Recent Advances in Biological Activity, New Formulations and Prodrugs of Ferulic Acid.

Trans-ferulic acid (FA) is a derivative of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is found in many food products, fruits and beverages. It has scientifically proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, its low ability to permeate through biological barriers (e.g., the blood-brain barrier, BBB), its low bioavailability and its fast elimination from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration limit its clinical use, e.g., for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, new nanotechnological approaches are developed in order to regulate intracellular transport of ferulic acid. The objective of this review is to summarize the last decade's research on biological properties of ferulic acid and innovative ways of its delivery, supporting pharmacological therapy.

Bone and hormonal status 10 years post-allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Bone loss and endocrine dysfunction are potential late complications of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT); however, scant information concerning the long-term effects in SCT adult patients is available. In the present study, we evaluated bone status, expressed as bone mineral density (BMD), and endocrine functions including PTH, TSH, free T4, testosterone, SHBG, FSH, LH, and IGF-1, in 20 adult leukemia patients >10 years after allo-SCT. A low BMD (Z score <-2.0) was observed in two patients; two patients had osteoporotic fractures, and two had a unilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Elevated PTH was observed in 30% of patients, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) was low (<50 nmol/L) in 45% of the patients. The majority of the patients had thyroid tests within the reference range, while elevated FSH values were present in 8 of 12 males. We conclude that adult leukemia patients have relatively well-preserved BMD >10 years post-allo-SCT. Prophylactic treatment of osteoporosis should be individualized, but control of BMD is necessary for long-term follow-up. Control of PTH and vitamin D levels before and after allo-SCT is recommended, and vitamin D supplementation should be considered if indicated. Estrogen replacement therapy is a routine treatment in females, whereas gonadal function in males requires further investigation.

Presenting signs and patient co-variables in Gaucher disease: outcome of the Gaucher Earlier Diagnosis Consensus (GED-C) Delphi initiative.

BACKGROUND: Gaucher disease (GD) presents with a range of signs and symptoms. Physicians can fail to recognise the early stages of GD owing to a lack of disease awareness, which can lead to significant diagnostic delays and sometimes irreversible but avoidable morbidities. AIM: The Gaucher Earlier Diagnosis Consensus (GED-C) initiative aimed to identify signs and co-variables considered most indicative of early type 1 and type 3 GD, to help non-specialists identify 'at-risk' patients who may benefit from diagnostic testing. METHODS: An anonymous, three-round Delphi consensus process was deployed among a global panel of 22 specialists in GD (median experience 17.5 years, collectively managing almost 3000 patients). The rounds entailed data gathering, then importance ranking and establishment of consensus, using 5-point Likert scales and scoring thresholds defined a priori. RESULTS: For type 1 disease, seven major signs (splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, bone-related manifestations, anaemia, hyperferritinaemia, hepatomegaly and gammopathy) and two major co-variables (family history of GD and Ashkenazi-Jewish ancestry) were identified. For type 3 disease, nine major signs (splenomegaly, oculomotor disturbances, thrombocytopenia, epilepsy, anaemia, hepatomegaly, bone pain, motor disturbances and kyphosis) and one major co-variable (family history of GD) were identified. Lack of disease awareness, overlooking mild early signs and failure to consider GD as a diagnostic differential were considered major barriers to early diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The signs and co-variables identified in the GED-C initiative as potentially indicative of early GD will help to guide non-specialists and raise their index of suspicion in identifying patients potentially suitable for diagnostic testing for GD.

Aberrant bone marrow vascularization patterns in untreated patients with Gaucher disease type 1.

Bone marrow (BM) in subjects with Gaucher disease (GD) displays accumulation of Gaucher cells (GC), i.e. glucocerebroside-laden macrophages. Following the assumption that macrophage proliferation and perturbation in GD modulates local inflammation-associated phenomena including angiogenesis, BM biopsies from 11 untreated GD patients and 36 controls were investigated for morphology and angiogenesis-associated features. These included microvascular density, (MVD), vessel structure and pericyte coverage, expression of VEGF-A and angiopoietins (ANGPT1 and 2). In GD BM, cellularity was higher, and GC clustered in cohesive but poorly demarcated areas, leaving irregular islands with normal hematopoiesis. MVD was 2.6-fold higher in GD marrows than in controls (p<0.001). In GC-rich areas, MVD was 1.4-fold higher (p=0.026), and vessel architecture was abnormal compared with GC-poor areas. MVD correlated with BM cellularity, particularly in GC-rich areas. Moreover, 30±17% of GD BM vessels were pericyte-coated, significantly fewer than in controls (48±16%; p<0.001). Expression of ANGPT1 and 2 was significantly higher in GD BM vessel walls than in controls (7.2- and 13.2-fold higher), whereas VEGF expression was 20-fold lower (p<0.05 for all). Thus, human GD BM shows increased angiogenesis with defective pericyte coating and skewed VEGF/ANGPT1 and 2 balances, presumably related to local accumulation of GC.

Ferritinemia and serum inflammatory cytokines in Swedish adults with Gaucher disease type 1.

BACKGROUND: The storage of glucosylceramide in macrophages produces an inflammatory response in Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) resulting in iron metabolism dysregulation and cytokine release. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 16 adults with GD1 aged 20-86years. All but one patient carried at least one allele with the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation in the GBA1 gene. Ferritinemia, iron metabolism profiles including hepcidin, and inflammatory cytokine concentrations were assessed in GD1 patients in Sweden. RESULTS: Hyperferritinemia was present in 81% of patients. There was no correlation between hyperferritinemia and patient's gender, spleen status, or clinical status. Hepcidin was discrepantly low in relation to ferritin levels. TNF-α was moderately increased in 5 of 11 patients; 2 patients with the highest TNF-α concentrations showed mildly elevated IL-6 levels. The concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-8, and IL-10 were normal in all patients. Upon treatment, ferritinemia ameliorated but S-ferritin levels did not normalize. The increased TNF-α level however, normalized in all treated patients, reaching the lowest values after 2years of therapy and continued to be stable during the remaining 2years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperferritinemia is a frequent finding in GD1 in Sweden. The relatively low hepcidin levels reveal a distorted relationship between hepcidin and ferritin in GD1. Therapy has the potential to not only ameliorate hyperferritinemia but to also normalize the serum TNF-α concentration in GD1.

Novel hyperkinetic dystonia-like manifestation and neurological disease course of Swedish Gaucher patients.

BACKGROUND: Neuronopathic Gaucher disease type 3 (GD3) is frequent in northern Sweden, whereas GD1 is found throughout the country. In a nation-wide study, we examined neurological manifestations and clinical course in 12 patients with GD3 and 13 patients with GD1. METHODS: The patients were evaluated by standardized neurological assessments. Every sixth month, the GD3 patients were rated with the modified Severity Scoring Tool. At baseline and at the 3years follow-up, patients underwent University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. When clinical signs were present, additional examinations were undertaken. RESULTS: Marked clinical heterogeneity was evident in both GD3 and GD1 groups. Several GD3 patients had a hitherto unreported rapid and repetitive dystonia-like hyperkinetic movement disorder. Most patients with GD3 have abnormalities of horizontal gaze, ataxia and focal epilepsy, some also had cognitive impairment, anxiety and hyposmia. Six GD3 patients, all homoallelic for L444P GBA1 mutations, have lived beyond 40years of age; and none has developed Parkinsonism. Two of the GD1 patients suffer from Parkinsonism; mild to complete hyposmia was present in six GD3 and five GD1 patients. Neither the group of GD3 nor GD1 patients had detectable progression of their neurological manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: These middle-aged and older Swedish GD3 or GD1 patients are clinically stable over time. However, we have identified unusual clinical features, discordant phenotypes and a hyperkinetic dystonia-like movement disorder which appears unique to this Swedish disease variant and expands the phenotype for GD.

Centre characteristics and procedure-related factors have an impact on outcomes of allogeneic transplantation for patients with CLL: a retrospective analysis from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

The best approach for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantations (alloHCT) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is unknown. We therefore analysed the impact of procedure- and centre-related factors on 5-year event-free survival (EFS) in a large retrospective study. Data of 684 CLL patients who received a first alloHCT between 2000 and 2011 were analysed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with a frailty component to investigate unexplained centre heterogeneity. Five-year EFS of the whole cohort was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34-42%). Larger numbers of CLL alloHCTs (hazard ratio [HR] 0·96, P = 0·002), certification of quality management (HR 0·7, P = 0·045) and a higher gross national income per capita (HR 0·4, P = 0·04) improved EFS. In vivo T-cell depletion (TCD) with alemtuzumab compared to no TCD (HR 1·5, P = 0·03), and a female donor compared to a male donor for a male patient (HR 1·4, P = 0·02) had a negative impact on EFS, but not non-myeloablative versus more intensive conditioning. After correcting for patient-, procedure- and centre-characteristics, significant variation in centre outcomes persisted. In conclusion, further research on the impact of centre and procedural characteristics is warranted. Non-myeloablative conditioning appears to be the preferable approach for patients with CLL.

G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cell collection for allogeneic transplantation in healthy donors: Analysis of factors affecting yield.

Mobilized PBSC are the main source for allogeneic HSCT. We aimed to evaluate factors that affect CD34+ cell yield including the donor's age, gender, BSA, processed blood volume and the method of G-CSF dose calculation. Data from 170 healthy donors were analyzed. The concentration of CD34+ cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and the processed volume of blood were significantly correlated to CD34+ cells yield (P < .00005 and P < .001, respectively). The G-CSF dose per m2 was significantly correlated to the concentration of CD34+ cells in the PB (P = .0003) and in the product (P = .01). Smaller BSA and less processed volume were found among female donors, who were given lesser G-CSF dose per m2 , and showed lower yield compared to men. However, multivariate analysis of the yield showed that only the concentration of CD34+ cells in the PB and the processed volume remained independent significant.

Comparison of primary human cytotoxic T-cell and natural killer cell responses reveal similar molecular requirements for lytic granule exocytosis but differences in cytokine production.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes, encompassing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, kill pathogen-infected, neoplastic, or certain hematopoietic cells through the release of perforin-containing lytic granules. In the present study, we first performed probability-state modeling of differentiation and lytic granule markers on CD8(+) T cells to enable the comparison of bona fide CTLs with NK cells. Analysis identified CD57(bright) expression as a reliable phenotype of granule marker-containing CTLs. We then compared CD3(+)CD8(+)CD57(bright) CTLs with NK cells. Healthy adult peripheral blood CD3(+)CD8(+)CD57(bright) CTLs expressed more granzyme B but less perforin than CD3(-)CD56(dim) NK cells. On stimulation, such CTLs degranulated more readily than other T-cell subsets, but had a propensity to degranulate that was similar to NK cells. Remarkably, the CTLs produced cytokines more rapidly and with greater frequency than NK cells. In patients with biallelic mutations in UNC13D, STX11, or STXBP2 associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, CTL and NK cell degranulation were similarly impaired. Therefore, cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets have similar requirements for Munc13-4, syntaxin-11, and Munc18-2 in lytic granule exocytosis. The present results provide a detailed comparison of human CD3(+)CD8(+)CD57(bright) CTLs and NK cells and suggest that analysis of CD57(bright) CTL function may prove useful in the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies including familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

The roles of consolidation and maintenance therapy with novel agents after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma.

Novel agents including immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors incorporated into induction regimens and subsequently followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in cases of multiple myeloma have resulted in enhancement of response rate and its depth. Maintaining or even improving the response is an important treatment goal. Most clinical trials have revealed increased progression-free survival after consolidation and maintenance therapy. Some of them have also shown prolongation of overall survival. However, continuous therapy may be associated with significant side effects and costs, and therefore remains controversial. Treatment decisions should be individualized and based upon projected benefits and risks.

Development of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in an adult with biallelic STXBP2 mutations.

Experimental model systems have delineated an important role for cytotoxic lymphocytes in the immunosurveillance of cancer. In humans, perforin-deficiency has been associated with occurrence of hematologic malignancies. Here, we describe an Epstein-Barr virus-positive classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient harboring biallelic mutations in STXBP2, a gene required for exocytosis of perforin-containing lytic granules and associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were found infiltrating the tumor, and a high frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in peripheral blood. However, lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as natural killer cells, were severely impaired in the patient. Thus, the data suggest a link between defective lymphocyte exocytosis and development of lymphoma in STXBP2-deficient patients. Therefore, with regards to treatment of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis patients with mutations in genes required for lymphocyte exocytosis, it is important to consider both the risks of hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis and malignancy.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of Gaucher disease.

Ito and Barrett recently reviewed the international experiences with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for the treatment of the neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease (GD). In the present communication, the author adds some updated data on the long-term outcome of allo-HSCT for Swedish GD patients with the mean and median follow-up time of 27 years (the longest follow-up of 30 years) and makes comments on some of the authors' statements found in the article.

[Necessary diagnostic requirements and therapeutic recommendations in multiple myeloma]. / Niezbedne wymogi diagnostyczne i zalecenia terapeutyczne w szpiczaku plazmocytowym.

Recent years have brought new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the patients with multiple myeloma. New methods have become available to assess the biology and the extent of multiple myeloma, such as testing for cytogenetic and precise evaluation of extramedullar and minimal residual disease. New drugs have entered the clinical practice leading to significant outcome improvements but also resulting in the need of prevention and treatment for their side effects. In this review, novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods are discussed in the context of their practical utilization in a real-life clinical practice.

[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis--a contemporary medical problem]. / Limfohistiocytoza hemofagocytarna--wspólczesny problem medyczny.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disorder of immnoregulation caused by various inherited and acquired factors. Uncontrolled activation of T lymphocytes and macrophages, together with an impaired cytotoxic function of NK cells, results in the massive cytokine release and hyperinflammatory phenotype. HLH is characterized by fever, splenomegaly and peripheral blood cytopenia. Cytohistological examination shows accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages, sometimes with hemophagocytic activity, in different tissues (e.g., bone marrow). Laboratory findings include hyperferritinemia (often 'sky-high' > 10.000 microg/l), hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and high levels of the alpha chain of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R also called sCD25). In 2004 The Histiocyte Society updated current diagnostic guidelines for HLH. Therapy of HLH is based on suppression of the hyperinflammatory status by destruction of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, and treatment of any existing HLH triggers. However, treatment of HLH is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore consideration should be given to referring HLH patients to centers with experience in the treatment and care of those with HLH. Due to aggressive course, awareness of HLH signs and symptoms is crucial among physicians for the early diagnosis and immediate introduction of adequate HLH treatment.

Neurocognitive profile of adults with the Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease.

INTRODUCTION: Gaucher disease (GD) is a monogenic, lysosomal storage disorder, classified according to the presence of acute (type 2), chronic (type 3), or no (type 1) neurological manifestations. The Norrbottnian subtype of neuronopathic GD type 3 (GD3) is relatively frequent in the northern part of Sweden. It exhibits a wide range of neurological symptoms but is characterized by extended life expectancy compared to GD3 in other countries. The aim of our study was to describe the cognitive profile of adult patients with Norrbottnian GD3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with GD3 (five males and five females) underwent neurocognitive testing with the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). RBANS consists of different short tests that assess Immediate Memory, Visuospatial and Constructional function, Language, Attention, and Delayed Memory. General neurological symptoms of the patients were assessed with the modified severity scoring tool. RESULTS: Patients (median age 41.5 range 24-57) performed lower than average in all cognitive domains. The overall index score was low (median 58.5, Interquartile range [IQR] 25.5), with the most profound deficit in attention (median 57, IQR 32.5) and immediate memory (median 76.5, IQR 13). Higher scores were found in language (median 83, IQR 21.5), delayed memory (median 81, IQR 41), and visuospatial/constructional function (median 86, IQR 32.35). CONCLUSION: Norrbottnian GD3 patients showed a unique neurocognitive profile with low overall performance, mostly derived from low scores in attention and memory domains whereas language and visuospatial/constructional ability were relatively spared.

Thirty-year clinical outcomes after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease.

BACKGROUND: Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease (nGD) describes the condition of a subgroup of patients with the Lysosomal Storage Disorder (LSD), Gaucher disease with involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) which results from inherited deficiency of ß-glucosylceramidase. Although systemic manifestations of disease are now corrected by augmentation with macrophage-targeted therapeutic enzyme (enzyme replacement therapy, ERT), neurological disease progresses unpredictably as a result of failure of therapeutic enzyme to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Without therapy, the systemic and neurological effects of the disease progress and shorten life: investigators, principally in Sweden and the UK, pioneered bone marrow transplantation (BMT; Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation HSCT) to supply healthy marrow-derived macrophages and other cells, to correct the peripheral disease. Here we report the first long-term follow-up (over 20 years in all cases) of nine patients in the UK and Sweden who underwent HSCT in the 1970s and 1980s. This retrospective, multicentre observational study was undertaken to determine whether there are neurological features of Gaucher disease that can be corrected by HSCT and the extent to which deterioration continues after the procedure. Since intravenous administration of ERT is approved for patients with the neuronopathic disease and ameliorates many of the important systemic manifestations but fails to correct the neurological features, we also consider the current therapeutic positioning of HSCT in this disorder. RESULTS: In the nine patients here reported, neurological disease continued to progress after transplantation, manifesting as seizures, cerebellar disease and abnormalities of tone and reflexes. CONCLUSIONS: Although neurological disease progressed in this cohort of patients, there may be a future role for HSCT in the treatment of nGD. The procedure has the unique advantage of providing a life-long source of normally functioning macrophages in the bone marrow, and possibly other sites, after a single administration. HSCT moreover, clearly ameliorates systemic disease and this may be advantageous-especially where sustained provision of high-cost ERT cannot be guaranteed. Given the remaining unmet needs of patients with neuronopathic Gaucher disease and the greatly improved safety profile of the transplant procedure, HSCT could be considered to provide permanent correction of systemic disease, including bone disease not ameliorated by ERT, when combined with emerging therapies directed at the neurological manifestations of disease; this could include ex-vivo gene therapy approaches.

Improved survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in recent years. A single-center study.

We analyzed the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) over the past 2 decades. Between 1992 and 2009, 953 patients were treated with HSCT, mainly for a hematologic malignancy. They were divided according to 4 different time periods of treatment: 1992 to 1995, 1996 to 2000, 2001 to 2005, and 2006 to 2009. Over the years, many factors have changed considerably regarding patient age, diagnosis, disease stage, type of donor, stem cell source, genomic HLA typing, cell dose, type of conditioning, treatment of infections, use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), use of mesenchymal stem cells, use of cytotoxic T cells, and home care. When we compared the last period (2006-2009) with earlier periods, we found slower neutrophil engraftment, a higher incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) of grades II-IV, and less chronic GVHD (cGHVD). The incidence of relapse was unchanged over the 4 periods (22%-25%). Overall survival (OS) and transplant-related mortality (TRM) improved significantly in the more recent periods, with the best results during the last period (2006-2009) and a 100-day TRM of 5.5%. This improvement was also apparent in a multivariate analysis. When correcting for differences between the 4 groups, the hazard ratio for mortality in the last period was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.79; P < .001) and for TRM it was 0.63 (CI: 0.43-0.92; P = .02). This study shows that the combined efforts to improve outcome after HSCT have been very effective. Even though we now treat older patients with more advanced disease and use more alternative HLA nonidentical donors, OS and TRM have improved. The problem of relapse still has to be remedied. Thus, several different developments together have resulted in significantly lower TRM and improved survival after HSCT over the last few years.

Gaucher disease with foamy transformed macrophages and erythrophagocytic activity.

Foamy transformation of macrophages is typically seen in lysosomal storage disorders in patients with Niemann-Pick disease, but foamy Gaucher cells (GC) were previously reported only once, in the autopsy report. Although the majority of stored glucocerebroside in GC is of erythrocyte origin, apparent erythrophagocytosis by GC in bone marrow is an unusual finding. Here, we describe the case of an adult non-Jewish Caucasian male with a heterozygous Gaucher disease type 1 (mutations c.1226A>G and c.1448T>C in the GBA1 gene) who presented with atypical morphology of GC on bone marrow examination. Approximately 15% of his GC showed a notable erythrophagocytic activity or unusual appearance of foamy transformed macrophages with a great number of vacuoles and erythrocyte rests in the cytoplasm. This report highlights the fact that morphological examination of cells and tissue specimens is very helpful in the diagnosis of a storage disorder but that confirmatory testing for specific diseases should always follow. Moreover, it is now clear that Gaucher disease should be a part of the differential diagnosis of foamy transformed macrophages.

Chrysin: Perspectives on Contemporary Status and Future Possibilities as Pro-Health Agent.

Chrysin belongs to the group of natural polyphenols. It can be found, among others, in honey, propolis and fruits and has a wide range of biological activities, including the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. Being a part of the human diet, chrysin is considered to be a promising compound to be used in the prevention of many diseases, including cancers, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Nevertheless, due to the low solubility of chrysin in water and under physiological conditions, its bioavailability is low. For this reason, attempts at its functionalization have been undertaken, aiming to increase its absorption and thus augment its in vivo therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent research on chrysin, including its sources, metabolism, pro-health effects and the effects of its functionalization on biological activity and pharmacological efficacy, evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.