Sox13 is a novel early marker for hair follicle development.

Sox13, a group D member of the Sry-related high-mobility group box (Sox) transcription factor family, is expressed in various tissues including the hair follicle. However, its spatiotemporal expression patterns in the hair follicle and its role in hair development remain to be elucidated. To address these questions, we generated Sox13-LacZ-knock-in mice (Sox13LacZ/+), in which the LacZ reporter gene was inserted in-frame into exon 2, which contains the translation initiation codon. X-gal staining in Sox13LacZ/+ embryos revealed that Sox13 is initially expressed in the epithelial portion of the placode, and subsequently in the hair germ and the hair peg during early hair follicle development. In postnatal catagen and anagen, Sox13 was detected in the epithelial sheath, whereas in telogen, Sox13 was localized in the bulge region, where hair follicle stem cells reside. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-ß-galactosidase antibody and anti-hair keratin antibodies that specifically mark the different layers of the hair follicle revealed that Sox13 was predominantly expressed in the outer root sheath in anagen. However, the integumentary structures of Sox13LacZ/LacZ mice were grossly and histologically indistinguishable from those of wild type mice. These results suggest that although Sox13 is dispensable for epidermal and adnexal development, Sox13 is a useful marker for early hair follicle development.

The first nationwide surveillance of antibacterial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft-tissue infections in dermatology departments in Japan.

To investigate the trends of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens isolated from skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI) at dermatology departments in Japan, a Japanese surveillance committee conducted the first nationwide survey in 2013. Three main organisms were collected from SSTI at 30 dermatology departments in medical centers and 10 dermatology clinics. A total of 860 strains - 579 of Staphylococcus aureus, 240 of coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and 41 of Streptococcus pyogenes - were collected and shipped to a central laboratory for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The patient profiles were also studied. Among all 579 strains of S. aureus, 141 (24.4%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Among 97 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 54 (55.7%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSE). MRSA and MRSE were more frequently isolated from inpatients than from outpatients. Furthermore, these methicillin-resistant strains were also isolated more frequently from patients with histories of taking antibiotics within 4 weeks and hospitalization within 1 year compared to those without. However, there were no significant differences in MIC values and susceptibility patterns of the MRSA strains between patients with a history of hospitalization within 1 year and those without. Therefore, most of the isolated MRSA cases at dermatology departments are not healthcare-acquired, but community-acquired MRSA. S. pyogenes strains were susceptible to most antibiotics except macrolides. The information in this study is not only important in terms of local public health but will also contribute to an understanding of epidemic clones of pathogens from SSTI.

Active recovery effects on local oxygenation level during intensive cycling bouts.

We hypothesised that the oxygen supply to the fatigued muscles is improved after the recovery with exercise caused by aerobic metabolism in the slow twitch fibres during the recovery period. Ten males performed a 30 s maximum cycling (1st Exercise), followed by a 20 min rest interval (Interval Rest) in which participants were either sitting (No Exercise) or low intensive cycling (Active). Then they again underwent a 30 s bout of maximum cycling (2nd Exercise). The total work of the 2nd Exercise was higher in Active compared to No Exercise (297 ± 14 vs 276 ± 23 J · kg(-1), P < 0.01). After Interval Rest, the muscle oxygenation level (P < 0.05) and blood lactate concentration (P < 0.05) were lower in Active compared to No Exercise. In Active, the total work was higher in the 2nd Exercise than the 1st Exercise (297 ± 14 vs 277 ± 23 J · kg(-1), P < 0.01), and muscle oxygenation levels during the 2nd Exercise were also higher at 10 (P < 0.05) and 15 (P < 0.01) s after the beginning of the exercise. It was suggested that active recovery exercise would manage to increase the muscle oxygenation level, and improve the performance during the 2nd Exercise accompanied with blood lactate control.

Symmetrical Skin Lesions on the Gluteal Region in a Patient with Anti-Laminin-332 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), previously called cicatricial pemphigoid, is a rare subepidermal immunobullous disorder that primarily affects the mucous membranes (1,2). MMP is divided into two major subtypes, anti-BP180-type MMP and anti-laminin-332 (previously called laminin 5 or epiligrin) MMP. Anti-laminin-332 MMP is known to be associated with malignant tumors (3), which may cause overexpression of autoantibodies and induce autoimmunity to laminin-332 (4). MMP primarily affects the mucous membranes, and widespread skin lesions are rare. In MMP, circumscribed skin lesions have been previously reported as occurring on the head, neck, and upper trunk (5). We report a case of anti-laminin-332 MMP presenting with symmetrical skin lesions characteristic of MMP on the weight-bearing areas of the gluteal region. A 66-year-old Japanese man presented with a month-long history of multiple erosions and blisters on the mucous membranes and skin, with conjunctival hyperemia, nasal obstruction, oral pain, and hoarseness of voice. Three days before the first visit, he was diagnosed with gastric cancer with liver metastasis by gastrointestinal endoscopy and abdominal ultrasound examination for tarry stool. Physical examination demonstrated erosions and tense bullae on the conjunctivae, tongue, and lips (Figure 1, a,b), as well as erosive erythematous skin lesions on the nape, right index finger, both legs, and symmetric lesions on the gluteal region (Figure 1, c). His body weight was 86 kg. Laboratory examinations showed slight liver dysfunction and elevation of C-reactive protein levels. Histopathologic examination of the skin lesions demonstrated subepidermal blisters with lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrates (Figure 1, d,e). Direct immunofluorescence (IF) revealed linear deposits of IgG and C3, but not IgA, along the basement membrane zone (BMZ) (Figure 1, f,g). An IgG subclass study showed IgG1 and IgG4 deposits. Indirect IF on normal human skin revealed weak positivity for IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies and IgG anti-BMZ antibodies, which were bound to the dermal side of 1 mol/L NaCl-split skin (Figure 1, h). IgG immunoblot analyses of both normal human epidermal and dermal extracts showed negative results (including BP230, BP180, 290 kDa type VII collagen, and 200 kDa laminin-γ1). Immunoprecipitation using radio-labeled cultured keratinocyte lysate demonstrated positive reactivity with laminin-332 (Figure 1, i). We established the diagnosis of anti-laminin-332 MMP. We started treatment with oral minocycline (200 mg/day) and niacinamide (900 mg/day) with topical corticosteroids without any effect after 2 weeks of therapy. Administration of oral prednisolone (40 mg/day) with topical corticosteroids and alprostadil ointment on the skin lesions, as well as beclometasone dipropionate powder on the oral lesions resulted in significant improvement of mucocutaneous lesions within 10 days. Although the gastric cancer and liver metastasis initially responded to chemotherapy with fluorouracil and cisplatin, the patient succumbed to multiple organ failure 9 months after the initial visit. Anti-laminin-332 antibodies were originally detected by immunoprecipitation, as in our case. Immunoblotting of purified human laminin-332 have been subsequently developed, which detects the 165/145 kDa α3, 140 kDa ß3, and 105 kDa γ2 subunits of laminin-332 in various patterns (6). Today, the ELISA system uses laminin-332 preparations as adjunct diagnostic tools in MMP (7). Occasionally, a wide spectrum of autoantibodies is detected in MMP, for example, MMP with IgG antibodies to both BP180 and laminin-332, which were considered to be developed via epitope spreading. Detection of circulating IgA autoantibodies against the skin have also been reported in MMP (8). However, the pathogenic significance and mechanisms of coexistence of IgG anti-laminin-332 antibodies and IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies found in our case are currently unknown. It is generally considered that IgG1 antibodies activate complements and are pathogenic in MMP, while IgG4 antibodies behave as blocking antibodies and are protective. In our case, direct IF revealed IgG1 and IgG4 deposits; the same was reported in a previous case report (9). The pathogenic roles of autoantibodies with different IgG subclasses need to be analyzed in further studies. Conjunctival mucosal lesions in MMP may occur by rubbing of the eyes due to irritation. Blinking subjects the conjunctivae to repeated friction. Vocal cords vibrate during breathing and speaking. The tongue moves while eating and drinking; in particular, the tip of the tongue gets into frequent contact with the inner sides of the incisor teeth. In the present case, characteristic symmetrical skin lesions were seen on the weight-bearing areas of the gluteal region on bony prominences which receive mechanical stresses in the sitting position. These skin lesions were subjected to repeated stretch and pressure stresses, but no ischemic changes were observed, such as decubitus ulcers. Therefore, the symmetrical skin lesions in the gluteal region as well as the ocular and oral mucosal lesions seen in our patient might have resulted from the same mechanism of pathogenesis. We reported a case of anti-laminin-332 MMP presenting with symmetrical gluteal skin lesions, probably induced by mechanical stress. MMP primarily affects the mucous membranes, and widespread skin lesions are rare. Our case emphasizes that clinicians need to specifically check for the presence of skin lesions on weight-bearing parts of the body during examination of patients with suspected MMP.

Measurement of trihydroxy-linoleic acids in stratum corneum by tape-stripping: Possible biomarker of barrier function in atopic dermatitis.

Epidermal ceramides are indispensable lipids that maintain the functions of the stratum corneum. Esterified omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine (EOS) ceramide with a linoleate moiety is one of the most important ceramide species for forming cornified lipid envelopes. This linoleate moiety is eventually metabolized to trihydroxy-linoleic acid (triol, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoic acid). Thus, we assumed that a decrease of triols might reflect skin barrier dysfunction. Against this background, the purposes of this study were to measure the triols by a simple tape-stripping method and to determine the correlation between the amount of triols and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as an indicator of barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis patients. Twenty Japanese subjects with normal skin and 20 atopic dermatitis patients were enrolled in this study. TEWL was measured and triols of the stratum corneum were analyzed by tape-stripping. The results showed for the first time that triols in the stratum corneum could be simply measured using the tape-stripping method. The triol levels in atopic dermatitis patients were much higher than those in healthy subjects. Moreover, the triol levels correlated with TEWL of non-lesional forearm skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. The results suggest that the assaying of triol levels via non-invasive tape-stripping could be beneficial for monitoring barrier function in atopic dermatitis.

Atypical protein kinase C isoforms differentially regulate directional keratinocyte migration during wound healing.

BACKGROUND: The epidermis possesses regenerative properties that become apparent only after wounding. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms aPKCζ and aPKCλ form a ternary complex with Par3 and Par6, and play crucial roles in establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity. The epidermal loss of aPKCλ results in progressive depletion of hair follicle stem cells. However, it is unclear whether aPKCs have equivalent activities in epidermal regeneration. OBJECTIVES: To clarify functional differences between aPKCζ and aPKCλ in cutaneous wound healing. METHODS: We compared cutaneous wound healing processes in vivo using mutant mice with genetic deletion of each aPKC isoform. We also analyzed functional differences between aPKCζ and aPKCλ in cell proliferation, directional cell migration, and formation of microtubules in vitro using primary keratinocytes established from each mutant mouse. RESULTS: Wound healing was significantly retarded in epidermis-specific aPKCλ knockout mice. In aPKCλ-deleted keratinocytes, the correct orientation of cell protrusions toward the wound was disrupted through the destabilization of Par6ß. The elongation of stabilized ß-tubulin was also deteriorated in aPKCλ-deleted keratinocytes, leading to defects in cell spreading. Conversely, wound healing and directional cell migration in aPKCζ-deleted mice were comparable to those in their control littermates. CONCLUSIONS: aPKCs are not functionally equivalent; aPKCλ, but not aPKCζ, plays a primary role in cutaneous wound healing.

Incidence rate of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is rapidly increasing in Akita Prefecture: Urgent alert for super-aged society.

Incidence rates of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are increasing in many countries. To estimate detailed trends of SCC incidence rates in the population of Akita Prefecture as the forerunner of super-aged societies, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with SCC between 2007 and 2016 in Akita University Hospital. The crude SCC incidence rate increased rapidly between 2007 and 2016 from 2.5 to 10.0/100 000 people. Remarkably, the age-specific incidence rate of people aged 80 years or over increased between 2007 and 2016 from 14.7 to 51.6/100 000 people, suggesting that SCC incidence rates increase possibly due to not only the increased number of aged people but also because of unidentified cancer-prone environments. When the findings of the present study are generalized to other regions entering the era of super-aging, it is clear that we need to prepare for the economic disease burden together with careful monitoring to confirm future trends for SCC.

Topical 3-bromopyruvate is a novel targeted therapy for melanoma in a preclinical model.

BACKGROUND: Targeting cancer metabolism is a promising strategy in improving cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE: To introduce a targeted therapy with topical 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), aglycolytic inhibitor, into the clinic in the near future. METHOD: We investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of 3BP on melanoma cells in vitro and in a preclinical model. RESULTS: Our cell-based study demonstrated that 3BP showed cytotoxicity for melanoma cells under anchorage-dependent or independent cell growth via a reactive oxygen species-mediated and caspase-independent cell death pathway. Moreover, 3BP inhibited both self-renewal potential and growth of slow-cycling phenotype in melanoma cells. Remarkably, the preclinical mouse xenograft model shed light on topical application of 3BP, showing significant anti-tumor effects with no apparent toxicity in surrounding normal tissues. CONCLUSION: We have now proposed that a targeted therapy with topical 3BP is an innovative strategy for adjuvant chemotherapy of technically or medically unresectable melanoma and possibly other skin cancers.

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss, 2017 version.

Male-pattern hair loss (MPHL, androgenetic alopecia) is a slowly progressive form of alopecia which begins after puberty. In 2010, we published the first Japanese edition of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MPHL. It achieved the original goal of providing physicians and patients in Japan with evidence-based information for choosing efficacious and safe therapy for MPHL. Subsequently, new therapeutic drugs and treatment methods have been developed, and women's perception of MPHL has undergone change and the term "female-pattern hair loss (FPHL)" is becoming more common internationally. Thus, here we report a revised version of the 2010 guidelines aimed at both MPHL and FPHL. In these guidelines, finasteride 1 mg daily, dutasteride 0.5 mg daily and topical 5% minoxidil twice daily for MPHL, and topical 1% minoxidil twice daily for FPHL, are recommended as the first-line treatments. Self-hair transplantation, irradiation by light-emitting diodes and low-level lasers, and topical application of adenosine for MPHL are recommended, whereas prosthetic hair transplantation and oral administration of minoxidil should not be performed. Oral administration of finasteride or dutasteride are contraindicated for FPHL. In addition, we have evaluated the effectiveness of topical application of carpronium chloride, t-flavanone, cytopurine, pentadecane and ketoconazole, and wearing a wig. Unapproved topical application of bimatoprost and latanoprost, and emerging hair regeneration treatments have also been addressed. We believe that the revised guidelines will improve further the diagnostic and treatment standards for MPHL add FPHL in Japan.

A randomized double-blind trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for bullous pemphigoid.

BACKGROUND: Patients with steroid-resistant bullous pemphigoid (BP) require an appropriate treatment option. OBJECTIVE: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; 400mg/kg/day for 5days) in BP patients who showed no symptomatic improvement with prednisolone (≥0.4mg/kg/day) administered. METHODS: We evaluated the efficacy using the disease activity score on day15 (DAS15) as a primary endpoint, and changes in the DAS over time, the anti-BP180 antibody titer, and safety for a period of 57days as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: We enrolled 56 patients in this study. The DAS15 was 12.5 points lower in the IVIG group than in the placebo group (p=0.089). The mean DAS of the IVIG group was constantly lower than that of the placebo group throughout the course of observation, and a post hoc analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference (p=0.041). Furthermore, when analyzed only in severe cases (DAS≥40), the DAS15 differed significantly (p=0.046). The anti-BP180 antibody titers showed no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: IVIG provides a beneficial therapeutic outcome for patients with BP who are resistant to steroid therapy.

Collagen-poly glycolic acid hybrid matrix with basic fibroblast growth factor accelerated angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in diabetic mice.

Because poor skin wound healing associated with diabetes is thought to be partly a result from impaired angiogenesis, treatments that improve angiogenesis could have important clinical applications. We herein report the effects of novel developed material, collagen-poly glycolic acid fiber hybrid matrix, being used together with basic fibroblast growth factor to promote wound healing of full-thickness skin defects on the back of type 2 diabetic Lepr(db) mice. Our data indicates that this therapeutic approach markedly promotes angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in comparison with other conditions 14 days after wounding.

Keratinocyte-specific Pten deficiency results in epidermal hyperplasia, accelerated hair follicle morphogenesis and tumor formation.

PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in many human cancers. We used the Cre-loxP system to generate a keratinocyte-specific null mutation of Pten in mice (k5Pten(flox/flox) mice). k5Pten(flox/flox) mice exhibit wrinkled skin because of epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis and ruffled, shaggy, and curly hair. Histological examination revealed that skin morphogenesis is accelerated in k5Pten(flox/flox) mice. Within 3 weeks of birth, 90% of k5Pten(flox/flox) mice die of malnutrition possibly caused by hyperkeratosis of the esophagus. All k5Pten(flox/flox) mice develop spontaneous tumors within 8.5 months of birth, and chemical treatment accelerates the onset of tumors. k5Pten(flox/flox) keratinocytes are hyperproliferative and resistant to apoptosis and show increased activation of the Pten downstream signaling mediators Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Pten is thus an important regulator of normal development and oncogenesis in the skin.

Possible spontaneous regression of a metastatic lesion of keratoacanthoma-like squamous cell carcinoma in a regional lymph node.

We report herein a case of keratoacanthoma-like squamous cell carcinoma in an 82-year-old male that showed regional lymph node metastasis followed by self-regression of the metastatic lesion. This case is consistent with the previously reported observation that tumors compatible with the clinical features of keratoacanthoma may have malignant biological potential, however, it also demonstrates that even metastatic lesions may exhibit self-regression similar to that observed for primary lesions. Despite the view that keratoacanthoma-like squamous cell carcinoma may represent a variant of squamous cell carcinoma, occasionally it undergoes a unique clinical course.