Oxidative damage in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is mainly induced by water temperature variation rather than Aurantiochytrium sp. meal dietary supplementation.

We investigated whether dietary supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. meal, a DHA-rich source (docosahexaenoic acid, 22: 6 n-3), fed during long-term exposure to cold-suboptimal temperature (22 °C, P1), followed by short-term exposure to higher temperatures (28 °C, P2, and 33 °C, P3), would promote oxidative damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two supplementation levels were tested: 1.0 g 100 g-1 (D1) and 4.0 g 100 g-1 (D4). A control diet, without the additive (D0, 0 g 100 g-1), and a positive control diet supplemented with cod liver oil (CLO) were also tested. The concentrations of DHA and total n-3 PUFAs in the CLO diet were similar to those found in diets D1 and D4, respectively. The parameters analyzed included hemoglobin (Hb), the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione, non-protein thiols, and the oxidative markers protein carbonyl and erythrocyte DNA damage. Nile tilapia did not present differences in Hb content, regardless of diet composition, but the temperature increase (P1 to P2) led to a higher Hb content. Likewise, the temperature increases promoted alterations in all antioxidant enzymes. The dietary supplementation with 1.0 g 100 g-1 Aurantiochytrium sp. meal after P1 caused minor DNA damage in Nile tilapia, demonstrating that the additive can safely be included in winter diets, despite its high DHA concentration.

Flour Treatments Affect Gluten Protein Extractability, Secondary Structure, and Antibody Reactivity.

Commercial Brazilian wheat flour was subjected to extrusion, oven, and microwave treatments. The solubility, monomeric and polymeric proteins, and the glutenin and gliadin profiles of the gluten were analyzed. In addition, in vitro digestibility and response against potential celiac disease immune-stimulatory epitopes were investigated. All treatments resulted in low solubility of the polymeric and monomeric proteins. The amounts of insoluble proteins increased from 5.6% in control flour to approximately 10% for all (treatments), whereas soluble proteins decreased from 6.5% to less than 0.5% post treatment. In addition, the treatments affected glutenin and gliadin profiles. The amount of α/ß-gliadin extracted decreased after all treatments, while that of γ-gliadin was unaffected. Finally, the potential celiac disease immune stimulatory epitopes decreased in oven and microwave treatment using the G12 ELISA, but no change was observed using the R5 antibody. However, the alteration of the gluten structure and complexity was not sufficient to render a product safe for consumption for individuals with celiac disease; the number of potential celiac disease immune-stimulatory epitopes remained high.

Treinamento para perfil de textura sensorial em pães / Training for sensory texture profiling of bread

Um painel treinado é uma ferramenta importante, com ampla aplicação na panificação. No entanto, o tempo e os recursos financeiros necessários para o treinamento são significativos. O objetivo do trabalho foi selecionar e treinar avaliadores para se tornarem experts no perfil de textura para análise sensorial descritiva de pães de trigo integral com substituto de gordura. Os candidatos foram selecionados por testes com intuito de discriminarem e descreverem as diferenças de textura entre alimentos. Os candidatos aprenderam sobre dureza, elasticidade, coesividade e mastigabilidade e construíram escala de classificação de pão comercial padrão brasileira, que serviu como referência para analisar as amostras. Após o treinamento, os avaliadores foram capazes de avaliar de forma confiável as amostras de pão em estudo.

Physicochemical comparison of commercial VS. extracted ß-glucans and structural characterization after enzymatic purification / Comparación fisicoquímica entre ß-glucanos comerciales y extraídos, y caracterización estructural después de purificación enzimática

Background: ß-glucans (1-3: 1-4) are soluble fibers applied to foods due to their technological properties (water binding capacity, viscosity, emulsification and stabilization) and their beneficial effects on health. The functional properties of ß-glucans can be lost during the extraction and purification processes. The high viscosity of ß-glucans is related to a high molecular weight and its physiological properties in the intestine. Therefore, to characterize the fiber after its extraction and purification is fundamental to understand its possible applications in foods. Objectives: characterize ß-glucans extracted (EßG) and compare them with three commercial ß-glucans (CßG-A, CßG-B and CßG-C) to identify its possible applications in foods and to evaluate if enzymatic purification affects molecular and structurally the ß-glucans. Methods: barley ß-glucans were extracted (EßG), characterized by chemical analyzes, rheological behavior, and color, and compared to three commercial ß-glucans samples. Then, the extract was purified and its structural and molecular characteristics were calculated. Results: EßG contained 64.38 ± 3.54% of ß-glucans, high starch contamination (12.70 ± 1.73%), high content of calcium (8894 mg/kg), pseudoplastic behavior, and dark color (L* = 52.77 ± 0.7). All commercial samples showed low starch contamination, lighter color, and Newtonian behavior. After purification starch and protein contamination decreased (0.85 ± 0.46% and 5.50 ± 0.12% respectively), increased the content of ßG (69.45 ± 0.81%) and increased brightness (L* = 92.60 ± 1.70). Purified ß-glucans (PßG) showed a molar weight of 690 ± 1.6 kDa and species with degree polymerization 3 (DP3) to 11 (DP11) were identified on the structure. Conclusions: EßG extracts before the purification presented a high viscosity and contamination. The enzymatic purification process was effective and allowed to maintain a high molar mass of PßG and its distinctive molecular structures (species with DP3 and DP4). The commercial samples CßG-A and CßG-B showed a low content of ß-glucans. Finally, CßG-C presented the best physicochemical and rheological properties for its subsequent application in food.

Antecedentes: los ß-glucanos (1-3: 1-4) son fibras solubles aplicadas a los alimentos debido a sus propiedades tecnológicas (capacidad de retención de agua, viscosidad, emulsificación y estabilización) y a sus efectos beneficiosos en la salud. Las propiedades funcionales de los ß-glucanos pueden perderse durante los procesos de extracción y purificación. La alta viscosidad de los ß-glucanos está relacionada con un alto peso molecular y con sus propiedades fisiológicas en el intestino. Por lo tanto, caracterizar la fibra después de su extracción y purificación es fundamental para comprender sus posibles aplicaciones en alimentos. Objetivos: caracterizar ß-glucanos extraídos (EßG) y compararlos con tres marcas comerciales (CßG-A, CßG-B y CßG-C) para identificar su futura aplicación en alimentos y evaluar si la purificación enzimática afecta molecular y estructuralmente los ß-glucanos. Métodos: se extrajeron ß-glucanos de cebada (EßG), caracterizados por análisis químicos, comportamiento reológico y color, y se compararon con tres muestras comerciales. Posteriormente, el extracto (EßG) se purificó y se identificaron sus características estructurales y su peso molecular. Resultados: EßG contenía 64.38 ± 3.54% de ß-glucanos, alta contaminación con almidón (12.70 ± 1.73%), alto contenido de calcio (8894 mg / kg), comportamiento pseudoplástico y color oscuro (L* = 52.77 ± 0.7). Todas las muestras comerciales mostraron una baja contaminación con almidón, color más claro y comportamiento newtoniano. Después de la purificación de EßG, la contaminación con almidón y proteína disminuyó (0.85 ± 0.46% y 5.50 ± 0.12%, respectivamente), aumentó el contenido de ßG (69.45 ± 0.81%) y aumentó su luminosidad (L* = 92.60 ± 1.70). Los ß-glucanos purificados (PßG) mostraron un peso molar de 690 ± 1,6 kDa y se identificaron en la estructura especies con grado de polimerización desde 3 (GP3) hasta 11 (GP11). Conclusiones: los EßG antes de la purificación presentaron alta viscosidad y contaminación. El proceso de purificación enzimática fue efectivo y permitió mantener una alta masa molar de la fibra y sus estructuras moleculares características (especies con GP3 y GP4). Las muestras comerciales CßG-A y CßG-B mostraron un bajo contenido de ß-glucanos. Finalmente, la CßG-C presentó las mejores propiedades fisicoquímicas y reológicas para su posterior aplicación en alimentos.

Effects of fat replacement on properties of whole wheat bread

Bread characteristics are dependent upon the chemical composition and fiber content of the wheat flour used. A healthy diet can help prevent chronic diseases, where whole grains and fewer calories from fat are components of a healthy diet. The aims of this study were to determine the centesimal composition of wheat flour samples (whole, refined, and flour blends) along with their farinographic parameters (water absorption, development time and stability) and also to verify the specific volume, crumb texture profile and digital imaging of bread loaves made with 60% whole wheat flour and 3% fat or fat replacer. Increasing the whole wheat flour percentage in the blends also increased levels of protein, ash and insoluble fiber. All the farinographic parameters were also increased. Enzymatically modified starch was found to be an effective fat replacer in whole wheat loaves. The loaves made using fat replacer had the same specific volume and higher cell density as those made with fat, but exhibited different texture profile parameters such as higher hardness value and lower springiness value.

A composição química da farinha de trigo e a presença de fibras afeta as características dos pães. Uma forma de contribuir com a prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis é através de alimentação saudável, incluindo grãos integrais na dieta alimentar e reduzindo as calorias de determinado alimento, substituindo a gordura. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a composição centesimal das amostras de farinha de trigo integral, refinada e as misturas entre elas; bem como os parâmetros farinográficos (absorção de água, tempo de desenvolvimento e estabilidade) das mesmas. Além disso, verificar volume específico, perfil de textura do miolo e análise de imagem de pães elaborados com 60% de farinha de trigo integral e com 3% de gordura ou com substituto de gordura. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. À medida que aumenta o percentual de farinha integral, os teores de proteína, cinzas e fibra insolúvel alcançam valores significativamente maiores e a absorção de água fica maior na farinografia, bem como o tempo de desenvolvimento e a estabilidade. O amido modificado enzimaticamente utilizado na elaboração de pão com 60% de farinha de trigo integral funcionou como um efetivo substituto de gordura. O pão integral elaborado com substituto de gordura apresentou volume específico significativamente igual ao pão integral elaborado com gordura, porém com diferenças em relação a parâmetros do perfil de textura, maior firmeza e menor elasticidade além de maior densidade celular do que o pão elaborado com gordura.