Automated Library Generation and Serendipity Quantification Enables Diverse Discovery in Coordination Chemistry.

Library generation experiments are a key part of the discovery of new materials, methods, and models in chemistry, but the question of how to generate high quality libraries to enable discovery is nontrivial. Herein, we use coordination chemistry to demonstrate the automation of many of the workflows used for library generation in automated hardware including the Chemputer. First, we explore the target-oriented synthesis of three influential coordination complexes, to validate key synthetic operations in our system; second, the generation of focused libraries in chemical and process space; and third, the development of a new workflow for prospecting library formation. This involved Bayesian optimization using a Gaussian process as surrogate model combined with a metric for novelty (or serendipity) quantification based on mass spectrometry data. In this way, we show directed exploration of a process space toward those areas with rarer observations and build a picture of the diversity in product distributions present across the space. We show that this effectively "engineers" serendipity into our search through the unexpected appearance of acetic anhydride, formed in situ, and solvent degradation products as ligands in an isolable series of three Co(III) anhydride complexes.

Reliability and validity of the CCNCS: a dependency workload measurement system.

AIM: To refine, test and evaluate the Community Client Need Classification System (CCNCS). BACKGROUND: Workload assessment in community nursing is complicated by the range of services that may be delivered in one patient interaction. The CCNCS is a workload measurement system designed to capture the direct and indirect elements of community nursing work and is suitable for use with all care groups in the community. DESIGN: Survey. METHOD: Forty-four community nurses implemented the CCNCS with all clients in their caseload for four weeks. Community nursing in the Irish Republic is known as public health nursing. The Public Health Nurses (PHNs) recorded the total time in minutes that was spent on each client each week. The satisfaction with and experiences of PHNs using the CCNCS during the study period was also recorded. RESULTS: Participants endorsed the utility of the CCNCS for use in community nursing. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability results were positive with high level of agreement between raters in relation to scoring community clients. The amount of time the PHNs spent with clients correlated with ascending level of client need. CONCLUSIONS: The CCNCS affords insight into the complex nature of community nursing. It discriminates between levels of need and has potential to provide a standardised assessment of need in all community-nursing clients. Adequate resources are required to conduct further testing of the reliability and predictive validity of this system. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The CCNCS can provide objective evidence of community nursing workload and thus facilitate workforce planning.

Measuring the workload of community nurses in Ireland: a review of workload measurement systems.

BACKGROUND: The primary community nursing service in Ireland is public health nursing and this unique healthcare role incorporates activities and responsibilities undertaken by a variety of health professionals in other countries. Capturing and comparing a measure of the work of any community nurse is complicated due to the difficulty in standardizing the nature of community nursing across care settings. AIM: The aim of this paper was to review the varied approaches to measuring the workload/caseload of community nurses to evaluate how they may be applied to measure the workload of the public health nurse in the Irish Republic. CONCLUSION: Many of the systems designed to measure nursing workload are reliant on measuring tasks and fail to capture the less tangible but core aspects of the public health nursing role like decision-making, assessment and case management. IMPLICATIONS: There is a need to develop a workload measurement system for use by public health nurses in Ireland that is capable of measuring the uniqueness of the role.

Assessment of dependency levels of older people in the community and measurement of nursing workload.

AIM: This paper is a report of a study to explore the relationship between the dependency levels of older people who are part of the community nurse's caseload and the volume and nature of nursing input required. BACKGROUND: International healthcare policy has consistently emphasized the reorientation of health services from hospital to community care. It is necessary to determine ways to use nursing resources appropriately to meet service needs of an increasing older population. METHOD: This quantitative study was conducted in one region of Ireland, which included a city and sparsely populated rural areas. Over a 4-week period in 2004, a volunteer sample of 44 nurses assessed all older people (1482) on their community caseload using the Community Client Need Classification System. In addition, participants recorded the amount of care time spent with each individual client by all members of the community nursing team. FINDINGS: The vast majority of clients were seen in their own homes (85%, n = 1259). On the 5-point Community Client Need Classification System, the majority (39%, n = 571) were assessed at level 2 (low level of need) and 4% (n = 61) at level 5 (high level of need). As client need level increased, the consumption of community nursing time also increased. CONCLUSION: The tool was successful in discriminating between care needs levels of older people and may be useful in predicting the type and amount of human resources required by individuals who need community nursing services. Lack of information on demographic variables may limit the transferability of these findings.