Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish populations: a reanalysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1990-2008.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish elderly. METHODS: We identified screening surveys, both published and unpublished, in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality criteria and targeted prevalence of dementia in populations aged 70 years and above. Surveys covering 13 geographically different populations were selected (prevalence period: 1990-2008). Authors of original surveys provided methodological details of their studies through a systematic questionnaire and also raw age-specific data. Prevalence data were compared using direct adjustment and logistic regression. RESULTS: The reanalyzed study population (aged 70 year and above) was composed of Central and North-Eastern Spanish sub-populations obtained from 9 surveys and totaled 12,232 persons and 1,194 cases of dementia (707 of Alzheimer's disease, 238 of vascular dementia). Results showed high variation in age- and sex-specific prevalence across studies. The reanalyzed prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in women; increased with age, particularly for Alzheimer's disease; and displayed a significant geographical variation among men. Prevalence was lowest in surveys reporting participation below 85%, studies referred to urban-mixed populations and populations diagnosed by psychiatrists. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Central and North-Eastern Spain is higher in females, increases with age, and displays considerable geographic variation that may be method-related. People suffering from dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Spain may approach 600,000 and 400,000 respectively. However, existing studies may not be completely appropriate to infer prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in Spain until surveys in Southern Spain are conducted.

Stroke prevalence among the Spanish elderly: an analysis based on screening surveys.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to describe stroke prevalence in Spanish elderly populations and compare it against that of other European countries. METHODS: We identified screening surveys--both published and unpublished--in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality requirements and targeted prevalence of stroke in populations aged 70 years and over. Surveys covering seven geographically different populations with prevalence years in the period 1991-2002 were selected, and the respective authors were then asked to provide descriptions of the methodology and raw age-specific data by completing a questionnaire. In addition, five reported screening surveys in European populations furnished useful data for comparison purposes. Prevalence data were combined, using direct adjustment and logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall study population, resident in central and north-eastern Spain, totalled 10,647 persons and yielded 715 cases. Age-adjusted prevalences, using the European standard population, were 7.3% for men, 5.6% for women, and 6.4% for both sexes. Prevalence was significantly lower in women, OR 0.79 95% CI 0.68-0.93, increased with age, particularly among women, and displayed a threefold spatial variation with statistically significant differences. Prevalences were highest, 8.7%, in suburban, and lowest, 3.8%, in rural populations. Compared to pooled Spanish populations, statistically significant differences were seen in eight Italian populations, OR 1.39 95% CI (1.18-1.64), and in Kungsholmen, Sweden, OR 0.40 95% CI (0.27-0.58). CONCLUSION: Prevalence in central and north-eastern Spain is higher in males and in suburban areas, and displays a threefold geographic variation, with women constituting the majority of elderly stroke sufferers. Compared to reported European data, stroke prevalence in Spain can be said to be medium and presents similar age- and sex-specific traits.

[ACT/AA polymorphism could duplicate the APOE*epsilon4-associated Alzheimer's disease risk]. / El polimorfismo ACT/AA podría duplicar el riesgo de enfermedad de Alzheimer asociado al alelo APOE*epsilon4.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The association between the presence of the allele APOE*epsilon4 (apolipoprotein E) and sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) has been long established. However, the possible influence of other genetic factors is still under debate. This study investigated the role of the a 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) gene as a susceptibility factor for developing late-onset AD in the population of Navarra. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group included 98 patients with late-onset AD and 188 control individuals 70-71 years of age. APOE*epsilon2,*epsilon3,*epsilon4 and ACT codon -17*A,*T polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Statistical analyses were performed determining the chi-square test, using 2 x 2 contingency tables and logistic regression to calculate odds ratios. RESULTS: APOE*epsilon4 allele frequency was significantly higher in AD patients than in controls (odds ratio [OR] = 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-5.73; p < 0.001 in heterozygous carriers, and OR = 9.40; 95% CI, 1.84-64.43; p = 0.001 in homozygous individuals). We found no significant differences in the distribution of ACT polymorphisms between AD cases and controls. However, APOE*epsilon4 carriers had a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing AD in the presence of the ACT/AA genotype (OR = 10.13; 95% CI, 1.98-97.81; p < 0.001). The risk difference, however, did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.271). CONCLUSIONS: APOE*epsilon4 heterozygous and homozygous carriers have a 3 and 9 times higher risk, respectively, of developing AD. We could not demonstrate an effect of ACT polymorphisms as a independent risk factor for this disease; however, the ACT/AA genotype seems to act as an additional susceptibility factor, duplicating the APOE*epsilon4-associated AD risk.

Dementia, stroke and Parkinson's disease in Spanish populations: a review of door-to-door prevalence surveys.

We identified 14 door-to-door prevalence surveys on dementia, parkinsonism or stroke in Spanish populations fulfilling specific criteria and combined selected age- and sex-specific data using logistic regression and taking Pamplona as a reference. The prevalence of dementia and of Alzheimer's disease varied significantly with space. However, the largest variation was seen for vascular dementia: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for Gerona were 6.42 (3.23-12.3) in women and 2.30 (1.10-4.79) in men. Stroke was particularly frequent among Arevalo's women, with OR 2.10 and 95% CI 1.26-3.49. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease was twofold higher in Cantalejo. Although differences in methodology make the interpretation of results problematic, the prevalence of stroke and vascular dementia in Spain seems to vary spatially, indicating a space for prevention.