL was internalized and stored without significant deleterious effects on stem cells, indicating that MSCs can act as an effective nanoparticle carrier. These findings also demonstrate the successful localization of the novel particles using magnetic attraction.
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Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Diferenciación Celular , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Hierro , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , MagnetismoRESUMEN
To study the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on cell regeneration and treatment, this method tracks MSC migration and morphological changes after co-culture with cochlear epithelium. The organ of Corti was immobilized on a plastic coverslip by pressing a portion of the Reissner's membrane generated during the dissection. MSCs confined by a glass cylinder migrated toward cochlear epithelium when the cylinder was removed. Their predominant localization was observed in the modiolus of the organ of Corti, aligned in a direction similarly to that of the nerve fibers. However, some MSCs were localized in the limbus area and showed a horizontally elongated shape. In addition, migration into the hair cell area was increased, and the morphology of the MSCs changed to various forms after kanamycin treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the coculture of MSCs with cochlear epithelium will be useful for the development of therapeutics via cell transplantation and for studies of cell regeneration that can examine various conditions and factors.
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Movimiento Celular , Imagenología Tridimensional , Órgano Espiral/citología , Imagen de Lapso de Tiempo , Animales , Femenino , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed primary liver malignancy. The limited success with relapse of the disease in HCC therapy is frequently associated with the acquired resistance to anticancer drugs. To develop a strategy and design for overcoming the resistance of HCC cells to TNFrelated apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)induced cell death, we evaluated the efficacy of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) in combination with TRAIL against TRAILresistant HCC cells expressing a high level of CD44. We revealed by MTT and western blotting, respectively, that celecoxib (CCB), an NSAID, and 2,5dimethyl celecoxib (DMC), a noncyclooxygenase (COX)2 inhibitor analog of CCB, were able to sensitize TRAILresistant HCC cells to TRAIL, implicating a COXindependent mechanism. CCB dosedependently enhanced LC3II and reduced p62 levels through AMPK activation and inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway and upregulated expression of ATF4/CHOP, leading to activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressdependent autophagy. The TRAIL sensitization capacity of CCB in TRAILresistant HCC cells was abrogated by an ER stress inhibitor. In addition, we also revealed by flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively, that accelerated downregulation of TRAILmediated cFLIP expression, DR5 activation and CD44 degradation/downregulation by NSAID resulted in activation of caspases and poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), leading to the sensitization of TRAILresistant HCC cells to TRAIL and thereby reversal of TRAIL resistance. From these results, we propose that NSAID in combination with TRAIL may improve the antitumor activity of TRAIL in TRAILresistant HCC, and this approach may serve as a novel strategy that maximizes the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL for clinical application.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Celecoxib/farmacología , Celecoxib/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early detection of inner ear cell damage can reduce the chances of permanent damage to hearing ability. However, current inner ear cell damage detection methods can detect damage only after the patient has lost hearing ability. MicroRNA expression levels in circulating systems are affected in diseases or conditions arising from the distant lesions. Therefore, detection of circulating microRNA expression levels could be one of the best ways to obtain information on inaccessible lesion sites. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: This study aims to establish a method for monitoring idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) by analyzing circulating microRNA expression levels. 21 ISSNHL patients and 24 healthy controls were enrolled. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for detecting expression levels of circulating microRNAs. RESULTS: Among eight circulating microRNAs, expression levels of five circulating microRNAs significantly differed between ISSNHL patients and healthy controls. circulating microRNA expression levels correlates with treatment outcomes and hearing ability. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Using methods combining the evaluation of miR-183, miR-210, miR-18b, and miR-23a cut-off values identified in ISSNHL patients and healthy controls during receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sensitivity and specificity of 80.95% (17/21) and 87.50% (21/24) were obtained, respectively.
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MicroARN Circulante , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/diagnóstico , Pérdida Auditiva Súbita/diagnóstico , Audiometría de Tonos Puros , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , MicroARN Circulante/metabolismo , Oído Interno , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/sangre , Pérdida Auditiva Súbita/sangre , Humanos , Curva ROC , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Recently, novel therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of killing cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), and considerable interest has been generated in the development of specific therapies that target stemness-related marker of CSCs. In this study, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) significantly potentiated Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG)-mediated cytotoxicity through apoptotic and autophagic cell death induction, but COX-2-inhibitory function was not required for NSAID-induced autophagy in CD44-overexpressing human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 (CD44highK562) cells. Importantly, we found that treatment with NSAIDs resulted in a dose-dependent increase in LC3-II level and decrease in p62 level and simultaneous reduction in multiple stemness-related markers including CD44, Oct4, c-Myc, and mutant p53 (mutp53) in CD44highK562 cells, suggesting that NSAIDs could induce autophagy, which might mediate degradation of stemness-related marker proteins. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 participated in NSAID-induced autophagy in CD44highK562 cells. In addition, treatment of CD44highK562 cells with NSAIDs inhibited expression of HSF1/Hsps, which resulted in suppression of 17-AAG-induced activation of Hsp70, leading to reversal of 17-AAG resistance and sensitization of CD44highK562 cells to 17-AAG by NSAIDs. In conclusion, combining NSAIDs with Hsp90 inhibitor may offer one of the most promising strategies for eradication of CD44-overexpressing CSCs.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Benzoquinonas/farmacología , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Hialuranos/metabolismo , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuranos/biosíntesis , Células K562 , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patologíaRESUMEN
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have potential use as anticancer agents, either alone or in combination with other cancer therapies. We found that NSAIDs including celecoxib (CCB) and ibuprofen (IBU) significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of Hsp90 inhibitors in human multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells expressing high levels of mutant p53 (mutp53) protein and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and reversed Hsp90 inhibitor resistance caused by activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and by up-regulation of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and P-gp. Inhibition of Akt/mTOR and STAT3 pathways by CCB induced autophagy, which promoted the degradation of mutp53, one of Hsp90 client proteins, and subsequently down-regulated HSF1/Hsps and P-gp. Inhibition of autophagy prevented mutp53 degradation and CCB-induced apoptosis, and inhibition of caspase-3-mediated apoptotic pathway by Z-DEVD-FMK did not completely block CCB-induced cell death in MDR cells, suggesting that autophagic and apoptotic cell death may contribute to CCB-induced cytotoxicity in MDR cells. Furthermore, CCB and IBU suppressed Hsp90 inhibitor-induced HSF1/Hsp70/P-gp activity and mutp53 expression in MDR cells. Our results suggest that NSAIDs can be used as potential Hsp90 inhibitor chemosensitizers and reverse resistance of MDR cells to Hsp90 inhibitors via induction of apoptosis and autophagy. These results might enable the use of lower, less toxic doses of Hsp90 inhibitors and facilitate the design of practically applicable, novel combination therapy for the treatment of MDR cancer.
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AIMS: Although clinical guidelines advocate the use of the highest tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers after acute myocardial infarction (MI), the optimal dosing or the risk-benefit profile of different doses have not been fully identified. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this multicentre trial, 495 Korean patients with acute ST segment elevation MI and subnormal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (<50%) were randomly allocated (2:1) to receive maximal tolerated dose of valsartan (titrated up to 320 mg/day, n = 333) or low-dose valsartan (80 mg/day, n = 162) treatment. The primary objective was to assess the changes in echocardiographic parameters of LV remodelling from baseline to 12 months after discharge. After treatment, end-diastolic LV volume (LVEDV) decreased significantly in the low-dose group, but the difference in LVEDV changes was insignificant between the maximal-tolerated-dose and low-dose groups. End-systolic LV volume decreased significantly in both groups, to a similar degree between groups. LV ejection fraction rose significantly in both study groups, to a similar degree. Changes in plasma levels of neurohormones were also comparable between the two groups. Drug-related adverse effects occurred more frequently in the maximal-tolerated-dose group than in the low-dose group (7.96 vs. 0.69%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, treatment with the maximal tolerated dose of valsartan did not exhibit a superior effect on post-MI LV remodelling compared with low-dose treatment and was associated with a greater frequency of adverse effect in Korean patients. Further study with a sufficient number of cases and statistical power is warranted to verify the findings of the present study.
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Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/complicaciones , Volumen Sistólico/efectos de los fármacos , Valsartán/administración & dosificación , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/tratamiento farmacológico , Remodelación Ventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Bloqueadores del Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ventrículos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/fisiopatología , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/terapia , Método Simple Ciego , Volumen Sistólico/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/etiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, with a poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. In the present study, we identified CD133, one of the markers of cancer stem cells, as a novel molecular target of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In four human HCC cell lines established from primary HCC tumors, we found that CD133-high human liver cancer stem-like cells (CD133hi) derived from the SNU-475 cell line were highly susceptible to TRAIL compared to other HCC cell lines with a small population of CD133. CD133hi SNU-475 cells showed upregulation of TRAIL receptor DR5 and stemness-related genes such as c-Myc and ABC transporters compared to their CD133-low (CD133lo) cells. Hypersensitivity of CD133hi cells to TRAIL was associated with c-Myc-mediated upregulation of DR5 and downregulation of c-FLIPL in the cells. Knockdown of CD133 expression in CD133hi cells resulted in the downregulation of c-Myc, and depletion of c-Myc caused a decrease in the cell surface expression of DR5 and an increase in the expression of c-FLIPL and, consequently, attenuated TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of CD133hi cells. These results suggest that TRAIL may provide a new strategy for CD133hi CSCs of HCC-targeted therapies and, potentially, for therapies of other CD133-expressing types of cancer.
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Antígeno AC133/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/genética , Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/genéticaRESUMEN
The effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents was limited in multidrug-resistant (MDR) human cancer cells due to induction of heat shock proteins (Hsps) such as Hsp70/Hsp27 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux. In the present study, we showed that resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors of MDR human cancer cells could be overcome with SIRT1 inhibition. SIRT1 knock-down or SIRT1 inhibitors (amurensin G and EX527) effectively suppressed the resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors (17-AAG and AUY922) in several MDR variants of human lymphoblastic leukemia and human breast cancer cell lines. SIRT1 inhibition down-regulated the expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and subsequently Hsps and facilitated Hsp90 multichaperone complex disruption via hyperacetylation of Hsp90/Hsp70. These findings were followed by acceleration of ubiquitin ligase CHIP-mediated mutant p53 (mut p53) degradation and subsequent down-regulation of P-gp in 17-AAG-treated MDR cancer cells expressing P-gp and mut p53 after inhibition of SIRT1. Therefore, combined treatment with Hsp90 inhibitor and SIRT1 inhibitor could be a more effective therapeutic approach for Hsp90 inhibitor-resistant MDR cells via down-regulation of HSF1/Hsps, mut p53 and P-gp.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/tratamiento farmacológico , Sirtuina 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzoquinonas/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carbazoles/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Dibenzocicloheptenos/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoxazoles/farmacología , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacología , Células MCF-7 , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patología , Resorcinoles/farmacología , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuina 1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Development of effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which play a major role in drug resistance and disease recurrence, is critical to improve cancer treatment outcomes. The current investigation was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the combination treatment of Hsp90 inhibitor and SIRT1 inhibitor in inhibiting the growth of chemo-resistant stem-like cells isolated from human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Inhibition of SIRT1 by use of SIRT1 siRNA or SIRT1 inhibitors (amurensin G and EX527) effectively potentiated sensitivity of Hsp90 inhibitors (17-AAG and AUY922) in CD44(high) K562 stem-like cells expressing high levels of CSC-related molecules including Oct4, CD34, ß-catenin, c-Myc, mutant p53 (mut p53), BCRP and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as well as CD44. SIRT1 depletion caused significant down-regulation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)/heat shock proteins (Hsps) as well as these CSC-related molecules, which led to the sensitization of CD44(high) K562 cells to Hsp90 inhibitor by SIRT1 inhibitor. Moreover, 17-AAG-mediated activation of HSF1/Hsps and P-gp-mediated efflux, major causes of Hsp90 inhibitor resistance, was suppressed by SIRT1 inhibitor in K562-CD44(high) cells. Our data suggest that combined treatment with Hsp90 inhibitor and SIRT1 inhibitor could be an effective therapeutic approach to target CSCs that are resistant to current therapies.
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Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Sirtuina 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transportador de Casetes de Unión a ATP, Subfamilia G, Miembro 2 , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/antagonistas & inhibidores , Benzoquinonas/farmacología , Carbazoles/farmacología , Dibenzocicloheptenos/farmacología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Humanos , Isoxazoles/farmacología , Células K562 , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Resorcinoles/farmacología , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
In this study, we investigated the role of c-Myc/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in sensitization of human hepatoma HepG2 cells to TRAIL. Knockdown of SIRT1 or treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor caused the up-regulation of DR5 and down-regulation of c-FLIP through modulation of c-Myc/ATF4/CHOP pathway, and subsequently enhanced the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL on HepG2 cells. Interestingly, SIRT1 interacted directly with c-FLIP(L) and Ku70, and treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor enhanced acetylation of Ku70 and subsequently decreased its binding to c-FLIP. And this was followed by degradation of c-FLIP. Moreover, Ku70(-/-) MEF and Ku70-knockdown HepG2 cells showed the increased levels of c-Myc, ATF4, CHOP, and DR5 and decreased level of c-FLIP. These results were followed by increased sensitivity of Ku70(-/-) MEF cells and Ku70-knockdown HepG2 cells to TRAIL compared with their control cells. These findings reveal for the first time that SIRT1 inhibition increases Ku70 acetylation, and the acetylated Ku70 with a decreased function mediates the induction of DR5 and the down-regulation of c-FLIP by up-regulating c-Myc/ATF4/CHOP pathway, and consequently promotes the TRAIL-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. This study provides important mechanistic insight of the synergism exhibited by SIRT1 inhibition and TRAIL.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Nucleares/metabolismo , Apoptosis/genética , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/metabolismo , Acetilación , Factor de Transcripción Activador 4/metabolismo , Animales , Regulación hacia Abajo , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Autoantígeno Ku , Ratones , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Sirtuina 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sirtuina 1/genética , Factor de Transcripción CHOP/metabolismoRESUMEN
Many types of cancer cells remain resistant towards TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity by the blockade of apoptotic signaling cascades. Thus, sensitizers are needed to enhance the effect of TRAIL-based cancer therapies. Although synergistic tumor cell death has been reported when various HDAC inhibitors were administered with TRAIL in a variety of human cancers, the effect of inhibitors of Class III HDAC such as SIRT1 have not been reported. We reported here for the first time that inhibition of SIRT1 augmented the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL on human leukemic K562 cells. Knockdown of SIRT1 or treatment with amurensin G, a potent new SIRT1 inhibitor, up-regulated the levels of DR5 and c-Myc and down-regulated the level of c-FLIP(L/S). Furthermore, knockdown of SIRT1 or treatment with amurensin G augmented the molecular responses to TRAIL, including activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3, PARP cleavage, up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Amurensin G-enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis was abrogated by caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. These findings suggest that the suppression of SIRT1 with siRNA or amurensin G sensitize the TRAIL-resistant K562 cell to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, possibly by the up-regulation of c-Myc and DR5 surface expression and the down-regulations of c-FLIP and Mcl-1. In addition, amurensin G, a potent new SIRT1 inhibitor, would be used as a sensitizer of TRAIL in TRAIL-resistant leukemic cells.