Tuberculosis prevention in patients undergoing kidney transplantation: A nurse-led program for screening and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Systematic screening for, and treatment of, latent tuberculosis (TB) infection is recommended prior to kidney transplant. However, little is known about patient compliance with, or the safety profile of, preventive therapies used in clinical practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of patients who were eligible for kidney transplant and were evaluated for TB infection between January 2013 and June 2019 at the TB clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital. All patient data were registered prospectively as part of our nurse-led program before kidney transplant. We assessed completion rates, tolerance with therapy, development of TB, and associated workload. RESULTS: In total, 1568 patients were referred to our TB clinic for evaluation. Preventive therapy was given to 385 patients and completed by 340 (88.3%). Of these, 89 (23.1%) experienced some intolerance, with 27 requiring full discontinuation. After a median follow-up of 45 months (1426 patient-years), 206 (53.5%) of the treated patients received a kidney transplant; only one patient, who failed to complete treatment, developed post-transplant TB (7.01 cases per 10 000 patient-years; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-34.59). Extra nurse or medical visits were required by 268 (69.6%) patients. CONCLUSION: Despite the complexity and workload generated by patients with ESRD awaiting kidney transplant, preventive therapy for TB is effective in most cases. Our experience provides important evidence on the feasibility of preventive therapy for TB before kidney transplant when delivered as part of a comprehensive nurse-led program.

Infectiousness of patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, assessed by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, XpertⓇMTB/RIF.

Currently, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) isolation recommendations are based on serial sputum smear microscopy. To assess infectiousness of smear-negative/GeneXpert-positive (Sm-/GXpert+) pulmonary TB, we evaluated 511 contacts of pulmonary TB patients attended at a teaching hospital in Spain (2010-2018). There were no statistically significant differences in rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (46.2% contacts of smear-positive and 34.6% contacts of Sm-/GXpert+ pulmonary TB patients, p = 0.112). Sm-/GXpert+ pulmonary TB poses a substantial risk of transmission of M. tuberculosis infection. Our results add evidence to support including Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (XpertⓇMTB/RIF) in the work-up diagnosis of suspected pulmonary TB cases to make decisions on air-borne isolation.

Center variability in risk of adjusted length of stay for very low birth weight infants in the Neocosur South American Network.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a prediction model for hospital length of stay (LOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and to compare this outcome among 20 centers within a neonatal network. METHODS: Data from 7,599 infants with birth weights of 500-1,500 g born between the years 2001-2008 were prospectively collected. The Cox regression model was employed to develop two prediction models: an early model based upon variables present at birth, and a late one that adds relevant morbidities for the first 30 days of life. RESULTS: Median adjusted estimated LOS from birth was 59 days - 28 days after 30-day point of survival. There was a high correlation between models (r = 0.92). Expected/observed LOS varied widely among centers, even after correction for relevant morbidity after 30 days. Median observed LOS (range: 45-70 days), and postmenstrual age at discharge (range: 36.4-39.9 weeks) reflect high inter-center variability. CONCLUSION: A simple model, with factors present at birth, can predict a VLBW infant's LOS in a neonatal network. Significant variability in LOS was observed among neonatal intensive care units. We speculate that the results originate in differences in inter-center practices.

Variabilidade do risco do tempo de permanência ajustado para lactentes de muito baixo peso ao nascer entre centros da Neocosur South American Network / Center variability in risk of adjusted length of stay for very low birth weight infants in the Neocosur South American Network

OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver um modelo de predição para o tempo de permanência hospitalar (TPH) em lactentes de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN) e comparar esse resultado entre 20 centros de uma rede neonatal, visto que o TPH é utilizado como uma medida da qualidade da assistência em lactentes de MBPN. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos dados coletados prospectivamente de 7.599 lactentes com peso ao nascer entre 500 e 1.500 g no período entre os anos de 2001 a 2008. O modelo de regressão de Cox foi empregado para desenvolver dois modelos de predição: um modelo prévio com dados do nascimento e outro posterior, que acrescenta morbidades relevantes dos primeiros 30 dias de vida. RESULTADOS: A mediana do TPH estimado e ajustado a partir do nascimento foi de 59 dias; 28 dias depois do tempo de sobrevida de 30 dias. Houve uma alta correlação entre os modelos (r = 0,92). O TPH esperado e o TPH observado variaram bastante entre os centros, mesmo depois de correção para as morbidades relevantes após 30 dias. O TPH mediano (variação: 45-70 dias) e a idade concepcional na alta hospitalar (variação: 36,4-39,9 semanas) refletem uma variabilidade alta entre centros. CONCLUSÃO: Um modelo simples, com fatores apresentados no nascimento, pode predizer o TPH de um lactente de MBPN em uma rede neonatal. Observou-se uma variabilidade nos TPHs considerável entre unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal. Especulamos que os resultados sejam provenientes das diferenças entre as práticas dos centros.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a prediction model for hospital length of stay (LOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and to compare this outcome among 20 centers within a neonatal network. METHODS: Data from 7,599 infants with birth weights of 500-1,500 g born between the years 2001-2008 were prospectively collected. The Cox regression model was employed to develop two prediction models: an early model based upon variables present at birth, and a late one that adds relevant morbidities for the first 30 days of life. RESULTS: Median adjusted estimated LOS from birth was 59 days ‒ 28 days after 30-day point of survival. There was a high correlation between models (r = 0.92). Expected/observed LOS varied widely among centers, even after correction for relevant morbidity after 30 days. Median observed LOS (range: 45-70 days), and postmenstrual age at discharge (range: 36.4-39.9 weeks) reflect high inter-center variability. CONCLUSION: A simple model, with factors present at birth, can predict a VLBW infant's LOS in a neonatal network. Significant variability in LOS was observed among neonatal intensive care units. We speculate that the results originate in differences in inter-center practices.