Children are in need of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan.

Almost 60% of Afghans forced to flee their homes in 2021 because of the Taliban advance are children. They are starving. It is estimated that approximately one million will suffer from severe, life-threatening malnutrition by the end of 2021. Many have been separated from their families by the chaos that has ensued in Afghanistan after Taliban took power, and hundreds of them were driven out of the country unaccompanied. How must these children have been when they suddenly found themselves without their relatives during the chaotic crisis, or when they boarded an evacuation flight? It is vital to identify them quickly. Too many children witnessed scenes that no child should see. Children and teenagers are dealing with anxiety and fear and desperately need help and mental health care. This is the sad reality facing Afghan children, regardless of ongoing political developments and changes in government.

COVID-19 and HIV among children and adolescents: Current inequalities.

The HIV epidemic enters its fifth decade amid a global pandemic. The increasing poverty, mental health problems, and abuse are raising the risk of infection for children, adolescents, and women. The inequalities driving the HIV epidemic, which are now exacerbated by COVID-19, demonstrate the social and clinical inequalities of more children infected with HIV and more children losing their fight against AIDS. In this context, current evidence highlights that, alarmingly, two out of five children living with HIV worldwide are unaware of their status, and just over half of children with HIV are receiving antiretroviral treatment. Discrimination and gender inequalities permeate significant situations in HIV services due to COVID-19 in early 2020 and throughout 2021. It was observed in recent studies substantial reductions in births in health facilities, maternal HIV testing, and initiation of antiretroviral treatment for HIV. An AIDS-free generation should be possible, but we are not there yet. HIV remains a burden.

Pandemic of hunger: The severe nutritional deficiency that kills Yanomami ethnic children.

Chronic malnutrition is the painful reality that Yanomami children face in Brazil's largest Indigenous Land and is pointed out by specialists as one of the results of the federal government's "anti-indigenous policy". The lack, or scarcity, of medical care, together with the lack of environmental inspection, pushes the Yanomami into a desperate scenario. It is estimated that 20,000 illegal miners operate in the territory. Mining activity contaminates rivers with mercury and has caused deformities and illnesses in women and children. They live on the largest indigenous reserve in Brazil. There are nine million hectares within the Amazon Forest. Malaria has persistently advanced in Yanomami land: there are more than 16,000 cases this year alone. Several children are dying.

Epidemiology and Etiopathogeny of COVID-19.

Despite the recent announcement of the new pathogenic coronavirus to man, SARS-CoV2, a large number of publications are presented to the scientific community. An organized and systematic review of the epidemiological, etiological, and pathogenic factors of COVID-19 is presented. This is a systematic review using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCIELO; the descriptors coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, COVID-19, with publications from December 2019 to January 2021, resulting in more than 800 publications and 210 selected. The data suggest that COVID-19 is associated with SAR-CoV-2 infection, with the transmission of contagion by fomites, salivary droplets, and other forms, such as vertical and fecal-oral. The bat and other vertebrates appear to be reservoirs and part of the transmission chain. The virus uses cell receptors to infect human cells, especially ACE2, like other coronaviruses. Heat shock proteins have different roles in the infection, sometimes facilitating it, sometimes participating in more severe conditions, when not serving as a therapeutic target. The available data allow us to conclude that COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease, behaving as a challenge for public health worldwide, determining aggressive conditions with a high mortality rate in patients with risk factors, without treatment, but with the recent availability of the first vaccines.

Domestic violence against Latin American women and female mental health during the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak.

We aimed to discuss the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the VAW scenario and how it affects women's mental health. The short communication from secondary data collected from the official websites of seven countries in Latin America was performed. The sample was non-probabilistic, for convenience. The collection took place in January 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased contact of the victim with the aggressor (if he/she is the spouse), deepening of economic disparities, stressful environment, and loss of social support mechanisms are some of the factors that explain the possible increase in VAW rates. VAW is a sociological phenomenon whose bases are rooted in historical, political, religious, and economic conditions. In addition to the biological dimension of the pandemic, it is necessary to reflect on the long-term impacts of this new social configuration, especially on more vulnerable groups such as women in underdeveloped countries.

Children are in need of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan.

Almost 60% of Afghans forced to flee their homes in 2021 because of the Taliban advance are children. They are starving. It is estimated that approximately one million will suffer from severe, life-threatening malnutrition by the end of 2021. Many have been separated from their families by the chaos that has ensued in Afghanistan after Taliban took power, and hundreds of them were driven out of the country unaccompanied. How must these children have been when they suddenly found themselves without their relatives during the chaotic crisis, or when they boarded an evacuation flight? It is vital to identify them quickly. Too many children witnessed scenes that no child should see. Children and teenagers are dealing with anxiety and fear and desperately need help and mental health care. This is the sad reality facing Afghan children, regardless of ongoing political developments and changes in government.

Molecular basis and clinical perspectives of deep brain stimulation for major depressive disorder.

It is possible to consider the stimulation of the cingulate gyrus in its portion below the corpus callosum (SCC, or subcallosal cingulate cortex) as an effective, promising, and safe alternative intervention for treatment-resistant depression. In studies with deep brain stimulation - DBS, when follow-on with functional magnetic resonance imaging and/or PET-CT (Positron emission tomography-computed tomography) is performed, it is observed an increase in the blood supply and glucose metabolism in this region, which is the anterior part of the limbic system. This same location has good experimental results also for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The hypotheses suggest a greater activation of the reward system, a greater sense of well-being, and a consequent reduction in depressive symptoms, the objective of the treatment. Over the last 20 years, multicenter studies have shown symptomatic improvement in 50-60% of patients, and about a third even reach criteria for remission of the depressive disorder.