Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cardiorenal outcomes in kidney transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to explore the current evidence regarding cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients who undergo treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) post kidney transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS: Summary findings from individual studies included in this review showed largely favorable results in the kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) being treated with SGLT2i.These outcomes included parameters such as allograft function, glycemic control, proteinuria, blood pressure, weight loss and safety profile, among others. Almost all the studies reported an initial 'dip' in eGFR, followed by recovery, after the initiation of SGLT2i treatment. None of the studies reported significant interaction of SGLT2i with immunosuppressive medications. The most common adverse effects noted in these studies were infection-related including UTI and genital mycosis. None of the studies reported acute graft rejection attributable to SGLT2i therapy. SUMMARY: SGLT2i can play a significant role in improving health outcomes in KTRs. However, clinical trials with larger representation of KTRs longer follow-up period are needed to draw more substantial conclusions.

Proportional troponin changes and risk for outcomes with intervention strategies in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome across kidney function.

AIMS: This analysis evaluates whether proportional serial cardiac troponin (cTn) change predicts benefit from an early versus delayed invasive, or conservative treatment strategies across kidney function in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with NSTE-ACS in the Veterans Health Administration between 1999 and 2022 were categorized into terciles (<20%, 20 to ≤80%, >80%) of proportional change in serial cTn. Primary outcome included mortality or rehospitalization for myocardial infarction at 6 and 12 months, in survivors of index admission. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence Intervals (95% confidence interval [CI]) were calculated for the primary outcome for an early invasive (≤24 h of the index admission), delayed invasive (>24 h of index admission to 90-days postdischarge), or a conservative management. RESULTS: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was more prevalent (45.3%) in the lowest versus 42.2% and 43% in middle and highest terciles, respectively (p < 0.001). Primary outcome is more likely for conservative versus early invasive strategy at 6 (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.37-1.50) and 12 months (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.39-1.50). A >80% proportional change demonstrated HR (95% CI): 0.90 (0.83-0.97) and 0.93 (0.88-1.00; p = 0.041) for primary outcome at 6 and 12 months, respectively, when an early versus delayed invasive strategy was used, across CKD stages. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the invasive strategy was safe and associated with improved outcomes across kidney function in NSTE-ACS. Additionally, >80% proportional change in serial troponin in NSTE-ACS is associated with benefit from an early versus a delayed invasive strategy regardless of kidney function. These findings deserve confirmation in randomized controlled trials.

COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Myocardial and Pericardial Inflammation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review myocarditis and pericarditis developing after COVID-19 vaccinations and identify the management strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are safe and effective. Systemic side effects of the vaccines are usually mild and transient. The incidence of acute myocarditis/pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination is extremely low and ranges 2-20 per 100,000. The absolute number of myocarditis events is 1-10 per million after COVID-19 vaccination as compared to 40 per million after a COVID-19 infection. Higher rates are reported for pericarditis and myocarditis in COVID-19 infection as compared to COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine-related inflammatory heart conditions are transient and self-limiting in most cases. Patients present with chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Most patients have elevated cardiac enzymes and diffuse ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram. Presence of myocardial edema on T2 mapping and evidence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are also helpful additional findings. Patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine with corticosteroids reserved for refractory cases. At least 3-6 months of exercise abstinence is recommended in athletes diagnosed with vaccine-related myocarditis. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended in all age groups for the overall benefits of preventing hospitalizations and severe COVID-19 infection sequela.

Recurrent pericarditis associated with human coronavirus (HKU1) infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

The presence of human coronavirus HKU1 infection associated with pericardial inflammation is not reported. We are reporting a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, who was positive for HKU1 during her pericarditis flare. Diagnostic imaging demonstrated pericardial effusion, edema, and late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. She was on multiple anti-inflammatory medications and achieved remission with anakinra. Her management and a brief literature review is also presented.

Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Implications of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Race, and Sex.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a major health burden in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). While cardiorespiratory fitness, race, and sex are known to influence the relationship between CVD and mortality in the absence of kidney disease, their roles in patients with CKD remain less clear. Therefore, this narrative review aims to synthesize the existing data on CVD in CKD patients with a specific emphasis on cardiorespiratory fitness, race, and sex. It highlights that both traditional and non-traditional risk factors contribute to CVD development in this population. Additionally, biological, social, and cultural determinants of health contribute to racial disparities and sex differences in CVD outcomes in patients with CKD. Although cardiorespiratory fitness levels also differ by race and sex, their influence on CVD and cardiovascular mortality is consistent across these groups. Furthermore, exercise has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in CKD patients regardless of race or sex. However, the specific effects of exercise on CVD risk factors in CKD patients, particularly across different races and sexes remains poorly understood and represent a critical area for future research.

Tricuspid Papillary Fibroelastoma: A Rare Tumor in an Uncommon Location.

Papillary fibroelastomas (PFEs) are rare benign cardiac tumors typically arising from the valvular endocardium, often affecting the aortic and mitral valves. They can range from asymptomatic to causing severe thromboembolic complications like stroke. This article presents a case of a tricuspid valve PFE in an 81-year-old patient with severe multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a mass on the tricuspid valve, confirmed by cardiac MRI. The patient underwent surgical excision, and histopathology confirmed the PFE diagnosis. The case highlights the importance of multimodal imaging in diagnosis and individualized treatment strategies for valvular heart tumors.

Direct Oral Anticoagulants Exhibit Lower Risks of Mortality and Bleeding Compared to Vitamin K Antagonists in Atrial Fibrillation Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing chronic hemodialysis, comparing the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and vitamin K antagonists. A systematic search was conducted across various databases including PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Efficacy outcomes focused on the risk of stroke and mortality, whereas safety outcomes assessed the risk of bleeding. Review Manager generated forest plots for data synthesis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05, and random-effects models were used. Subgroup analysis identified the sources of heterogeneity. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the final analysis. The risk of all-cause stroke [risk ratio (RR): 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-0.81; P = 0.0001; I2 = 0%], ischemic stroke (RR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.29-0.96; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%), all-cause mortality (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60-0.88; P = 0.001; I2 = 71%), major bleeding (RR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.52-0.76; P < 0.00001; I2 = 44%), gastrointestinal bleeding (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53-0.85; P = 0.0009; I2 = 36%), intracranial hemorrhage (RR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38-0.84; P = 0.004; I2 = 0%) were lower in the DOAC group compared with the vitamin K antagonist group. The risk of cardiovascular-related death (RR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.69-2.60; P = 0.39; I2 = 0%), clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.75-1.08; P = 0.26; I2 = 28%), and hemorrhagic stroke (RR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.06-2.24; P = 0.28; I2 = 10%) showed no significant differences. In conclusion, the risks of all-cause stroke, ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing chronic hemodialysis were lower in the DOAC group.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in Valvular Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Exploration of Equipment, Efficacy, Gender, Racial, and Socioeconomic Disparities, and Future Prospects.

The 2 primary components of valvular heart disease are mitral regurgitation (MR) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is an advanced, minimally invasive procedure that has recently displayed encouraging outcomes in the treatment of these pathologies. TEER offers a nonsurgical alternative for individuals diagnosed with conditions deemed to be high-risk surgical candidates. Currently, the TEER procedure employs devices such as MitraCLIP and TriCLIP, as well as innovative PASCAL (transcatheter valve repair system used for mitral and tricuspid valve repair) and FORMA (repair system used for tricuspid valve repair) repair systems. In the COAPT (Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation) trial enrolling 614 patients to test the efficacy of TEER in MR, a significant reduction in hospitalization due to heart failure was observed at 24 months in the MitraClip + guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) group (35.8%) than in the GDMT-alone group (67.9%), HR, 0.53; P < 0.001, lower rate of all-cause mortality at 29.1% compared with 46.1% (P < 0.001), lower risk of cerebrovascular events (P = 0.001), and lower mortality due to cardiovascular events (P < 0.001). In another trial, patients with moderate TR or greater than New York Heart Association Class II or higher underwent TEER using the TriClip for the management of TR. The outcomes were encouraging, with 86% of patients showing a reduction in TR severity of at least one grade. As the technology and research surrounding TEER continue to progress, a more extensive range of patients are expected to qualify for TEER procedures. Our comprehensive review sought to extensively explore the background, equipment used, effectiveness of MR and TR, potential side effects, future prospects, and ongoing trials associated with TEER. We further discuss the existing gender, racial, and socioeconomic disparities in the realm of TEER.

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing complete versus incomplete or culprit-only revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Complete revascularization (CR) is favored over culprit-only or incomplete revascularization (IR) for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and multi-vessel disease (MVD) due to better long-term outcomes. However, the optimal revascularization strategy is currently uncertain in elderly patients, where frailty, polypharmacy, multi-morbidity, inherent bleeding risk and presumed cognitive decline can often burden the decision-making process. METHODS: We searched Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar from inception to April 2024. The search of databases identified relevant studies that reported the comparative effects of CR and IR in the elderly population undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data was pooled for individual studies using random-effects models on Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 14 studies and 62577 patients. CR demonstrated a significant reduction in all-cause mortality [RR: 0.680; 95 % CI: 0.57-0.82; p=<0.001], cardiovascular-related mortality [RR: 0.620; 95 % CI: 0.478-0.805; p=<0.001], and myocardial infarction [RR: 0.675; 95 % CI: 0.553-0.823; p=<0.001] rates. There was no difference between the risk of stroke [RR: 1.044; 95 % CI: 0.733-1.486; p = 0.81], major bleeding [RR: 1.001; 95 % CI: 0.787-1.274; p = 0.991], stent thrombosis [RR: 1.015; 95 % CI: 0.538-1.916; p = 0.936], and contrast-induced acute kidney injury [RR: 1.187; 95 % CI: 0.963-1.464; p = 0.109]. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis suggests that CR may be a favorable revascularization strategy for elderly patients undergoing PCI, displaying a significant decrease in mortality and repeat myocardial infarction risk.

Efficacy and outcomes of Bempedoic acid versus placebo in patients with statin-intolerance: A pilot systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: Bempedoic acid (BA) has shown significant progress in reducing cholesterol levels and is relatively free from the many side effects encountered with the use of other hyperlipidemic drugs such as statins. However, its efficacy in patients with statin intolerance is controversial with inconsistent results among studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic literature search was performed using various databases such as Medline, Google Scholar, and the International Registry of Clinical Trials. The primary endpoint was the change in LDL-C levels. The secondary endpoints included changes in HDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), clinical outcomes such as MACE, all-cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and additional safety outcomes. The least-square mean (LSM) percent change for assessing changes in lipid parameter levels from the baseline and the risk ratio (RR) were used for the evaluation of binary endpoints, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for all the outcomes. RESULTS: Our analysis included 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 18,848 participants. BA showed a significant reduction in LDL-C [LSM difference in %: -25.24; 95 % CI: -30.79 to -19.69; p < 0.00001], total cholesterol [LSM difference in %:-21.28; 95 % CI:-30.58 to-11.98; p < 0.00001], non-HDL-C [LSM difference in %: -23.27; 95 % Cl: -29.80 to -16.73 p < 0.00001], and HDL-C [LSM difference in %:-3.37, 95 % CI:-3.73 to-3.01, p < 0.00001] compared to placebo. In terms of clinical efficacy, BA was associated with a lower risk of coronary revascularization [RR:0.81; 95 % CI:0.66 to 0.99; p = 0.04], hospitalization for unstable angina [RR:0.67; 95 % CI:0.50 to 0.88; p = 0.005], and myocardial infarction [RR:0.76; 95 % CI:0.66 to 0.88;p = 0.0004]. No significant difference was observed in MACE [RR:0.81; p = 0.15], ACM [RR:0.86; p = 0.46], cardiovascular-related mortality [RR:0.79; p = 0.44], and stroke [RR:0.83; p = 0.08] between the two groups. In terms of safety efficacy, the risk for myalgia was significantly lower in BA-treated patients than in placebo [RR:0.80; p = 0.0002], while the risk for gout [RR:1.46; p < 0.0001] and hyperuricemia [RR:1.93; p < 0.00001] was higher for BA than for placebo. The risks for other adverse effects, such as neurocognitive disorder, nasopharyngitis urinary tract infection, upper respiratory infection, muscular disorder, and worsening hyperglycemia/DM were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrated that BA significantly reduced the levels of LDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, ApoB, and hs-CRP compared with the placebo group. Additionally, patients who received BA had a lower likelihood of coronary revascularization and hospitalization due to unstable angina, MI, and myalgia. Further large-scale RCTs are required to generate more robust evidence.

Is there an obesity paradox in cardiovascular outcomes for patients undergoing Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair? A pilot meta-analysis.

Background: The impact of body mass index (BMI) on Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER) outcomes remains uncertain, with studies showing conflicting results. Some suggest an 'obesity paradox' exists, favoring better outcomes for obese patients and worse outcomes for underweight patients, while others report no significant impact of BMI. Methodology: We systematically searched major databases for studies on baseline BMI and post-procedural outcomes in TEER patients. Patients were grouped by BMI: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Data were pooled using a random-effects model, with risk ratios (RRs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) as effect measures. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Our study, analyzing five observational studies with 7580 obese and 74,717 non-obese patients, found no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the groups (RR: 0.85; p = 0.427). Subgroup analysis indicated a higher mortality risk for underweight patients compared to overweight (RR: 1.48; p = 0.006) and obese patients (RR: 1.40; p = 0.036), though the difference between underweight and normal-weight patients was not significant (RR: 1.18; p = 0.216). The risks of myocardial infarction (RR: 1.10; p = 0.592) and stroke (RR: 0.43; p = 0.166) were also similar between obese and non-obese patients. Conclusions: In conclusion, our analysis found no significant difference in in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction or stroke risk between obese and non-obese patients undergoing TEER. However, underweight patients may have a higher risk of in-hospital mortality compared to overweight and obese individuals, highlighting the potential impact of BMI on outcomes in TEER patients.

Association between inflammatory bowel disease and atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a prevalent condition associated with chronic noninfectious inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been hypothesized that chronic inflammation can predispose patients to atrial fibrillation (AF), however, no clear evidence exists to support this. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using major databases aimed at studies focusing on AF development in patients with IBD. Further subgroup analyses were performed for ulcerative colitis (UC) and crohn's disease (CD). Risk ratios (RR) with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model in the Review Manager Software. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Seven studies with 88,893,407 patients were included (1,002,719 and 87, 890, 688 patients in the IBD and non-IBD groups, respectively). IBD patients were at an increased risk of developing AF [RR: 1.52; 95 % CI: 1.19-1.95; p = 0.0009] compared to the non-IBD group. In subgroup analyses, patients with UC were at an increased risk of developing AF [RR: 1.29; 95 % CI: 1.08-1.53; p = 0.004], as were CD patients [RR: 1.30; 95 % CI: 1.07-1.58; p = 0.008] compared to the non-UC and non-CD groups, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with IBD are at nearly 1.5 times the risk of developing AF compared to the non-IBD population. Our meta-analysis was limited by heterogeneity among the studies, highlighting the importance of further large-scale prospective studies to establish more robust evidence.

Outcomes and Predictors of Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the Cerebral Protection Device Era.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown inconclusive results on the effectiveness of cerebral protection devices (CPDs) with transcatheter aortic valve replacement. We aimed to analyze the national statistics on stroke and other outcomes with CPD use. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Nationwide Readmissions Database (2017-2020) was queried to obtain data on patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Outcomes were compared between patients with a CPD and patients without a CPD. Of 271 804 patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement, CPD was used in 7.3% of patients. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, CPD use was not associated with lower overall stroke rates (1.6% versus 1.9% without CPD; odds ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.84-1.07]; P=0.364), but it was significantly associated with lower major stroke rates (1.2% versus 1.5% without CPD; odds ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.74-0.98]; P=0.02). Patients with a CPD also had a shorter length of stay, higher routine discharges to home/self-care (74.9% versus 70.6%), and lower mortality rates (0.7% versus 1.3%). The 30-day (9.6% versus 11.7%) and 180-day (24.6% versus 28.2%) readmission rates were significantly lower in the CPD cohort. Among patients who developed stroke, patients with a CPD had more frequent routine discharges. Prior valve surgery was associated with the highest risk of overall and major stroke. CONCLUSIONS: CPD use during transcatheter aortic valve replacement was not independently associated with a lower risk of overall stroke but was associated with a lower risk of major stroke in a multivariable model. Data from future randomized trials that may offset any potential confounders in our study are required to help identify patients who would benefit from the use of these devices.

The East Palestine Disaster: The Potential Toxic Effects of Vinyl Chloride Exposure on Cardiovascular Health.

This editorial explores the potential link between vinyl chloride (VC) and cardiovascular diseases, specifically in the context of a recent train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio. The primary finding of this article suggests a likely increased risk of cardiovascular factors associated with vinyl chloride exposure. This underscores the importance of proactive risk management and enhanced population monitoring. Together, these findings highlight the need for timely interventions to address cardiovascular health concerns in exposed populations.

Virtual Cardiology: Past, Present, Future Directions, and Considerations.

Purpose of Review: Through this review, we attempt to explore the role of telemedicine and virtual visits in the field of cardiology pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 pandemic, their limitations and their future scope for delivery of care. Recent Findings: Telemedicine, which rose to prominence during COVID-19 pandemic, helped not only in reducing the burden on the healthcare system during a time of crisis but also in improving patient outcomes. Patients and physicians also favored virtual visits when feasible. Virtual visits were found to have the potential to be continued beyond the pandemic and play a significant role in patient care alongside conventional face-to-face visits. Summary: Although tele-cardiology has proven beneficial in terms of patient care, convenience, and access, it comes with its fair share of limitations-both logistical and medical. Whilst there remains a great scope for improvement in the quality of patient care provided through telemedicine, it has shown the potential to become an integral part of medical practice in the future. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12170-023-00719-0.

The Coronavirus Double Threat: A Rare Presentation of Chest Pain in a Young Female.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV 2) led to global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The virus affects the respiratory system predominantly and has resulted in multiorgan complications. Myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiogenic shock, and sudden cardiac death were common cardiac manifestations of COVID-19. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare form of coronary artery disease that is previously reported in patients with COVID-19. SCAD usually occurs in a middle-aged woman with few or without any cardiovascular risk factors. The gold standard for its diagnosis is coronary angiography. The SCAD treatment recommendations depend on the hemodynamic status: conservative therapy in hemodynamically stable SCAD patients and urgent revascularization in hemodynamically unstable SCAD patients. The exact pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated with SCAD is unknown. It is considered a combination of systemic inflammatory response and localized vascular inflammation. The case reported is of COVID-19-associated SCAD in a patient with no history of cardiovascular disease later complicated by the transient ischemic attack (TIA) and left ventricular (LV) thrombus.

Clinical characteristics, evaluation and outcomes of chylopericardium: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Chylopericardium (CPE) is a rare condition associated with accumulation of triglyceride-rich chylous fluid in the pericardial cavity. Due to minimal information on CPE within the literature, we conducted a systematic review of all published CPE cases to understand its clinical characteristics, management and outcomes. METHODS: We performed a literature search and identified cases of patients with CPE from 1946 until May 2021 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We identified relevant articles for pooled analyses of clinical, diagnostic and outcome data. RESULTS: A total of 95 articles with 98 patients were identified. Patient demographics demonstrated male predominance (55%), with a mean age of 37±15 years. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 5 (Q1 4.5, Q3 14) days, with 74% of patients symptomatic on presentation. Idiopathic CPE (60%) was the most common aetiology. Cardiac tamponade secondary to CPE was seen in 38% of cases. Pericardial fluid analysis was required in 94% of cases. Lymphangiography identified the leakage site in 59% of patients. Medical therapy (total parenteral nutrition, medium-chain triglycerides or octreotide) was undertaken in 63% of cases. In our cohort, 32% progressed towards surgical intervention. During a median follow-up of 180 (Q1 180, Q3 377) days, CPE recurred in 16% of cases. Of the patients with recurrence, 10% were rehospitalised. CONCLUSION: CPE tends to develop in younger patients and may cause serious complications. Many patients fail medical therapy, thereby requiring surgical intervention. Although overall mortality is low, associated morbidities warrant close follow-up and possible reintervention and hospitalisations.

Arrhythmias Beyond Atrial Fibrillation Detection Using Smartwatches: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few years, smartwatches have become increasingly popular in the monitoring of arrhythmias. Although the detection of atrial fibrillation with smartwatches has been the subject of various articles, there is no comprehensive research on the detection of arrhythmias other than atrial fibrillation. In this study, we included individual cases from the literature to identify the characteristics of patients with smartwatch-detected arrhythmias other than atrial fibrillation. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS were searched for case reports, case series, or cohort studies that reported individual participant-level data, until January 6, 2022. The following search string was used for each databases: ('Smart Watch' OR 'Apple Watch' OR 'Samsung Gear') AND ('Supraventricular Tachycardia' OR 'Cardiac Arrhythmia' OR 'Ventricular Tachycardia' OR 'Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia' OR 'Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia' OR 'Heart Block' OR 'Atrial Flutter' OR 'Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia' OR 'Bradyarrhythmia'). RESULTS: A total of 52 studies from PubMed, 20 studies from Embase, and 200 studies from SCOPUS were identified. After screening, 18 articles were included. A total of 22 patients were obtained from 14 case reports or case series. Four cohort studies evaluating various arrhythmias were included. Arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, and sinus bradycardia, were detected with smartwatches. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac arrhythmias other than atrial fibrillation are also commonly detected with smartwatches. Smartwatches have an important potential besides traditional methods in the detection of arrhythmias and clinical practice.

Association Between Visit-to-Visit Lipid Variability and Incident Cancer: A Population-based Cohort Study.

Dyslipidemia is associated with increased cancer risk. However, the prognostic value of visit-to-visit lipid variability (VVLV) is unexplored in this regard. To investigate the associations between the VVLV and the risk of incident cancer, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on adult patients attending a family medicine clinic in Hong Kong during 2000-2003, excluding those with <3 tests for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol (TC) each, those with prior cancer diagnosis, and those with <1 year of follow-up. Visit-to-visit LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and triglycerides variabilities were measured by the coefficient of variation (CV). Patients were followed up until 31st December 2019 for the primary outcome of incident cancer. Altogether, 69,186 patients were included (26,679 males (38.6%); mean age 60 ± 13 years; mean follow-up 16 ± 3 years); 7958 patients (11.5%) had incident cancer. Higher variability of LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and TG was associated with higher risk of incident cancer. Patients in the third tercile of the CV of LDL-C (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) against first tercile 1.06 [1.00, 1.12], P = 0.049), HDL-C (aHR 1.37 [1.29, 1.44], P< 0.001), TC (aHR 1.10 [1.04, 1.17], P = 0.001), and TG (aHR 1.11 [1.06, 1.18], P < 0.001) had the highest risks of incident cancer. Among these, only HDL-C variability remained associated with the risk of incident cancer in users of statins/fibrates. To conclude, higher VVLV was associated with significantly higher long-term risks of incident cancer. VVLV may be a clinically useful tool for cancer risk stratification.