[Etiology and clinical course of urinary tract infections in infants less than 3 months-old]. / Etiología y curso clínico de la infección del tracto urinario en los lactantes menores de 3 meses.

BACKGROUND: Infants less than 3 months of age with urinary tract infection are usually hospitalized. Recent studies show that a less aggressive management for those patients aged ≥ 29 days may be feasible. OBJECTIVES: To determine the complication rate in infants<3 months of age with urinary tract infection, and to identify the causative agents and their antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on infants<3 months of age with positive urinalysis results, together with a positive urine culture from a catheterized specimen and seen in the Emergency Department from 2007 to 2012. Demographics, clinical and microbiology (microorganism isolated and antibiotic susceptibility) data were collected. The complications rate (bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, renal abscess, surgical intervention, Intensive Care Unit admission, or death) were calculated for the overall sample and for different age groups (<29, 29-60, and 61-90 days). RESULTS: A total of 460 patients are included; 137 (29.8%)<29, 166 (36.1%) 29-60, and 157 (34.1%) 61-90 days of age. Twenty four (5.4%; 95% CI: 3.6-7.8) had bacteremia; 15 (10.9%; 95% CI: 6.7-17.3) were<29 days; 8 (4.9%; 95% CI: 2.5-9.4) were 29-60 days, and one (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.1-3.7) was 61-90 days of age (P<.001). One neonate (0.8%; 95% CI: 0.1-4.1) had bacterial meningitis, and 2, renal abscess. Escherichia coli was the common pathogen identified (87.2%) in the urine culture, with a susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate, gentamicin, and cefixime of 89.2, 97.0, and 96.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Complications are low in infants<3 months of age with UTI, especially in those ≥ 29 days of age. The identification of patients at very low risk for complications would allow a less aggressive management. Escherichia coli antibiotic susceptibility remains stable, but continuing careful surveillance is essential to optimize empirical antibiotic treatment.

[Children with minor head injury in the emergency department: Is skull radiography necessary for children under 2 years?]. / Niños con traumatismo craneal leve en urgencias: ¿es necesaria la radiografía de cráneo en pacientes menores de 2 años?

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines on the management of mild head trauma (traumatic brain injury/TBI) do not include the presence of a skull fracture in determining the risk of intracranial injury. However, in our setting cranial radiography is still performed frequently to rule out the presence of skull fracture. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of clinically-important traumatic brain injuries (ciTBI) in children younger than two years of age with mild TBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study. All children attended in emergency department with mild TBI (Glasgow ≥14 points) for a year were included. We defined ciTBI as intracranial injuries that caused death or required neurosurgery, intubation for more than 24 hours, inotropic drugs or mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: The study included 854 children, of which 457 (53.5%) were male. The median patient age was 11.0 months (P25-75: 7.5-17.0 months). In 741 cases (86.8%) the mechanism of TBI was a fall. In 438 cases (51.3%) skull radiography was performed. Eleven children (1.3%) had intracranial injury, but none met the criteria for ciTBI (estimated prevalence of ciTBI was 0%; CI 95%: 0%-0.4%). CONCLUSION: Children younger than two years of age with mild TBI have low prevalence of ciTBI. Consequently, it is possible to monitor children younger than two years with a TBI without performing skull radiography.

Evaluation of FebriDx® for the management of children with acute febrile respiratory infection.

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a common cause of inappropriate antibiotic prescription (ATB) in pediatrics. FebriDx® is a rapid diagnostic test that differentiates between viral and bacterial infections. The objective is to analyse the impact of FebriDx® on ATB prescription when managing febrile ARI. METHODS: Prospective study carried out in patients aged 1-<18 years with febrile ARI in the emergency department. FebriDx® was performed and the impact on management was evaluated at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 216 patients were included. Clinical assessment and FebriDx® result coincided coincided in 174 (80.5%) cases. A modification of the initial therapeutic plan was made in 22 (52.4%) of the 42 discordant ones (10.2% of the overall patients). In pneumonia the impact was 34.5%; in all cases it involved not prescribing ATB. CONCLUSIONS: FebriDx® could be a useful tool in the management of pediatric patients with febrile ARI to optimize ATB prescription.

Unintentional poisoning by cough and cold medications: Drugs with little usefulness and potential toxicity.

INTRODUCTION: The use of medications to relieve the symptoms of the "common cold" in children is very frequent. In addition to the lack of scientific evidence supporting its usefulness, there is evidence of potential toxicity, and serious and even fatal cases of intoxication have been described. The objective was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients treated in a paediatric emergency department (PED) for suspected unintentional intoxication by a cold medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and analytical study of patients aged less than 18 years managed in a PED for suspected unintentional poisoning by a cold medicine between July 2012 and June 2020. We classified severity according to the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS): PSS-0 = no toxicity; PSS-1 = mild toxicity; PSS-2 = moderate; PSS-3 = severe; PSS-4 = lethal. If the intoxication occurred while the patient was in active treatment with the drug, we determined whether the patient's age was in the applicable range established in the therapeutic indications provided in the summary of product characteristics. RESULTS: The study included data for 63 cases. The drugs involved were decongestants and mucolytics (31; 49.2%), antitussives (26; 41.2%) and oral bronchodilators (6; 9.5%). The distribution by severity was 40 cases with PSS-0 (63.5%), 21 with PSS-1 (33.3%), 1 with PSS-2 (1.6%) and 1 with PSS-3 (1.6%). In 29 patients (46.0%) there was a history of therapeutic use; in 15 of these cases (51.7%) the age was lower than recommended in the summary of product characteristics. In 14 patients (22.2%) the intoxication was due to administration of the wrong dose by caregivers. CONCLUSION: Although scientific evidence does not support the use of cold medicines in children, unintentional intoxications by these drugs keep happening, in some cases causing moderate or severe symptoms.

Factors associated with medication errors in the pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, type, and factors associated with medication errors in a pediatric emergency department. METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective study about the treatments administered in the pediatric emergency department during a week in November 2007. We used the protocols and clinical guides at our center as pattern of reference. The errors were classified as follows: (1) prescription error: drug involved, indication, dose, and route of administration; (2) severity of the error; and (3) associated factors: triage category, age of the patient, training level of the physician, day of the week, and hour of the day. RESULTS: In 377 of 1906 checked reports, some treatments were prescribed. A total of 92 errors (15%) were detected and all of them were prescription errors: 50 (8%) for inappropriate indication and 42 (7 %) for inadequate dose. Also, 87 were considered insignificant errors, 5 were moderate and none were severe. There was a higher rate of errors among residents with less experience. We did not find differences in the triage category neither in the age of the patient. In the weekends and holidays, we commit more errors compared in weekdays (28% vs 18 %, P=0.02). Between 24 and 8 hours, we registered more errors than between 8 and 16 and between 16 and 24 hours (32.3% vs 17.9% vs 21.2%; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Error rates in drugs administered exclusively in the emergency department are slightly higher than others evaluating house orders and emergency department treatments. The high assistance pressure during weekends and holidays and the tiredness during the night are risk factors of prescribing errors. Periodical evaluation of the prescriptions is necessary to develop the best strategies to apply every time.

[Acute sexual abuse in children and adolescents: a methodological contribution to improve the quality of care.] / Abuso sexual infanto-juvenil agudo: una aportación metodológica para mejorar la calidad asistencial.

OBJECTIVE: The complexity of consultations for child and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA), added to the high service pressure in Emergency Department (ED), makes legal proceedings to be prioritized over medical action, and security incidents may appear. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a checklist for the management of acute CSA in ED, assessing the number and type of security incidents. METHODS: A single-centre, descriptive-observational study was conducted between 2018 in ED. Clinical, epidemiological and follow-up data were collected in those patients younger than 18 that were reported as acute CSA suspicions. Incidents about clinical history, procedures and medication were analyzed. The sample were divided in two groups in relation the use of checklist (Group1: January-May and Group 2: June-December). RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were included: 13 Group 1, 19 Group 2. In 25 (78.1%) incidents were detected from the clinical history, in 20 (56.3%) from procedures and in 5 (15.5%) from medication. One-hundred by one-hundred clinical history incidents and 100% procedural incidents were observed in Group 1 vs 63.2% and 36.8% in Group 2 (p=0.025 y p=0.007) and 30.8% of medication incidents in Group 1 vs 5.3% in Group 2 (p=0.051). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the checklist has led to an improvement in the medical care of patients with acute CSA with a decrease in security incident.

OBJETIVO: La complejidad de las consultas por abuso sexual infantojuvenil (ASI) sumada a la presión asistencial en el servicio de urgencias (SU) hace que se prioricen las diligencias legales a la actuación médica pudiendo aparecer incidentes de seguridad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de un checklist para el manejo de ASI en el SU valorando el número y tipo de incidentes de seguridad. METODOS: Estudio unicéntrico, descriptivo-observacional. Se recogieron datos clínicos, epidemiológicos y de seguimiento de todos los pacientes menores de 18 años que fueron atendidos en el SU por sospecha de ASI agudo durante 2018. Se analizaron los incidentes de la historia clínica, procedimientos y medicación. La muestra se dividió en dos grupos en relación al inicio del uso del checklist en el SU (Grupo: Enero-mayo y Grupo 2: junio-diciembre). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 32 casos: 13 Grupo 1, 19 Grupo 2. En 25 (78,1%) se detectaron incidentes de historia clínica, en 20 (56,3%) de procedimiento y en 5 (15,5%) de medicación. Se observaron 100% de incidentes tanto de historia clínica como de procedimiento en el Grupo 1 vs 63,2% y 36,8% respectivamente en el Grupo 2 (p=0,025 y p=0,007) y 30,8% de medicación en Grupo 1 vs 5,3% en Grupo 2 (p=0,051). CONCLUSIONES: La implantación del checklist ha supuesto una mejora en la atención médica de los pacientes con ASI agudo, con una disminución de los incidentes de seguridad.

[Psychoactive drugs use and related visits of adolescents to the emergency department]. / Implicación de las sustancias psicoactivas en las consultas de adolescentes en urgencias.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe psychoactive substances (PS)-related visits of adolescents to the emergency department and to explore possible differential features in patients according to the kind of PS consumed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational and analytic study. PS-related visits of adolescents to the emergency department during 30 months were studied. Patients were divided in two groups: those with alcohol intoxication only (Group_1) and those with other PS (Group_2) and they were compared. RESULTS: 333 consults were included, corresponding to 321 patients. Their mean age was 16,1 years (SD:1,1 years). Two hundred sixty-two(78,7%) were alcohol-related visits, and 110(33%) were related with another PS consumption. Of the 262 alcohol-related visits, 223 were only related with alcohol(Group_1), while the other 110 visits made up Group_2. Group_2 was composed of more males, more adolescents placed in Institutional Care and more adolescents with psychiatric records than Group_1. Likewise, distribution of Group_2 visits was less predictable than distribution of Group_1. CONCLUSIONS: PS consumption is a frequent major complaint in an Emergency Department. There are more poly-intoxications in males with psycho-social problems. In those cases, consumption seems to happen regardless of the time in the day or the day of the week.

[Consultations for digestive foreign bodies ingestion in a pediatric emergency department.] / Consultas por ingestión de cuerpos extraños digestivos en unas urgencias pediátricas.

OBJECTIVE: Foreign body (FB) ingestion distresses many families who consult the emergency department promptly. The objective of the study is to determine the epidemiological characteristics of children who consult due to suspected FB intake and its consequences. METHODS: Descriptive-observational study, carried out in a third-level maternal and child center. Emergency reports were selected from patients under 18 years of age with a diagnosis of discharge "Ingesta CE" (code 938 CIM-9-MC until May 2018; code T18.9XXA CIM-10-MC later) from 1/1/2017 until 12/31/2018. Miscoded and reconsultations within the same episode were excluded. Data was analysed with the statistics program SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: 458 cases were included; median age 3.8 years (p25-75: 1.9-6.6 years); 267 (58.3%) males. 78.9% consulted in the first 6 hours after intake. Accidental cause was reported in 98.9% of cases. In 96.7% a single FB was ingested. The most frequent types of object were metallic (46.7%), plastics (16.4%) and food bones/shells (12.9%). The 23.6% of FB involved were sharp/pointed. 49.1% of the patients presented symptoms. A complementary test was performed in 69.4%, especially radiographs (63.5%). Metal detector was used in 10%. 9.6% required endoscopy. 90.4% were discharged from the emergency department, with 12.1% of reconsultations. CONCLUSIONS: Consultations for FB ingestion are relatively frequent in the emergency department and, although most of them are discharged, many patients require complementary tests and a non-negligible number, endoscopy. The patient's profile is that of a preschooler who spontaneously goes to the emergency room due to an accidental ingestion of a blunt metallic object.

OBJETIVO: La ingestión de un cuerpo extraño (CE) angustia a muchas familias que consultan con premura a Urgencias. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas de los niños que consultaban por sospecha de ingesta de CE y sus consecuencias. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-observacional, realizado en un centro materno-infantil de tercer nivel. Se seleccionaron los informes de Urgencias de pacientes menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de alta por "Ingesta CE" (código 938 CIM-9-MC hasta mayo 2018; código T18.9XXA CIM-10-MC posteriormente) del 1/1/2017 al 31/12/2018. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS 25.0. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 458 casos. La edad mediana fue de 3,8 años (p25-75: 1,9-6,6 años); 267 personas (58,3%) fueron varones. El 78,9% consultaron durante las 6 horas posteriores a la ingesta. Refirieron causa accidental el 98,9% los casos. En el 96,7%, la ingesta fue de un único CE. Los objetos más frecuentes fueron metálicos (46,7%), plásticos (16,4%) y huesos/cáscaras de alimentos (12,9%). El 23,6% de CE implicados fueron afilados/puntiagudos. El 49,1% de los pacientes presentaron algún síntoma. Se realizó alguna prueba complementaria en un 69,4% de los casos, sobre todo radiografías (63,5%). Se usó el detector de metales en el 10%. El 9,6% precisó endoscopia. El 90,4% fue dado de alta desde Urgencias, con un 12,1% de reconsultas. CONCLUSIONES: Las consultas por ingestión de CE son relativamente frecuentes en Urgencias y, aunque la mayoría son dados de alta, muchos pacientes requieren pruebas complementarias, y un número no despreciable, necesita endoscopia. El perfil del paciente es el de un varón en edad preescolar que acude espontáneamente a Urgencias por ingesta accidental de un objeto romo metálico.

[Comparative analysis of the incidence of alcohol intoxication in adolescents in a pediatric emergency department.] / Análisis comparativo de la incidencia de intoxicaciones etílicas en adolescentes en un servicio de Urgencias pediátricas.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study (2007-2012) of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) in the paediatric Emergency Department (ED) (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona) demonstrated a decrease in the rates of AAI over the last two years. Aim: to determine if this decile continued during the following 5 years and to describe the profile and clinical management of these patients. METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective and observation study. Adolescents who presented to the ED (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona) with AAI were included (2007-2017). Patients were classified in two groups: mil and moderate/severe; we compared the differences in the clinical management (monitoring of vital signs, lab test and treatment). We defined the AAI incidence rate: number of AAI every 1000 ED adolescent consultations/year. RESULTS: We included 836 AII, incidence rate: 7.7;2007, 8.5;2008, 6.6;2009, 7.8;2010, 6.4;2011, 6.4;2012, 4.8;2013, 4.6;2014, 5.5;2015, 4.8;2016 and 3.4;2017. The mean age was 15.9 (SD 1.2) years, 54.9% (459) were women. 54.5% had mild AAI, 45.4% moderate/severe. The temperature was taken to 607 patients, capillary blood glucose to 573 and blood pressure to 633. We found no differences in the monitoring of vital signs regardless of the symptoms of the patients. Patients with moderate/severe AAI underwent blood test more frequently than those with mild AAI (ethanol levels 88.2% vs 50.4%; p<0.001; electrolytes 81.2% vs 48%, p<0.001; glucose levels 64.4% vs 37.1%, p<0.001). Four hundred and twelve patients (49.3%) received fluid therapy. Twenty-two patients were admitted. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AAI decreased over the last years. The profile of these patients remains unchanged (adolescents with moderate AAI during weekends). Even though lab test were performed more frequently to patients with moderate/severe AAI, clinical management should be improved by taking vital signs and capillary glycemia to all patients, keeping the blood analysis for moderate-severe AAI.

OBJETIVO: Una revisión retrospectiva (período 2007-2012) de las intoxicaciones etílicas agudas (IEA) en el Servicio de Urgencias Pediátrico (SUP) del Hospital San Joan de Déu, de Barcelona, evidenció un descenso de las visitas por IEA los últimos dos años. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar si este descenso se había mantenido los 5 años posteriores, así como describir el perfil y manejo de estos pacientes. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional. Se incluyeron consultas de adolescentes en el SUP del Hospital San Joan de Déu, de Barcelona, por IEA (período 2007-2017). Se dividieron los pacientes en IEA leve y moderada-grave. Se valoraron las diferencias en su manejo (toma de constantes, analítica y tratamiento.) Se definió la tasa de incidencia de IEA cada 1.000 visitas a Urgencias de adolescentes/año. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 836 IEA. Las tasas de incidencia por años fueron: 7,7% (2007); 8,5% (2008); 6,6% (2009); 7,8% (2010); 6,4% (2011); 6,4% (2012); 4,8% (2013); 4,6% (2014); 5,5% (2015); 4,8% (2016) y 3,4% (2017). La edad media fue de 15,9 (DE 1,2) años, siendo mujeres el 54,9%. Presentó IEA leve un 54,5% y moderada-grave un 45,4%. Se determinó temperatura a 607, glicemia capilar a 573 y tensión arterial a 633. No hubo diferencias significativas en la determinación de las tres constantes según la clínica de intoxicación. A los pacientes con IEA moderada-grave se les realizó analítica sanguínea con mayor frecuencia que a los de IEA leve (niveles de etanol del 88,2% frente al 50,4%; p<0,001 / EAB-ionograma del 81,2% contra el 48%, p<0,001 / glicemia venosa del 64,4% respecto al 37,1%, p<0,001). Se administró sueroterapia a 412 (49,3%). Precisaron ingreso 22 pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de IEA en SUP disminuye. Se mantiene el perfil de adolescentes (IEA moderadas el fin de semana). Aunque se realizó analítica con mayor frecuencia a los pacientes con IEA moderada, el manejo de las IAE presenta aspectos mejorables, debiendo preconizar la toma de constantes y la glicemia capilar en todos los pacientes, reservando la analítica para los pacientes moderados-graves.

[Profile of the child seen in the resuscitation room]. / Perfil del niño atendido en la sala de críticos de Urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: The attention provided to the seriously ill represents a great challenge for health care professionals; familiarity with this profile will allow for the optimal use of resources and will also lead to an improvement in the training of the health professionals. We sought to understand the characteristics of patients seen in the resuscitation room (RR) of a pediatric emergency department (PED), and to determine the risk factors for a poor evolution. METHODS: An observational analytical study was carried out in the PED of a third-level pediatric hospital from September 2016 through August 2017. Included were those patients attended to in the RR; we analyzed their demographic variables, where they were from, how they arrived at the hospital, their reasons for seeking care (medical vs accident), procedures applied, treatments given, diagnoses, and discharge destination. We used logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors for poor evolution. RESULTS: Included were 114 patients. Their median age was 9.9 years (p25-75=4.0-14.7); 65.8% were male. The patients arrived from the street (51.8%) and from home (31.6%); more than two thirds arrived by ambulance (69.3%). Some 42.1% presented with an unstable pediatric assessment triangle (PAT). Some 64.9% were seen for polytrauma (87.8% with stable PAT). Procedures were carried out on 79.8% of the patients. The most frequent diagnoses were polytrauma (64.9%) and convulsive status (14%). The discharge destinations were: home (28.1%), hospital ward (35.1%), intensive care unit (30.7%), and surgery (4.4%); two patients died in the RR. With the univariate study, we identified risk factors for poor outcome: internal medical condition (52.5% vs 21.6%, p=0.001) and age <2 years (55.6% vs 28.1%, p=0.023). In the multivariate study, the medical cause was maintained as an independent risk factor (OR 4 (CI 95% 1.7-9.2), p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The profile of the patient seen in the RR is of a school-age child in stable condition, arriving by ambulance for polytrauma. The children seen for internal medical reasons had poorer outcomes.

OBJETIVO: La atención sanitaria a los pacientes gravemente enfermos constituye un reto sanitario; es importante conocer el perfil de estos pacientes, para optimizar los recursos y mejorar la formación de los profesionales. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las características de los pacientes atendidos en la Sala de Críticos (SC) de un Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas (SUP) y determinar los factores de riesgo de mala evolución. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional en el SUP de un hospital pediátrico terciario, entre septiembre de 2016 y agosto de 2017. Se incluyeron los pacientes atendidos en la SC, analizando variables demográficas, procedencia, medio de traslado, motivo de consulta (médica o traumática), procedimientos, tratamientos, diagnóstico y destino. Mediante regresión logística se determinaron los factores de riesgo independientes de mala evolución. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 114 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 9,9 años (p25-75=4,0-14,7), de los que un 65,8% eran varones. Los pacientes llegaban de la vía pública (51,8%) y del domicilio (31,6%), con un 69,3% mediante traslado en ambulancia. El 42,1% presentaba triángulo de evaluación pediátrica (TEP) inestable. El 64,9% fueron atendidos por politraumatismos (87,8% TEP estable). Al 79,8% se les realizó algún procedimiento. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron politraumatismo (64,9%) y "status" convulsivo (14%). El destino de los pacientes fue domicilio (28,1%), planta (35,1%), Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (30,7%) o quirófano (4,4%). Dos pacientes resultaron éxitus en la SC. En el estudio univariante, se identificaron como factores de riesgo de mala evolución la causa médica (52,5% frente a un 21,6%, p=0,001) y la edad menor a 2 años (55,6% frente a un 28,1%, p=0,023). En el estudio multivariante, la causa médica se mantuvo como factor de riesgo independiente (OR 4 (IC 95% 1,7-9,2), p=0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El perfil del paciente atendido en la SC es un niño estable en edad escolar, que llega en ambulancia y generalmente por politraumatismo. Los niños atendidos por causa médicas tienen mayor riesgo de peor evolución.

[Ingestion of caustic substances: An analysis of the safety and benefit of a less aggressive protocol]. / Ingesta de cáusticos: análisis de la seguridad y beneficio de un protocolo menos agresivo.

INTRODUCTION: The ingestion of a caustic agent is the most common cause of admission after being in contact with a domestic product. A group of patients could be considered low risk and not require aggressive procedures such a corticosteroid administration and endoscopy, especially in the paediatric population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and benefit of a less aggressive protocol for patients defined as low risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical-observational study conducted on patients who consulted for caustic ingestion between January 2011 and December 2015. Two periods were differentiated according to the current protocol. Period-1: usual protocol (which included admission and parenteral corticosteroid and antibiotic administration) and Period-2: less aggressive protocol for the low risk patients (oral intake test after 6hours and discharged if they remained asymptomatic). Low risk patients were considered as those who met the following criteria: unintentional intake, absence of symptoms and oral lesions. In the rest of the patients the usual protocol was performed. Re-admission with a diagnosis of digestive lesions was considered as a complication. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were included in period 1, and 35 in period 2. In period 2, thirteen patients met low risk criteria. The adherence to the less aggressive protocol was 100%. None of the low risk patients required admission or endoscopy after discharge. In period 1 the adherence to the usual protocol was 60.4%. Six patients would have benefited from the application of the less aggressive protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting a more conservative attitude in low risk patients is safe. These patients benefit from clinical observation, without performing more aggressive measures with their possible iatrogenic adverse effects.

[Diagnostic efficiency of renal ultrasound after the first urine infection in infants]. / Rentabilidad diagnóstica de la ecografía renal tras la primera infección de orina en los lactantes.

INTRODUCTION: Several authors question the performance of systematic renal ultrasound after first urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children, given the high sensitivity of prenatal ultrasounds to detect major malformations and the low prevalence of clinical relevant findings. The aims of this study are to evaluate the yield of renal ultrasound performed after the first UTI in patients aged less than 2 years and to analyse potential risk factors (RF) of altered renal ultrasound. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study, including patients aged less than 2 years diagnosed with UTI in the Emergency Department between July 2013 and December 2014. Patients with an underlying nephro-urological pathology, previous UTIs and those without prenatal or post-infection renal ultrasound were excluded. Altered renal ultrasound was defined as the presence of dilated urinary tract or structural abnormalities. Potential RF analysed were: male, age less than 3 months, presence of fever and microorganism other than Escherichia coli. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A total of 306 patients were included. Altered renal ultrasound was found in 35 cases (11.4%; 95% CI 8.3-15.5): 24 (68.6%) urinary tract dilation, and 11 (31%) structural abnormalities. Among the cases with altered ultrasound, 68.6% were male, 51.4% were younger than 3 months, 74.3% were febrile, and 31.4% were caused by microorganisms other than E. coli, compared to 45% (P=.009), 31.7% (P=.021), 78.2% (P=.597) and 10% (P=.001) of cases with normal ultrasound. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 3 months (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0-4.3, P=.05) and microorganism other than E. coli (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7-8.7, P=.002) remained as RF. CONCLUSIONS: The yield of renal ultrasound after the first UTI is low. Its indication should be individualised according to the presence of RF: age less than 3 months and microorganism other than E. coli.

Pediatric televisits and telephone triage: impact on use of a hospital emergency department. / Impacto de las consultas y triajes telefónicos pediátricos en el uso del servicio de urgencias hospitalario.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the characteristics of remote telephone consultations (televisits) and triage of pediatric emergencies attended by the 24-hour emergency service of Catalonia (CatSalut Respon), and to describe the impact of televisits on callers' decisions about whether or not to come to the emergency department and their opinion of the call service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study. During the call, cases were classified according the Spanish and Andorran triage system. Patients who were sent to the hospital underwent triage again, and the 2 assigned triage levels were compared. The families were later called to check data and ask their opinion of the service. Sociodemographic and clinical data related to the cases were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 370 televisits were made. Most cases (300, 81%) were not emergencies. Seventy-five callers (20.3%) were advised to go to an emergency department. Fever (P = .002) and questions about medication (P < .001) were the problems significantly associated with nonurgent cases. Nearly 46% of the cases classified as serious during telephone triage were also considered serious when the child was brought to the emergency department. The rate of agreement between the 2 triage levels was moderate. Over half the parents stated they had intended to go to the hospital before calling the service; 46% changed their mind based on the call. CONCLUSION: Fever and questions about medication were significantly associated with televisits for nonurgent cases. Nearly half the parents changed their mind about going to the emergency department after a televisit.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de las teleconsultas y triajes telefónicos pediátricos atendidos por CatSalut Respon y describir su impacto sobre la actitud y la decisión final de los padres-usuarios de acudir o no a urgencias. METODO: Estudio observacional transversal. Durante la teleconsulta los pacientes se clasificaron según los niveles del sistema español de triaje. Aquellos que fueron derivados a urgencias se volvieron a clasificar en el hospital, y se compararon los niveles de triaje. Posteriormente, se realizó una llamada de verificación. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 370 teleconsultas, fundamentalmente no urgentes (n = 300; 81%). Un 20,3% (n = 75) fueron derivadas a urgencias. La fiebre (p = 0,002) y las dudas de medicación (p < 0,001) fueron motivos significativos de teleconsulta no urgente. Casi un 46% de los casos con niveles de gravedad altos en el triaje de la llamada también fueron clasificados con niveles de gravedad altos en el triaje posterior realizado en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario, mostrando una concordancia moderada. Más del 50% de los padres tenían intención de acudir a urgencias antes de la teleconsulta y un 46% cambiaron de actitud tras realizar esta llamada. CONCLUSIONES: Fiebre y dudas de medicación fueron motivos estadísticamente significativos de teleconsulta no urgente. La consulta telefónica produjo un cambio de actitud en casi la mitad de los padres.

[Knowledge in child safety for parents of children 1 to 4 years old]. / Conocimientos en seguridad infantil de los padres de niños de 1 a 4 años.

OBJECTIVE: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of child morbidity and mortality, Emergency Services can be a good place to influence their prevention, guiding and anticipating risk situations. The objective of this work was to determine the knowledge and attitude of parents-caregivers of children from one to four years old about child safety. We evaluate if there are differences according the consultation was for unintentional injury or not. METHODS: Study of cross-sectional surveys performed in an Emergency Health Service during 44 days randomly chosen between two periods (10 / 2015 - 01 / 2016 and 10 / 2016 - 01 / 2017). The parents-caregivers of children between one and four years old were surveyed. For each child with unintentional injury (GROUP1) two other children were included with another reason of consultation (GROUP2). The Framingham Security Survey was used. It was considered that the knowledge and attitude of the parents-caregivers was adequate if the proportion of correct answers was ≥75%. The data was analyzed with the statistical program SPSS v 22.0 for Windows. RESULTS: 499 parents-caregivers responded to the survey; 170 belonged to GROUP1 and 329 belonged to GROUP2. The median of correct answers was 27/39 (69.2%) in both groups. The variables where more incorrect answers were detected were: lack of security in front of a fire (409, 82%) and absence of window bars (402, 80.6%). Forty-five (26.5%) parents-caregivers of GROUP1 and 94 (28.6%) of GROUP2 answered correctly≥75% of the questions (p = 0.620); According to the age of children, 34.8% of parents- caregivers of children aged one year, 26.9% of the one aged two years, 26.8% of the ones aged three years and 17.9% of the ones aged four years (p = 0.007) answered correctly the questions. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of families to prevent unintentional injuries was low, whether or not it was the reason for consultation. A relaxation in the security measures was detected when increasing the autonomy of the children.

OBJETIVO: Las lesiones no intencionadas son la primera causa de morbimortalidad infantil, los Servicios de Urgencias pueden ser un buen lugar para incidir en su prevención, orientando y anticipando situaciones de riesgo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar en Urgencias el conocimiento y la actitud de los padres-cuidadores de los niños de uno a cuatro años en seguridad infantil y valorar si existen diferencias en función de si el niño ha sufrido una lesión no intencionada (LNI) o no. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal a través de encuestas realizado en un Servicio de Urgencias durante 44 días escogidos aleatoriamente entre dos periodos (10/2015-01/2016 y 10/2016-01/2017). Se encuestó a los padres-cuidadores de los niños entre uno y cuatro años. Por cada niño con LNI (GRUPO1) se incluyeron dos con otro motivo de consulta (GRUPO2). Se utilizó la encuesta de Seguridad de Framingham. Se consideró que el conocimiento y actitud de los padres-cuidadores era adecuado si la proporción de respuestas correctas fue≥75%. Se analizaron los datos con el programa estadístico SPSS v 22.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: Respondieron a la encuesta 499 padres-cuidadores; 170 pertenecían al GRUPO1 y 329 al GRUPO2. La mediana de respuestas correctas fue de 27/39(69,2%) en ambos grupos. Las variables donde se detectaron más respuestas incorrectas fueron: falta de seguridad frente a un incendio (409;82%) y ausencia de rejas en las ventanas (402;80,6%). Cuarenta y cinco (26,5%) padres-cuidadores del GRUPO1 y 94(28,6%) del GRUPO2 contestaron correctamente≥75% a las preguntas (p=0,620); por edad de los niños, el 34,8% de los padres-cuidadores de los de un año, el 26,9% de los de dos, el 26,8% de los de tres y el 17,9% de los de cuatro (p=0,007). CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de las familias para prevenir LNI fue bajo, tanto si éste era o no, el motivo de consulta. Se detectó una relajación en las medidas de seguridad al aumentar la autonomía de los niños.

Invasive disease by Streptococcus pyogenes: patients hospitalized for 6 years. / Enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pyogenes: ingresos durante 6 años.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The last years an increase of severe cases of invasive disease (ID) due to Streptococcus pyogenes or streptococcus b-hemolytic group A (SGA) had been detected. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology and the clinical features of ID due to SGA in a tertiary Pediatric Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study in a Pediatric hospital, of all in-patients with final diagnosis of ID due to SGA during 6 years (2009-2014). To consider ID, SGA had to be isolated in sterile samples; in patients with fascitis necroticans in skin samples or in any sample in patients with the diagnostic of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS). The SSTS was defined as hypotension and at least 2 of these criteria: renal failure, hepatic failure, acute respiratory distress, tissue necrosis or desquamative erythematous rash. Demographic data, type of infection, risk factors, clinical presentation, analytical data at admission, treatment, need for admission to a pediatric intensive care unit, microbiological data, hospital stay and evolution were collected. RESULTS: Fifty-two (52) cases were included (12/10,000 of all inpatients); 3 years-old was the medium age (p25-75: 1.4-6.9 years); 28 (53.8%) were boys. Fourteen patients (26.9%) had risk factors. Fever was the major symptom (51 patients, 98.1%). The skin lesions were the most frequent clinical manifestations found (21; 40.4%). In 50 (96%) cases, SGA was isolated in at least one sterile sample. Skin and soft tissue infections were diagnosed in 14 patients (26.9%), 14 (26.9%) pneumonias, 12 (23.1%) bones and joints infections, 10 (19.2%) SSTS, 6 (11.5%) occult bacteremia, 4 (7.7%) meningitis and 2 (3.8%) sepsis. Surgery was required in 18 cases (34.6%) and 17 patients (32.7%) needed intensive care. The medium hospital stay was 9.5 days (p25-75: 8-15 days). Three patients presented sequels and one patient died. CONCLUSION: The ID due to SGA was a rare but serious reason for hospital admission. Skin and soft tissue infections, and pleuroneumonia were the most common forms of ID. The mortality of our sample was low despite the serious clinical manifestations.

[Use of urine drug screening in the emergency department of a paediatric hospital]. / Utilidad de las técnicas de cribado de tóxicos en orina solicitadas desde el servicio de urgencias de un hospital pediátrico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the situations in which urine drug screening is used in a Paediatric Emergency Department (ED). An analysis is also made on its potential usefulness on whether it changes the patient management, and if the results are confirmed by using specific techniques. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted on patients under the age of 18 attended in the ED during 2014 and in whom urine drug screening was requested. Depending on the potential capacity of the screening result to change patient management, two groups were defined (potentially useful and not potentially useful). RESULTS: Urine drug screening was performed on a total of 161 patients. The screening was considered not to be potentially useful in 87 (54.0%). This was because the clinical history already explained the symptoms the patient had in 55 (34.1%) patients, in 29 (18.0%) because the patient was asymptomatic, and in 3 (1.9%) because the suspected drug was not detectable in the screening. The drug screening results changed the patient management in 5 (3.1%) cases. A toxic substance was detected in 44 (27.3%). Two out of the 44 that were positive (2.1%) were re-tested by specific techniques, and presence of the toxic substance was ruled out in both of them (false positives). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the drug screening tests are not justified, and it is very infrequent that they change patient management. It is very rare that the results are confirmed using more specific methods. Urine drug screening tests should be restricted to particular cases and if the result has legal implications, or if the patient denies using the drug, it should be followed by a specific toxicological study to provide a conclusive result.

[Clinical observation: A safe alternative to radiology in infants with mild traumatic brain injury]. / Observación clínica: una alternativa segura a la radiología en lactantes con traumatismo craneoencefálico leve.

OBJECTIVE: The protocol for the management of mild cranioencephalic trauma in the emergency department was changed in July 2013. The principal innovation was the replacement of systematic X-ray in infants with clinical observation. The aims of this study were to determine whether there was, 1) a reduction in the ability to detect traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the initial visit to Emergency, and 2) a change in the number of requests for imaging tests and hospital admissions. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective, descriptive, observational study. Two periods were established for the study: Period 1 (1/11/2011-30/10/2012), prior to the implementing of the new protocol, and Period 2 (1/11/2013-30/10/2014), following its implementation. The study included visits to the emergency department by children≤2 years old for mild cranioencephalic trauma (Glasgow Scale modified for infants≥14) of ≤24hours onset. RESULTS: A total of 1,543 cases were included, of which 807 were from Period 1 and 736 from Period 2. No significant differences were observed as regards sex, age, mechanism, or risk of TBI. More cranial fractures were detected in Period 1 than in Period 2 (4.3% vs 0.5%; P<.001), without significant changes in the detection of TBI (0.4% vs 0.3%; P=1). However, there were more cranial X-rays (49.7% vs 2.7%; P<.001) and more ultrasounds (2.1% vs 0.4%; P<.001) carried out, and also fewer hospital admissions (8.3% vs 3.1%; P<.001). There were no significant differences in the number of computerised tomography scans carried out (2% vs 3%; P=.203). CONCLUSIONS: The use of clinical observation as an alternative to cranial radiography leads to a reduction in the number of imaging tests and hospital admissions of infants with mild cranioencephalic trauma, without any reduction in the reliability of detecting TBI. This option helps to lower the exposure radiation by the patient, and is also a more rational use of hospital resources.