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Streptococcus mutans is one of the principal pathogens of the human oral habitat, being one of the principal etiological agents of carious lesions. Ozone is a powerful oxidant, it has the ability to inactivate microorganisms in general, and ultrasound is an acoustic system generated through a piezoelectric crystal that also presents microbicidal effects. In the present study, a comparative analysis was made of the damage caused to Streptococcus mutans in vitro by ultrasound and ozone, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AF) analysis. In addition, flow cytometry was used to determine microbial viability and the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) after the application of different techniques. The data obtained by means of micro- scopic analysis reveal that both ozone and ultrasound produce morphological alterations in bacteria, which become rod-shaped organisms. In addition to this deformation, on the microbial surface it was possible to identify crater-like impressions. In contrast, the irregularity of protuber- ances on the surface of the microbial wall was only detected when ozone was employed. Regarding the formation of ROS, it was observed that that ozone induces a significant growth (p < .05) of these molecules, while ultrasound does not present this effect. Ozone and ultrasound present micro- bicidal effects, however, ozone is more efficient.
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Ozonated water has been demonstrated to induce significant results in terms of the elimination ofmicroorganisms. The present study assessed the damage toStreptococcusmutansafter exposureto ozonated water; the ozone generator was adjusted to provide an outlet concentration of60 mg/L, the samples were submitted to different ozonation times 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 mi. Scanningelectron microscopy and atomic force images were obtained to identify damage to the bacteria,followed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluation and microbial viability. The results showed asignificant reduction in viability and the images evidenced the generation of gaps on themicrobial wall and surface layer alterations. Ozone can induce significant damage toS.mutans,thus suggesting that the use of ozonated water to prevent carious lesion formation is extremelypromising.
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Ozonated water has been demonstrated to induce significant results in terms of the elimination ofmicroorganisms. The present study assessed the damage toStreptococcusmutansafter exposureto ozonated water; the ozone generator was adjusted to provide an outlet concentration of60 mg/L, the samples were submitted to different ozonation times 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 mi. Scanningelectron microscopy and atomic force images were obtained to identify damage to the bacteria,followed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluation and microbial viability. The results showed asignificant reduction in viability and the images evidenced the generation of gaps on themicrobial wall and surface layer alterations. Ozone can induce significant damage toS.mutans,thus suggesting that the use of ozonated water to prevent carious lesion formation is extremelypromising.
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INTRODUCTION: When a gas is used for therapy, often the kinetic behavior and their distribution in biological systems is not known, leading to unsatisfactory results for clinical application. The use of ozone in living organisms has been scientifically released worldwide under the name of ozone therapy. The efficacy of this technique is determined primarily by the diffusion of gas within the tissues or fluids and which determines their action in the entire target region. We propose the development of technique to monitoring the O3 dissolved in the biological fluid using an optical device operating in the red-infrared region. METHODS: The recombination of O3 in O2 enables the monitoring of the latter by the measurement of SpO2, and, based on this phenomenon, we propose to use an optical device operating in the red-infrared region to monitoring indirectly the diffusion of O3 in fluids. The system was based on optomechanical arrangement using a capsule containing fluid that was ozonated or oxygenated during the process. A pulse oximeter is a noninvasive device used for continuously measure of SpO2 resulting from the recombination of ozone. RESULTS: The measurements of SpO2 when subjected to ozone and oxygen, showed an increased rate of SpO2 function of time for both cases reaching its peak in 80s and 160s, respectively. The experimental data concerning the SpO2 saturation as a function of time can be fitted by the theoretical model, showing a good correlation between them. CONCLUSION: A technique was developed using an optical device operating in the red-infrared region to monitoring ozone dissolved in biological fluid, showing a simple and effective way to indirectly monitoring the presence of ozone in fluids.
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Introdução: O envenenamento causado pela serpente Bothrops jararaca induz, de modo geral, um quadro fisiopatológico caracterizado por reações locais imediatas, com hemorragia, mionecrose, edema e dor, que não é revertido pelo tratamento com o antiveneno. Objetivo: Neste trabalho avaliou-se a capacidade da terapia LED (Light EmitionDiode) para diminuir o edema e a mionecrose causada pelo veneno de B. jararaca. Método: Foram utilizados camundongos wiss machos injetados com veneno de B. jararaca (2 mg/kg) no músculo gastrocnêmio. O edema foi avaliado nos tempos 3 e 24 h após a injeção do veneno ou salina. O aumento do edema foi expresso como a diferença do volume do peso úmido e peso seco, dos músculos tratados com o veneno, comparado com o volume do músculo contralateral (controle). A mionecrose foi avaliada através da quantificação da enzima creatino quinase no tempo de 3 h e da análise histológica dos músculos 3 e 24 h após a injeção do veneno. Os animais foram tratados com os LEDs (LED infravermelho, potência de 120 mW, À 945 nm, densidade de energia de 4 J/cm2, tempo de irradiação de 38 s e área of 1,2 cm2; LED vermelho potência de 110 mW, À 635 nm, densidade de energia de 4 J/cm2, tempo de irradiação de 41 s e área de 1,2 cm2) nos tempos: imediatamente e 2 horas após a injeção do veneno. Resultados: O edema muscular causado pelo veneno de B. jararaca foi significativamente reduzido pelos dois tratamentos utilizados: LED vermelho 20 e 11% e LED infravermelho: 29 e 19%, às 3 e 24 h respectivamente, quando comparado com os animais tratados com o veneno. O tratamento com o LED não modificou a mionecrose causada pelo veneno. Conclusões: A terapia LED foi eficaz em reduzir o edema muscular, no entanto, a mionecrose não foi afetada pelo tratamento com os LEDs. Desta maneira, a terapia com o LED pode contribuir, ao menos em parte, como uma alternativa ao tratamento atual, adicionado a terapia disponível com antivenenos, não efetiva contra os efeitos locais.
Introduction: Envenoming caused by Bothrops jararaca venom induces, in general, a physiopatologic reaction characterized by immediate local reactions, with hemorrhage, mionecrosis, edema and pain, which are not reverted by thetreatment with antivenenom. Objetive: In this work, it was evaluated the capacity of LED (Light Emition Diode) therapy to diminish the edema formation and mionecrosis, caused by Bothrops jararaca venom. Methods: Swiss mice had been injected with B. jararaca venom (2 mg/kg) in the gastrocnemius muscle. Edema was evaluated at 3 and 24 after the injection of the venom or saline. The increase on edema formation was expressed as the difference betweethe humid and dry weight, of the muscles injected with the poison, compared with the volume of the contralateral muscle (control). Mionecrosis was evaluated through the quantification of the creatine kinase enzyme at 3 h and by histologic analysis of the muscle, 3 and 24 h after the injection of the venom. The animais had been treated with the LE(infra-red: power of 120 mW, li 945 nm, density of energy of 4 J/cm2, time of irradiation of 38 s and area of 1,2 cm2; Red LED: power of 110 mW, li 635 nm, density of energy of 4 J/cm 2, time of irradiation of 41 s and area of 1,2 cm 2) applied: immediately and 2 h after the venom injection. Results: Muscular edema caused by the B. jararaca venom was significantly reduced by the two treatments: Red LED: 20 and 11% and infrared LED: 29 and 19%, to 3 and 24 t;respectively, when compared with the animais treated with venom. The treatment with the LED did not modify the mionecrosis caused by the venom. Conclusion: LED therapy was efficient in reducing muscular edema, however, mionecrosis was not affected by these treatment. In this way, the LED therapy can contribute, at least in part, as an alternative added to the available therapy with antivenoms, which are not effective against the local effect.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Bothrops , Edema , IntoxicaciónRESUMEN
O presente trabalho enfatiza que o Banco de Leite Humano (BLH) da Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, coleta, processa e controla a qualidade do leite materno doado. No entanto, este processamento pode interferir na composição de nutrientes, como a vitamina A, que pode ser facilmente destruída pela exposição à luz e ao oxigênio. Sendo esta vitamina um micronutriente essencial para a saúde, por desempenhar papel importante em diversos processos vitais, foi avaliado o efeito do descongelamento por banho-maria e forno micro-ondas sobre os níveis de retinol do leite materno.
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Humanos , Bancos de Leche Humana , Nutrición del Lactante/normas , Vitamina A/análisis , Leche HumanaRESUMEN
Os lipídeos são componentes de diferentes alimentos da dieta humana. Sua concentração afeta os teores de vitaminas lipossolúveis, como a vitamina A, que apresenta ação relevante nos processos biológicos como reprodução, ciclo visual e diferenciação celular. O requeijão, que constitui um queijo fundido derivado do leite, é considerado fonte desse micronutriente. As concentrações de retinol foram avaliadas em duas marcas de requeijão (A e B) nas versões integral e desnatada, comercializadas na cidade de Natal/RN. Três unidades de cada versão das duas marcas foram adquiridas em supermercado da cidade. Após a extração, a concentração de retinol foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. As médias das concentrações de retinol em cada marca foram 40,5 ± 0,7 e 14,3 ± 4,5g/100g respectivamente para requeijão integral e desnatado da marca A (p<0,05), e de 75,7 ± 3,51 e 26,3 ± 2,52g/100g respectivamente para integral e desnatado da marca B (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a versão integral possui concentração de retinol superior à versão desnatada; entretanto, os níveis de retinol encontrados estão abaixo dos valores relatados por outros autores. Essa variação possivelmente ocorre em virtude da ausência de padronização na fabricação do requeijão.