First-principles prediction of superconducting properties of monolayer 1T'-WS2 under biaxial tensile strain.

High-purity 1T'-WS2 film has been experimentally synthesized [Nature Materials, 20, 1113-1120 (2021)] and theoretically predicted to be a two-dimensional (2D) superconducting material with Dirac cones [arXiv:2301.11425]. In the present work, we further study the superconducting properties of monolayer 1T'-WS2 by applying biaxial tensile strain. It is shown that the superconducting critical temperature Tc firstly increases and then decreases with respect to tensile strains, with the highest superconducting critical temperature Tc of 7.25 K under the biaxial tensile strain of 3%. In particular, we find that Dirac cones also exist in several tensile strained cases. Our studies show that monolayer 1T'-WS2 may provide a good platform for understanding the superconductivity of 2D Dirac materials.

The complete mitochondrial genome of cattle tick clade C reveals the genetic relationship within Rhipicephalus microplus complex.

Cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) are important economic ectoparasites causing direct and indirect damage to cattle and leading to severe economic losses in cattle husbandry. It is common knowledge that R. microplus is a species complex including five clades; however, the relationships within the R. microplus complex remain unresolved. In the present study, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome of clade C by next-generation sequencing and proved its correctness based on long PCR amplification. It was 15,004 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein genes, 22 transfer genes, and two ribosomal genes located in the two strains. There were two copies of the repeat region (pseudo-nad1 and tRNA-Glu). Data revealed that cox1, cox2, and cox3 genes were conserved within R. microplus with small genetic differences. Ka/Ks ratios suggested that 12 protein genes (excluding nad6) may be neutral selection. The genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that clade C was greatly close to clade B. Findings in the current study provided more data for the identification and differentiation of the R. microplus complex and made up for the lack of information about R. microplus clade C.

Synergistic mechanisms between chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation and ultraviolet light for ammonia removal.

The combination of chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation (Cl-EAO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UV-E/Cl) can efficiently remove ammonia from wastewater. However, the synergistic mechanisms between Cl-EAO and UV need to be explored in more detail. Thus, in this study, the ammonia oxidation performance of Cl-EAO and UV-E/Cl systems were compared, while the synergistic mechanisms were identified by the performance of UV/chlorine oxidation (UV-ClO) system and the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, free radical inhibition assays, and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals. It was found that, compared with the Cl-EAO system, UV increased the ammonia removal rate by 42.85% and reduced the active chlorine concentration (56.64%) and nitrate yield (53.61%). In the Cl-EAO, and UV-E/Cl systems, Cl• were detected, and the free radical inhibition assays and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals suggested that UV increased the concentration of Cl• by 51.47%, resulting in Cl• becoming the major contributor to ammonia oxidation in the UV-E/Cl system. Besides, UV also increase the concentrations of HO• and Cl2•-, which further promoted the organic matter removal in the real domestic wastewater. This study also discussed the ammonia oxidation performance of the UV-E/Cl system in real domestic wastewater, even with the presence of significant levels of organic and inorganic anions in the wastewater, UV increased the ammonia oxidation by 21.95%. The results of this study thus clarify the mechanisms and potential applications of UV-E/Cl technology.

Superconductivity of monolayer functionalized biphenylene with Dirac cones.

Monolayer biphenylene is a new two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope, which has been experimentally synthesized and theoretically predicted to show superconductivity. In this work, we investigate functionalized biphenylene with the adsorption of Li. The superconducting critical temperature (Tc) can be pushed from 0.59 K up to 3.91 K after Li adsorption. Our calculations confirm that the adsorption pushes the peak showing a high electronic density of states closer to the Fermi level, which usually leads to a larger Tc. Furthermore, the application of biaxial tensile strain can soften phonons and further enhance the Tc up to 15.86 K in Li-deposited biphenylene. Interestingly, a pair of type-II Dirac cones below the Fermi level has been observed, expanding the range of Dirac materials. It suggests that monolayer biphenylene deposited with Li may be a material with potential applications and improves the understanding of Dirac-type superconductors.

Effect of nalbuphine plus ropivacaine on vaginal labor in epidural analgesia.

BACKGROUND: Various approaches using epidural analgesia have been employed for relieving labor pain and promoting spontaneous delivery. We aimed to evaluate the effect of nalbuphine and ropivacaine versus fentanyl and ropivacaine on the duration of delivery in parturients. METHODS: Clinical data of 160 full-term primiparous women who received either nalbuphine or fentanyl in combination with ropivacaine infusion for epidural labor analgesia in our hospital from December 2020 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The participants were divided into two groups based on anesthesia methods: nalbuphine group (NR group, n = 78) received 0.2 mg/mL nalbuphine combined with 0.1% ropivacaine hydrochloride for patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and fentanyl group (FR group, n = 82) received 2 ug/mL fentanyl citrate and 0.1% ropivacaine hydrochloride for PCEA. Both groups received an epidural blockade for labor analgesia at lumbar 2-3 interspace. The duration of the first, second, and third stages of labor, the onset of analgesia, and time before delivery (T0), 15 min of analgesia (T1), 30 min of analgesia (T2), full opening of the uterine opening (T3),exerts force during childbirth(T4), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), blood saturation (SpO2), visual analogue pain scale (VAS) score, Ramsay sedation score, and modified Bromage score, and 5 min were recorded at 2 h postpartum (T5). The neonatal Apgar score, neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) score, maternal nausea, vomiting, and itchy skin were recorded. RESULTS: Compared with the FR group, the first stage of labor duration (p < 0.05) and total duration of labor (p < 0.05) were shortened and the onset of analgesia (p < 0.05) was increased in the NR group. NR group had lower incidence of urinary retention than FR group (p < 0.05). The maternal and neonatal investigational parameters and scores had no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nalbuphine combined with ropivacaine in epidural block labor has a faster onset of analgesia and has a lower incidence of urinary retention than fentanyl combined with ropivacaine, and nalbuphine shortens the duration of the first and total stages of labor. Both nalbuphine and fentanyl can reduce pain during labor, have little effect on maternal hemodynamics, and have no significant effect on neonatal Apgar or NBNA scores.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of five hard ticks and phylogenetic implications.

Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites with significant medical and veterinary importance, capable of transmitting bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses that cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five hard tick species and analyzed features of their gene contents and genome organizations. The complete mt genomes of Haemaphysalis verticalis, H. flava, H. longicornis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma asiaticum were 14855 bp, 14689 bp, 14693 bp, 14715 bp and 14722 bp in size, respectively. Their gene contents and arrangements are the same as those of most species of metastriate Ixodida, but distinct from species of genus Ixodes. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes with two different computational algorithms (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) revealed the monophylies of the genera Rhipicephalus, Ixodes and Amblyomma, however, rejected the monophyly of the genus Haemaphysalis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete mt genome of H. verticalis. These datasets provide useful mtDNA markers for further studies of the identification and classification of hard ticks.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Culex vishnui (Diptera: Culicidae), one of the major vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus.

Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) can transmit a variety of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), causing human and animal diseases. Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are three representative species in Culex vishnui subgroup, which are widely distributed in southeast Asia, and they have been proved as the main vectors transmitting Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that could cause human infectious mosquito-borne disease across Asia. However, the epidemiology, biology, and even molecular information of those mosquitos remain poorly understood, and only the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus has been reported in these species. In the present study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenome sequence of Cx. vishnui which was 15,587 bp in length, comprising 37 genes. Comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences between Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus revealed that most genes within Culex vishnui subgroup were conserved, except atp8, nad1, atp6, and nad6, with differences of 0.4 (rrnS) - 15.1% (tRNAs) and 0 (nad4L) - 9.4% (atp8), respectively, interestingly suggesting the genes nad4L and rrnS were the most conserved but atp8 gene was the least. The results based on nucleotide diversity also supported a relatively uniform distribution of the intraspecific differences in Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with only one highly pronounced peak of divergence centered at the control region. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes supported the previous taxonomic classification of the family Culicidae and the monophyly of tribes Aedini, Culicini, Mansoniini, and Sabethini. The present study revealed detailed information on the subgroup Culex vishnui, reanalyzed the relationships within the family Culicidae, provided better markers to identify and distinguish Culex species, and offered more markers for studying the molecular epidemiology, population genetics, and molecular phylogenetics of Cx. vishnui.

A modified Blumgart anastomosis with a simple and practicable procedure after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: our center's experience.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD) has become the goal of lots of minimally invasive surgical centers in recent years. Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF) is still the barrier to attaining the above goal. Thus, improving anastomosis techniques to reduce the rate of POPF has been a hotspot of surgery. Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy is considered one of the best anastomosis procedures, with low rates of POPF. However, the original Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy method is not easy for laparoscopic operation. In consequence, we modified a Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy technique with a simple and practicable procedure and applied to LPD. METHODS: We collected and retrospectively analyzed the perioperative clinical data of patients who underwent modified Blumgart anastomosis from February 2017 to September 2022. The above patients included 53 cases in open pancreaticojejunostomy(OPD) and 58 cases in LPD. After propensity score matching, 44 cases were included for comparison in each group. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, the average time for pancreaticojejunostomy was about 30 min in the LPD group. The Clinically relevant POPF(CR-POPF) rate was 9.1%. The length of postoperative hospitalization was 13.1 days. Compared with the OPD group, The CR-POPF rate in the LPD group are not significant differences. But the postoperative length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the LPD group. Besides, there were no other severely postoperative complications between two groups. CONCLUSION: The modified Blumgart anastomosis technique applied to LPD in our Center not only has simple and convenient properties but also low rate of CR-POPF. And this method may be a good choice for surgeons to begin to carry out LPD.

Characterization of the fragmented mitochondrial genome of domestic pig louse Haematopinus suis (Insecta: Haematopinidae) from China.

The domestic pig louse Haematopinus suis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) is a common ectoparasite of domestic pigs, which can act as a vector of various infectious disease agents. Despite its significance, the molecular genetics, biology and systematics of H. suis from China have not been studied in detail. In the present study, the entire mitochondrial (mt) genome of H. suis isolate from China was sequenced and compared with that of H. suis isolate from Australia. We identified 37 mt genes located on nine circular mt minichromosomes, 2.9 kb-4.2 kb in size, each containing 2-8 genes and one large non-coding region (NCR) (1,957 bp-2,226 bp). The number of minichromosomes, gene content, and gene order in H. suis isolates from China and Australia are identical. Total sequence identity across coding regions was 96.3% between H. suis isolates from China and Australia. For the 13 protein-coding genes, sequence differences ranged from 2.8%-6.5% consistent nucleotides with amino acids. Our result is H. suis isolates from China and Australia being the same H. suis species. The present study determined the entire mt genome of H. suis from China, providing additional genetic markers for studying the molecular genetics, biology and systematics of domestic pig louse.

Identification of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of hog badgers (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in China.

Ixodes hunanensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is identified based on the morphological characteristics and molecular biological analyses of males and females ex hog badger, Arctonyx collaris Cuvier (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from China. Adults of this new species are similar to those of other species of the subgenus Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942, from which they can be distinguished by the shape of basis capituli, development of cornua, size of porose areas, shape, and size of spurs on coxae and phylogenetic analyses of the cox1 and 16S rRNA sequences.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the fluke of turdus, Plagiorchis elegans, and phylogenetic implications.

Plagiorchis elegans (Trematoda: Digenea) is mainly parasitic in the intestines of vertebrate animals, including humans, causing irreversible pathological damage and herd-spherical influences. However, little information is available about its molecular epidemiology, population genetics, and phylogeny. In the present study, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of P. elegans. Combining with the available mitochondrial data of subclass Digenea, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on Bayesian inference (BI). These results showed that the complete length of P. elegans is 13,862 bp, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and one non-coding region (NCR). There was an obvious A + T content from 61.0% to 71.3% and the values of the Ka/Ks ratio ranged from 0.119 (cox1) to 1.053 (nad6). In the BI analysis, different from previous studies, phylogenetic analysis showed genus Glypthelmins was paraphyletic rather than monophyletic and had a closer relationship with Plagiorchis and Orientocreadium. Additionally, the BI tree also presented that the genus Echinostoma was monophyletic. Our results provided molecular data in the family Plagiorchiidae proposing new insight within Xiphidiata and Echinostomata.

Comparative analyses of the mitochondrial genomes of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus clades A and B from China.

The cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) is one of the most common ticks parasitizing livestock, causing diseases as the vector of pathogens. In this study, we amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of R. microplus from Hainan province of China and compared it with that of R. microplus from Guizhou province of China. The mt genome sequence of R. microplus from Hainan isolate was 15,163 bp in size, which was significantly longer (299 bp) than R. microplus from Guizhou isolate. Nucleotide sequence difference in the entire mt genome except for non-coding region was 5.6% between R. microplus from Hainan and Guizhou isolates. For the 13 protein-coding genes, this comparison revealed the sequence differences of nucleotide (3.8-10.1%) and amino acid (1.2-17.3%). Phylogenetic analysis of R. microplus indicated that R. microplus from Hainan isolate clustered in clade A, and R. microplus from Guizhou isolate clustered in clade B. Taken together, the findings support the recent proposal the existence of two lineages (clades A and B) of R. microplus in China.

Dipylidium caninum draft genome - a new resource for comparative genomic and genetic explorations of flatworms.

Here, we present a draft genome of the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum (family Dipylidiidae) and compare it with other cestode genomes. This draft genome of D. caninum is 110 Mb in size, has a repeat content of ~13.4% and is predicted to encode ~10,000 protein-coding genes. We inferred excretory/secretory molecules (representing the secretome), other key groups of proteins (including peptidases, kinases, phosphatases, GTPases, receptors, transporters and ion-channels) and predicted potential intervention targets for future evaluation. Using 144 shared single-copy orthologous sequences, we investigated the genetic relationships of cestodes for which nuclear genomes are available. This study provides first insights into the molecular biology of D. caninum and a new resource for comparative genomic and genetic explorations of this and other flatworms.

A Novel Mitochondrial Genome Fragmentation Pattern in the Buffalo Louse Haematopinus tuberculatus (Psocodea: Haematopinidae).

Sucking lice are obligate ectoparasites of mammalian hosts, causing serious public health problems and economic losses worldwide. It is well known that sucking lice have fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes, but many remain undetermined. To better understand patterns of mt genome fragmentation in the sucking lice, we sequenced the mt genome of the buffalo louse Haematopinus tuberculatus using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mt genome of H. tuberculatus has ten circular minichromosomes containing a total of 37 genes. Each minichromosome is 2.9-5.0 kb long and carries one to eight genes plus one large non-coding region. The number of mt minichromosomes of H. tuberculatus (ten) is different from those of congeneric species (horse louse H. asini, domestic pig louse H. suis and wild pig louse H. apri) and other sucking lice. Two events (gene translocation and merger of mt minichromosome) are observed in Haematopinus. Compared to other studies, our phylogeny generated from mt genome datasets showed a different topology, suggesting that inclusion of data other than mt genomes would be required to resolve phylogeny of sucking lice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a ten mt minichromosomes genome in sucking lice, which opens a new outlook into unexplored mt genome fragmentation patterns in sucking lice.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Contracaecum Sp. (Nematoda: Ascarididae) from Night Herons in China.

Contracaecum species are zooparasitic anisakid nematodes and occur in gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrate/invertebrate animals, including humans, causing gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea, and increasingly severe vomiting. Although the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome (mitogenome) of Contracaecum sp. isolated from night herons in Beijing has been reported, the detailed information about this mt sequence is still puzzling. In the present study, we described the detailed characteristics across the complete mt DNA of Contracaecum sp., which includes 36 genes consisting of 12 protein genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 2 noncoding regions (NCRs), and all genes have the same orientation of transcription. The AT content in the complete mitogenome of Contracaecum sp. was 72.2%, and it was the least value (66.7%) in the cox1 gene but was the highest rate (84.1%) in NCRs. The highest nucleotide diversity (Pi) among the genus Contracaecum was nad4 (0.190) and the least was cox1 (0.125), which indicates that nad4 might have the potential ability as useful markers to detect cryptic species in the genus Contracaecum or subspecies. Based on the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) computational algorithms within subfamilies Ascaridoidea and Heterakoidea, the results supported that Contracaecum sp. was a new species and the family Ascaridiidae was paraphyletic. The complete mitogenome sequence of Contracaecum sp. supported a clear recognition of Contracaecum species and provided the potential existence of cryptic species in the genus Contracaecum. Our findings would better contribute to the surveillance, molecular epidemiology, and control of Contracaecum.

Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in Free-Range Chickens Intended for Human Consumption in China.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan with worldwide distribution that infects birds and mammals, including humans. The consumption of free-range chicken meat is a common practice in many parts of the world. However, little information is available concerning the molecular prevalence and genotypes of T. gondii infection in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in China. In this study, a total of 1360 serum samples were collected from food markets in Hunan province of China for detecting T. gondii antibodies by indirect hemagglutination assay. In addition, 650 brain tissues were also collected to investigate T. gondii DNA by amplification of B1 gene with a seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive DNA samples were typed at 10 genetic markers using multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 457 of the examined serum samples (33.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.1-36.1), and 72 DNA samples (11.1%; 95% CI: 8.6-13.4) were positive for the T. gondii B1 gene. In this study, region and age of free-range chickens were shown to be risk factors for T. gondii infection (p < 0.01). Two genotypes (ToxoDB#9 and ToxoDB#52) were identified from two samples with complete genotyping results. Our study revealed a high prevalence of T. gondii infection in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in Hunan province, suggesting that recommendations to consumers should be made, especially in some regions of China where consumption of undercooked chicken meat is common. This is the first genetic characterization of T. gondii in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in Hunan province, China, and also the first report of genotype ToxoDB#52 in China.

Fragmented mitochondrial genomes evolved in opposite directions between closely related macaque louse Pedicinus obtusus and colobus louse Pedicinus badii.

We report for the first time the fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two Pedicinus species: Pedicinus obtusus and Pedicinus badii, and compared them with the lice of humans and chimpanzees. Despite being congeneric, the two monkey lice are distinct from each other in mt karyotype. The variation in mt karyotype between the two Pedicinus lice is the most pronounced among the congeneric species of sucking lice observed to date and is attributable to the opposite directions between them in mt karyotype evolution. Two of the inferred ancestral mt minichromosomes of the higher primate lice merged as one in the macaque louse whereas one of the ancestral minichromosomes split into two in the colobus louse after these two species diverged from their most recent common ancestor. Our results showed that mt genome fragmentation was a two-way process in the higher primate lice, and minichromosome merger was more common than previously thought.

Regulation of anaerobic fermentation for producing short-chain fatty acids from primary sludge in WWTPs by different alkalis.

Carbon source production from primary sludge in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) via anaerobic fermentation process has been paid more attention. However, slow hydrolysis rate and low yield of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) limited its application. This study aimed at improving the anaerobic fermentation efficiency of primary sludge by alkali regulation (NaOH, Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2), and revealing the mechanism. Results showed that three kinds of alkalis allowed enhancing hydrolysis and acidification, and reducing methane production in the anaerobic fermentation process of primary sludge. The Na2CO3 regulation contributed to highest yield and productivity of SCFAs, reaching 1626 mg COD/L and 0.189 g COD/g VSS at 4th day, respectively. Microbial community structure analysis indicated that the relative abundance of fermentative microbial community was improved in the alkali regulation system, where methanogenic archaea was effectively inhibited. The continuous flow experiment further verified that the Na2CO3 regulation could steadily increase yield of SCFAs in the anaerobic fermentation process of primary sludge, and the yield was also the highest among three kinds of alkali regulation.

Mitochondrial Genome Fragmentation Unites the Parasitic Lice of Eutherian Mammals.

Organelle genome fragmentation has been found in a wide range of eukaryotic lineages; however, its use in phylogenetic reconstruction has not been demonstrated. We explored the use of mitochondrial (mt) genome fragmentation in resolving the controversial suborder-level phylogeny of parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera). There are approximately 5000 species of parasitic lice in four suborders (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura), which infest mammals and birds. The phylogenetic relationships among these suborders are unresolved despite decades of studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of eight species of parasitic lice and compared them with 17 other species of parasitic lice sequenced previously. We found that the typical single-chromosome mt genome is retained in the lice of birds but fragmented into many minichromosomes in the lice of eutherian mammals. The shared derived feature of mt genome fragmentation unites the eutherian mammal lice of Ischnocera (family Trichodectidae) with Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina to the exclusion of the bird lice of Ischnocera (family Philopteridae). The novel clade, namely Mitodivisia, is also supported by phylogenetic analysis of mt genome and cox1 gene sequences. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that organelle genome fragmentation is informative for resolving controversial high-level phylogenies.

Novel genotypes and multilocus genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in two wild rat species in China: potential for zoonotic transmission.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic pathogen in immunodeficient patients. Although this pathogen has been reported in many domestic animals, few data are available about the occurrence of E. bieneusi in wild rats. In the current study, a total of 228 fecal samples from two wild rat species (Leopoldamys edwardsi and Berylmys bowersi) in China were examined by a nested PCR-based sequencing approach employing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in wild rats was 33.3% (76/228), with 35.1% (39/111) in L. edwardsi and 31.6% (37/117) in B. bowersi. Ten E. bieneusi genotypes (including four known and six novel genotypes) were identified, with the novel CQR-2 (n = 15) as the predominant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ten genotypes in the present study belong to zoonotic group 1, which contains many genotypes in humans. Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that 19 ITS-positive samples were successfully amplified at three microsatellites and one minisatellite, forming 18 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). This is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in the wild rats L. edwardsi and B. bowersi. Our findings suggest that wild rats could be a significant source of human infection, including contaminated food and water.