Influence of cartilage and menisci on the sagittal slope of the tibial plateaus.

We analyzed the magnetic resonance studies of the knee in 80 subjects, 45 men and 35 women with a mean age of 38.9 years, who showed no pathological condition of the joint. Using an imaging visualization software, the sagittal longitudinal axis of the tibia was identified. The angle between this axis and a line tangent to the bone profile of the tibial plateau (bone slope) and to the superior border of the menisci (meniscal slope) were calculated. Thickness of anterior and posterior portion of menisci and underlying cartilage were also measured. The bone slope averaged 8° and 7.7° on the medial and lateral sides, respectively. The mean meniscal slope was 4.1° and 3.3° on the medial and lateral sides, respectively, with a significant difference compared with the bone slope. Menisci and underlying cartilage were significantly thicker in their posterior than their anterior portion (7.6 and 5.2 mm, respectively, in the medial compartment; 8.6 and 5.2 mm, respectively, in the lateral compartment). The presence of cartilage and menisci implies a significant decrease in the posterior tibial slope. In the lateral compartment, the greater the bone slope, the larger the difference between bone and meniscal slope, which means that a marked posterior tilt of the lateral tibial plateau is decreased by the cartilage and meniscus. These findings should be taken into account in planning surgical procedures which affect the slope of the articular tibial surface.

Ultrasound evaluation of liver fibrosis: preliminary experience with acoustic structure quantification (ASQ) software.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of acoustic structure quantification (ASQ) ultrasound software in estimating the degree of hepatic fibrosis compared to Fibroscan and liver biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C underwent standard ultrasound examination, ASQ, Fibroscan and liver biopsy. ASQ analysis was conducted by placing a single region of interest (ROI) on each image captured, and calculating mode, average and standard deviation. The sonographic technique was developed through a preliminary evaluation of 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for the diagnosis of cirrhosis (F≥4) with ASQ was 0.77, whereas for the diagnosis of any degree of fibrosis (F≥1) it was 0.71. The AUROC for the diagnosis of cirrhosis (F≥4) with Fibroscan was 0.98, while for the diagnosis of any degree of fibrosis (F≥1) it was 0.94. The difference between the AUROC was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ASQ is a promising new ultrasound software programme which offers encouraging results in the diagnosis of both liver cirrhosis (F=4) and fibrosis (F≥1). However, to date it has not attained the same level of diagnostic performance as Fibroscan.

Influence of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness in children after renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness is significantly reduced in children with end-stage renal disease. The role of renal transplantation in improving cardiorespiratory fitness has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS: In this work, we wanted to assess whether, in children after a successful renal transplant, the amount of weekly physical exercise affects cardiorespiratory fitness and left ventricular mass (LVM). The study was conducted on 16 children after renal transplantation and 36 matching healthy controls. Four groups were formed according to the weekly amount of physical exercise; all children received an echocardiogram and underwent a treadmill exercise test according to the Bruce protocol. RESULTS: Cardiorespiratory fitness is worst in renal transplant children with a weekly physical exercise<3 h; renal transplant children with a physical exercise of 3-5 h per week attain a cardiorespiratory fitness comparable to controls with a sedentary lifestyle (<3-h exercise per week); healthy controls with a weekly physical exercise of 3-5 h per week show the highest levels of cardiorespiratory fitness; the LVM assessed via echocardiography follows the same pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In children with a successful renal transplant, a weekly physical exercise of 3-5 h significantly improves the cardiorespiratory fitness and the LVM, up to the level of matching healthy controls with a sedentary lifestyle (<3 h exercise per week).

Intraindividual comparison of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging and 64-section multidetector CT in the Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare gadoxetate disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with multiphasic 64-section multidetector computed tomography (CT) in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and informed patient consent were obtained for this prospective study. Fifty-eight patients (39 men, 19 women; mean age, 63 years; age range, 35-84 years) underwent gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging and multiphasic 64-section multidetector CT. The imaging examinations were performed within 30 days of each other. The two sets of images were qualitatively analyzed in random order by three independent readers in a blinded and retrospective fashion. Using strict diagnostic criteria for HCC, readers classified all detected lesions with use of a four-point confidence scale. The reference standard was a combination of pathologic proof, conclusive imaging findings, and substantial tumor growth at follow-up CT or MR imaging (range of follow-up, 90-370 days). The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive value were compared between the two image sets. Interreader variability was assessed. The accuracy of each imaging method was determined by using an adjusted modified chi(2) test. RESULTS: Eighty-seven HCCs (mean size +/- standard deviation, 1.8 cm +/- 1.5; range, 0.3-7.0 cm) were confirmed in 42 of the 58 patients. Regardless of lesion size, the average diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity for all readers were significantly greater with gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging (average diagnostic accuracy: 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.97; average sensitivity: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.96) than with multidetector CT (average diagnostic accuracy: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.82; average sensitivity: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.79) (P < .001 for each). No significant difference in positive predictive value was observed between the two image sets for each reader. Interreader agreement was good to excellent. CONCLUSION: Compared with multiphasic 64-section multidetector CT, gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging yields significantly higher diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity in the detection of HCC in patients with cirrhosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: qualitative comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging and multiphasic 64-section CT.

PURPOSE: To prospectively investigate whether combined interpretation of dynamic and hepatobiliary phase magnetic resonance (MR) images can improve the accuracy of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with either dynamic MR or multiphasic multidetector computed tomographic (CT) images alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and informed patient consent were obtained. Fifty-two patients (39 men, 13 women; mean age, 68 years; range, 38-81 years) suspected of having HCC underwent gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging and multiphasic 64-section multidetector CT. Images were qualitatively analyzed independently by three observers in three separate reading sessions. The alternating free-response receiver operating characteristic (AFROC) method was used to analyze the results. Differences in sensitivity and positive predictive values were calculated at a statistical significance of P < .05. RESULTS: A total of 67 HCCs were detected in 36 patients. The mean area under the AFROC curve (A(z)) was significantly higher for either the combined interpretation of dynamic and hepatobiliary phase MR images (A(z) = 0.95) or dynamic MR images alone (0.91) than for CT images (0.77) (P = .01 for both comparisons). The mean sensitivity of combined interpretation of MR images (0.72) was significantly higher than those of dynamic MR images alone (0.63) and multidetector CT images (0.61) (P = .008 and .001, respectively). The mean positive predictive value was not significantly different among the three imaging sets. CONCLUSION: The combined interpretation of dynamic and hepatobiliary phase MR images improves diagnostic accuracy of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging for the detection of HCC compared with either dynamic MR or multiphasic multidetector CT images alone.

The reticular point of view in dermatoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Different dermatoscopic algorithms have been developed to evaluate pigmented lesions of the skin, with pattern analysis being the most commonly used. We sought to develop and evaluate a diagnostic scoring system, the reticular point of view, to distinguish common melanocytic nevus from dysplastic nevus and from melanoma. METHODS: We analyzed 1543 pigmented lesions, most of which contained a pigment network, and assessed the presence of linear extensions, thickened or hyperpigmented lines, areas of abrupt cut off, and areas with large "holes." We then conducted statistical analyses on these parameters to verify which of these exerted the most influence on the dermatologist's decision to surgically excise the lesion and to verify which feature was most linked to histopathologic signs of dysplasia or malignancy. RESULTS: Among the lesions excised, histopathologic examination revealed 33 (10.28%) melanomas. Among these, 25 (75.75%) showed an asymmetric distribution of the pigment network, whereas 20 (60.6%) showed a linear extension of it. The analysis of our data showed that all the evaluated criteria were statistically significant and played an important role in the dermatologist's decision to perform surgical excision of the lesion. Regarding the diagnosis of melanoma, only the presence of large holes, areas of abrupt cut off, and linear extensions revealed statistical significance. LIMITATIONS: Reticular point of view may be useful only in lesions with a large pigment network. It is not applicable in nodular, thick, and amelanotic melanomas that are usually lacking in pigment network. CONCLUSION: Although pattern analysis represents the most effective analytical method in dermatoscopy, our scoring system may be useful to distinguish between benign lesions, which need only clinical follow-up, and malignant lesions, which need surgical excision.

Relationship between global end-diastolic volume and cardiac output in critically ill infants and children.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate possible correlations between the preload index global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) and the indexes of cardiac function, cardiac index, and stroke volume index in critically ill pediatric patients. The aim was to evaluate whether GEDV may help in the decision-making process concerning volume loading. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit of the Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy patients, 40 male and 30 female, mean age 62 +/- 41 months (range 5-156 months), divided into six groups: group A, hemorrhagic shock, ten cases; group B, head injury, 21 cases; group C, septic shock, ten cases; group D, encephalitis, ten cases; group E, respiratory failure, nine cases; group F, cardiogenic shock, ten cases. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received volumetric hemodynamic monitoring following initial resuscitation and every 4 hrs thereafter or whenever a hemodynamic deterioration was suspected. During the cumulative in-hospital stay, a total 1,184 sets of measurements were done. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Findings are consistent with a statistically significant linear correlation of GEDV with cardiac index and stroke volume index in hemorrhagic shock (group A) (R2 = .647, p < .0001; R2 = .738, p < .0001) and cardiogenic shock (group F) (R2 = .645, p < .0001; R2 = .841, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: GEDV may potentially be a useful guide to treatment in preload-dependent conditions, such as hemorrhagic and cardiogenic shock. In the other groups where there is little relationship between preload and cardiac function indexes, the influence of non-preload-dependent mechanisms on cardiac output is certainly more significant.

Computer-aided detection (CAD) in lung cancer screening at chest MDCT: ROC analysis of CAD versus radiologist performance.

To evaluate the performance of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm in the detection of pulmonary nodules on high-resolution multidetector row computed tomography images in a large, homogeneous screening population, and to evaluate the effect of the system output on the performance of radiologists, using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Three radiologists with variable experience (1 to 7 y), independently read the 200 computed tomography scans and assigned each nodule candidate a confidence score (1-2-3: unlikely, probably, and definitely a nodule). CAD was applied to all scans; successively readers reevaluated all findings of the CAD, assigning, in consensus, a confidence score (1 to 3). The reference standard was established by the consensus of 2 experienced radiologists with 30 and 15 years of experience. Results were used to generate an free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis. The reference standard showed 125 nodules. Sensitivity for readers I-II-III was 57%, 68%, and 46%. A double reading resulted in an increase in sensitivity up to 75%. With CAD, sensitivity was increased to 94%, 96%, and 94% for readers I, II, and III. The area under the free-response receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) was 0.72, 0.82, 0.55, and 0.84 for readers I, II, III, and the CAD, when considering all nodules. Differences between readers I-II and CAD were not significant (P=0.9). There was a significant difference between reader III and the CAD. For nodules <6-mm Az was 0.40, 0.47, 0.14, and 0.72 for readers I, II, III, and the CAD. Differences between all readers and the CAD were significant (P<0.05). CAD can aid in daily radiologic routine detecting a substantial number of nodules unseen by radiologists. This is true for both board-certified radiologists and for less experienced readers especially in the detection of small nodules.

Direct sequencing of HPV DNA detected in gynaecologic outpatients in Rome, Italy.

In order to assess the frequency of different human papillomavirus (HPV) types in Rome and the association between HPV and behavioural characteristics, we tested cervical scrapes of a population of sexually active women referring to university clinics for routine gynaecologic care. The presence of HPV DNA was revealed by polymerase chain reaction on two genome regions (L1 and E6/E7) followed by sequencing. Thirty different HPV types were identified; HPV 16 was the most prevalent (14.18%), followed by HPV 53 (9.21%), HPV 58 (7.80%), HPV 6 and 66 (both 5.67%) whereas all the other genotypes ranged below 5%. In univariate analysis the characteristics significantly associated with HPV DNA detection were the youngest age (P<0.01), the high number of lifetime partners (P<0.001) and the smoking habit (P<0.01). In multiple logistic regression analyses, the characteristics significantly associated with HPV DNA detection remained the younger age and the higher number of lifetime sexual partners. This study may be interesting in order to evaluate the circulation of HPV genotypes in Italy and to add a contribution to anti-cancer vaccine development.

Intra-articular methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a clinical and sonographic study.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of intra-articular methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Twenty-three consecutive patients, 10 with RA and 13 with PsA, with prevalent or unique arthritic involvement of one knee, were treated with intra-articular injections of MTX 10 mg every 7 days for 8 weeks. Before the beginning of the treatment and after 9 and 17 weeks, the patients underwent a clinical evaluation measuring maximal knee flexion angle, visual analog scale (VAS) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). On the same days, an ultrasonographic examination of the involved knee was performed by two independent experienced operators. Synovial thickness in the suprapatellar bursa and the presence of joint effusion and Baker's cyst were assessed. An increase of the mean value of maximal knee flexion angle and a reduction of the mean values of ESR and VAS between T0, T9 and T17 were demonstrated. Ultrasonographic evaluation showed significant reduction of synovial thickness and joint effusion. No differences were detected for the presence of Baker's cyst. We may conclude that repeated intra-articular injections of MTX resulted in a decrease of local as well as systemic inflammatory signs. As far as we know, this is the first study that explores the effects of intra-articular MTX in RA and PsA both clinically and by ultrasonography.

High plasma levels of human chromogranin A and adrenomedullin in patients with pheochromocytoma.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to investigate the plasma chromogranin A (CgA) and adrenomedullin (AM) levels in patients with pheochromocytomas. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We collected blood samples for measurement of plasma CgA and AM in 21 patients with pheochromocytomas, 43 healthy subjects and 26 patients with solid non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas. In 11 patients with pheochromocytomas plasma CgA and AM were measured again four weeks after tumor removal. CgA and AM were measured by means of a novel solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay based on monoclonal antibodies (CgA-RIA CT, CIS bio international) and by a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA, Phoenix Pharm. Inc.), respectively. RESULTS: The mean plasma CgA level (+/- SD) in patients with pheochromocytomas (204 +/- 147.9 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in healthy subjects (41.6 +/- 10.7 ng/mL) and in patients with non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas (47.3 +/- 17.6 ng/mL). The mean plasma AM concentration (+/- SD) in patients with pheochromocytomas (27.5 +/- 10.4 pg/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in HS (13.8 +/- 4.5 pg/mL) and in patients with non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas (16.6 +/- 7.3 pg/mL). Plasma CgA levels correlated with plasma AM levels (r = 0.501; P < 0.02) and with plasma metanephrine levels (r = 0.738; P < 0.0001) in patients with pheochromocytomas. In 11 patients with pheochromocytomas plasma CgA and AM concentrations significantly decreased after tumor removal (P < 0.001 for both). Circulating CgA and AM had a sensitivity of 76.2% and 81%, a specificity of 97.7% and 90.7%, and an accuracy of 91% and 88%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that circulating CgA and AM levels are increased in pheochromocytoma patients compared with healthy subjects and patients with non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas. Moreover, at the time of diagnosis plasma CgA levels correlated with plasma AM levels and with plasma metanephrine levels in all patients with pheochromocytomas. In conclusion, plasma CgA and AM concentrations may represent additional biochemical parameters for clinical monitoring of patients with pheochromocytomas.

Tolerability of Raltitrexed ('Tomudex') in elderly patients with colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major health problems of the Western world and the proportion of elderly patients with CRC is growing. Raltitrexed ('Tomudex'), a specific thymidylate synthase inhibitor, has shown efficacy and manageable toxicity in elderly CRC patients. In this retrospective study, the tolerability of raltitrexed in patients with CRC was examined in relation to age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Toxicity parameters, graded according to World Health Organization criteria, were assessed in two patient groups: < 70 and > or = 70 years old. In total, 56% (50 out of 90) of patients treated with raltitrexed (3 mg/m2 as a 15-minute intravenous infusion every 3 weeks) were aged > 70 years (M:F 28:22; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1:2 38:12). RESULTS: Overall, 437 cycles of chemotherapy were administered and grade 3-4 toxicity was reported in < 10% of patients. There were no clinically significant differences between the two age groups, apart from grade 3-4 asthenia, which was reported by 6% and 0% of patients aged > or = 70 and < 70 years, respectively. This was in spite of a significantly lower calculated mean creatinine clearance in patients aged > or = 70 years compared with those patients < 70 years of age. CONCLUSION: The raltitrexed toxicity profile does not appear to be significantly influenced by age; however caution is recommended in the management of elderly patients, particularly in the presence of impaired renal function.

Body habitus changes, metabolic abnormalities, osteopenia and cardiovascular risk in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three variables--protease inhibitors, stavudine, and the length of combined therapy--on body habitus changes, metabolic effects and bone mineral density in HIV patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The onset of possible cardiovascular involvement was considered. Forty HIV patients (29 men and 11 women, mean age 39.13 +/- 7.82 years, range 28-61 years) treated with HAART for 12-43 months were evaluated for fat, lean, bone tissues, immunohematological and cardiovascular alterations. The differences in fat/lean tissues and bone mineral density were evaluated at dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Serum lipids and the CD4/CD8 T-cell counts were recorded. ECGs were taken every 6 months; color Doppler echocardiography and color Doppler ultrasounds of the carotid vessels were performed in close chronological sequence with the second DEXA. Statistical analyses included: Student's t-test, Wilcoxon test, and single-multiple regression analysis. Thirteen patients presented with fat loss, 7 fat accumulation, and 20 a combined form of both. The changes in the single body districts showed that the decrease in the limb fat is to be attributed to protease inhibitors, while none of the three variables was responsible for the decrease in the upper limb fat. The trunk weight increase was not significant. The decrease in the lean mass of the upper limbs is to be attributed to protease inhibitors, while none of the three variables was responsible for the increase in the lean mass of the upper and lower limbs. The decrease in bone mineral density was not significant. No treatment-related cardiovascular lesions were observed. In HIV patients treated with HAART for 12-43 months, the decrease in lower limb fat was due to protease inhibitors. Neither osteopenia nor cardiovascular diseases were observed during follow-up.

[Antibiotic prophylaxis in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: from empiricism to evidence. Review of the problem and proposal of a randomized trial of the Lap Group Roma]. / Antibioticoprofilassi in corso di colecistectomia laparoscopica: dall'empirismo all'evidenza. Revisione del problema e proposta di un trial randomizzato del Lap Group Roma.

More than 10 years after its appearance in clinical practice, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can now be considered the standard operation for gallstone disease. However, some aspects of this operation are still debated. The need to perform routine antibiotic prophylaxis in order to reduce the incidence of infectious complications is still a matter of controversy. International guidelines do not recommend its routine use. The evidence for this, however, is rather limited, because there are no randomized trials with a sufficient number of cases to avoid a type II error. The authors, on behalf of the Lap Group Roma, introduce the protocol of a multicenter prospective randomized controlled clinical trial designed to find a definitive answer to this problem.

Prospective evaluation of multiparametric ultrasound and quantitative elastosonography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules: preliminary experience.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical value of quantitative elastosonography compared with multiparametric ultrasound in differentiating the nature of thyroid nodules. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ninety-seven consecutive patients (32 males, 65 females, mean age, 54 years, range 20-81 years) with thyroid nodules previously detected at color-Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), were prospectively examined with elastosonography with dedicated quantitative software (Elasto-Q, Toshiba) before surgery. Ultrasound examination and elastosonography were evaluated by two investigators in consensus. US features, color-Doppler pattern, and strain ratio value were evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity of CDUS and sono-elastography were compared using X(2) test and ROC curves. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of hypoechogenicity, irregular margins or suspicious halo features, CDUS blood flow pattern, and strain ratio in the diagnosis of malignant nodules were 56.8%, 62.2%, 54.1% and 97.3% and 71.7%, 93.3%, 28.3%, and 91.7%, respectively. Elastosonography was more sensitive and specific than all ultrasonographic features in predicting malignancy of the thyroid nodules (p<0.0001). According to elastosonographic features the lesions characterized by strain ratio ≥ 2 were highly likely to be of malignant nature (p<0.0001, O.R. 396, 95%, CI: 44-3530). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that elastosonography with Q system is a valuable tool in the characterization of thyroid nodules and it seems to be far more accurate than CDUS. These findings as well as those of previous studies support its use in selecting patients who are candidates for surgery.

Prognostic value of extravascular lung water index in critically ill children with acute respiratory failure.

PURPOSE: In critically ill adults, a reduction in the extravascular lung water index (EVLWi) decreases time on mechanical ventilation and improves survival. The purpose of this study is to assess the prognostic value of EVLWi in critically ill children with acute respiratory failure and investigate its relationships with PaO(2), PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio, A-aDO(2), oxygenation index (OI), mean airway pressure, cardiac index, pulmonary permeability, and percent fluid overload. METHODS: Twenty-seven children admitted to PICU with acute respiratory failure received volumetric hemodynamic and blood gas monitoring following initial stabilization and every 4 h thereafter, until discharge from PICU or death. All patients are grouped in two categories: nonsurvivors and survivors. RESULTS: Children with a fatal outcome had higher values of EVLWi on admission to PICU, as well as higher A-aDO(2) and OI, and lower PaO(2) and PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio. After 24 h EVLWi decreased significantly only in survivors. As a survival indicator, EVLWi has good sensitivity and good specificity. Changes in EVLWi, OI, and mean airway pressure had a time-dependent influence on survival that proved significant according to the Cox test. Survivors spent fewer hours on mechanical ventilation. We detected a correlation of EVLWi with percent fluid overload and pulmonary permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Like OI and mean airway pressure, EVLWi on admission to PICU is predictive of survival and of time needed on mechanical ventilation.

Blood pressure load, proteinuria and renal function in pre-hypertensive children.

It is as yet unclear whether blood pressure load (BPL) can affect renal function in pre-hypertensive children. We have studied 250 children, with a mean age of 9.12 +/- 3.28 years, with the aim of assessing if pre-hypertension in children can indeed affect renal function. The study cohort consisted of 146 children with pre-hypertension (group P) and a control group of 104 children with normal blood pressure (group C). All children were tested for orthostatic proteinuria, an exclusion criterion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and proteinuria, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed. Based on the BPL, group P was further subdivided into group P1 (BPL 40%, high BPL). We found that GFR was reduced in pre-hypertensive children (90.74 +/- 48.69 vs. 110.32 +/- 20.30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), p < 0.0001) and that proteinuria was increased (145.36 +/- 110.91 vs. 66.84 +/- 42.94 mg/m(2) per 24 h; p < 0.0001). However, mean values were still within normal limits. A comparison of the group with high BPL and that with low BPL revealed that the former had relatively reduced GFR (79.15 +/- 42.04 vs. 96.78 +/- 51.20 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); p < 0.006) and increased proteinuria (198.29 +/- 142.17 vs. 118.31 +/- 80.07 mg/m(2) per 24 h; p < 0.036). In comparison to the reference values of the normal population, the GFR was reduced and proteinuria was increased in the group with high BPL. Based on our results, pre-hypertension in children with high BPL seems to be associated with reduced GFR and increased proteinuria. A reasonable doubt remains that the patients with higher proteinuria and larger reduction of GFR may harbor an as yet unknown subclinical renal condition responsible for the onset of pre-hypertension. Therefore, children with even mildly elevated BP are at risk of developing renal damage and should change their lifestyle to prevent further increases in BP.

Computed tomography with volume rendering for the evaluation of parenchymal hyperinflation after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess computed tomography with volume rendering (CT-VR) as a tool to evaluate parenchymal hyperinflation before and after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) in patients with advanced stage emphysema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2006 and October 2007, we have prospectively studied pre- and postoperatively by spiral multislice CT scan and functional tests seven patients (six male, one female; age range 51-77 years, mean 64) with advanced stage heterogeneous emphysema who underwent BLVR using the Emphasys one-way valves (Emphasys, Redwood City, CA, USA). CT parameters considered were: the volume of the 'target' lobe and of the entire treated lung, the diameters (antero-posterior and cranio-caudal) of the treated hemithorax and the emphysematous parenchyma rate with respect to the normal parenchyma rate of the treated lobe. Lung parenchyma has been classified as emphysematous if the density was in the -1024/-900 Hounsfield units (HU) range and as normal if the density was in the -900/-200 HU range. Preoperative radiological data were compared with postoperative data and plotted against spirometric data observed 1 month after treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 24 valves have been implanted in the 7 patients. Valves have been placed in the right upper lobe in two patients, in the left upper lobe in four and in both the left upper lobe and the right lower lobe in one. Volume reduction as a proportion of the 'target' lobe and of the entire lung has been observed in all patients with significant differences between mean preoperative and postoperative values [p=0.016 (target lobe); p=0.031 (lung)]. Lobar volume reduction ranged between 1.3% and 53.7% of preoperative values. Volume reduction of the entire lung ranged between 3.1% and 16.8%. Thoracic diameters decreased in all patients after treatment with significant mean differences [p=0.007 (antero-posterior); p=0.004 (cranio-caudal)]. FEV1 increased in six of seven patients with significant mean differences (p=0.025). The higher volume reduction rate has been observed in the three patients showing the better FEV1 improvement. Emphysematous lung parenchyma rate decreased postoperatively in six of seven patients with mean differences being not significant (p=0.17). CONCLUSIONS: CT-VR is an excellent tool to confirm the efficacy of BLVR in reducing parenchymal hyperinflation. Functional advantages are proportional to the volume reduction as measured by CT-VR.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection: risk indicators among women attending for routine gynecologic examination.

OBJECTIVES: Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common agents of sexually transmitted disease, but trichomoniasis is still considered as an infection of minor importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk indicators for trichomoniasis in women attending for routine gynecologic examination. METHODS: The study was conducted comparing demographic and behavioral characteristics in two groups of 122 women with T. vaginalis infection and 853 uninfected women. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed a significant increase of T. vaginalis infection among women with older age and multiple sexual partners. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the higher number of lifetime partners and older age remained significantly associated with T. vaginalis infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that T. vaginalis infection might be mainly related to lifestyle risk factors. Therefore, in our opinion, the diagnosis and treatment of this disease should be encouraged on routine gynecologic examination.

Renal and cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in children with proteinuria.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist offers better control of proteinuria and cardiovascular parameters without causing adverse side effects. METHODS: We enrolled 10 children (mean age: 12.3 +/- 4.06 years) with proteinuria resulting from chronic renal diseases of various causes. The study consisted of 2 phases, 3 months each, for an overall 6-month observation time. During phase 1 (3 months), each child was assigned randomly to treatment with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist alone. During phase 2, each child was advanced to combination therapy with the addition of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, respectively. Renal function tests, echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed at the beginning of the study (time 0), at 3 months (time 1), and at 6 months (time 2). RESULTS: At time 2, proteinuria (change: -80.21 +/- 10.75%), interventricular septum index (change: -13.63 +/- 18.64%), posterior wall of the left ventricle index (change: -30.71 +/- 20.32%), and left ventricular mass index (change: -28.33 +/- 24.44%) were reduced significantly, compared with time 0 and time 1. No untoward side effects were detected during the study. CONCLUSIONS: In the short term, the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists for children with proteinuria of renal origin reduced proteinuria significantly, compared with baseline or either drug alone. Furthermore, echocardiographic studies gave evidence of reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. Additional studies are needed to evaluate long-term results.