Axillary Reverse Mapping Aids in Reducing the Rates of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema in Underserved Ethnically Diverse Population.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) poses a significant risk following sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), particularly affecting ethnic minorities, with a twofold increased risk. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM), a novel technique, shows potential in reducing BCRL rates, yet its utility in ethnic minorities lacks sufficient exploration. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the utility and outcomes of ARM on BCRL in an ethnic diverse group. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of ARM patients from January 2019 to July 2022 was conducted, monitoring patients over 24 months at 3-month intervals using SOZO® scores, with comparisons with preoperative baselines. RESULTS: Of the 212 patients, 83% belonged to ethnic minorities. SLNB was performed in 83%, ALND in 17%, and 62.3% underwent radiation therapy. Positive lymph nodes were found in 31.6%, with 22.2% exhibiting blue nodes and 25.9% exhibiting blue lymphatics. Of identified blue nodes, 70.2% were excised, including 51.5% crossover nodes. Lymphedema occurred in 3 patients, resulting in a BCRL rate of 1.4%. Compared with an historical BCRL incidence of 40.4% following ALND in ethnic minorities, our study reported a significantly lower rate of 8% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The ARM procedure can significantly lower BCRL in ethnic minority groups. The combination of ARM and bioimpedance spectroscopy led to a remarkably low BCRL rate of 1.4%. Notably, none of the patients in our study developed an axillary recurrence at 24-month follow-up. Nevertheless, future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to better understand the utility of the ARM technique in this population.

Schedules of standing and sitting directed by musculoskeletal discomfort in workers transitioning to sit-stand workstations: a cross-sectional study.

Sit-stand workstations are growing in popularity, however limited guidelines exist regarding optimal schedules of sitting and standing. This was the first known study to observe sit-stand workstation schedules when postural change is based on maintaining musculoskeletal discomfort within 'acceptable' levels. Fourteen healthy adults new to sit-stand workstations completed computer-based work at a sit-stand desk for half a workday. Participants changed between standing and sitting postures each time discomfort reached the maximum acceptable threshold. On average, the amount of standing and sitting was greatest in the first standing (median 40 minutes, interquartile range 40 minutes) and sitting (median 30 minutes, interquartile range 115 minutes) bouts. Average durations spent standing and sitting were lower in all consecutive bouts. Stand-sit ratios indicated an equal amount of standing to sitting or somewhat less standing. The schedules had substantial inter-participant variability. Future studies should consider that optimal schedules may vary with regard to time and be individual-specific.

Refined guidelines are needed regarding effective use of sit-stand workstations. This study proposed a novel method of investigating potentially optimal schedules, in which postural change was based on reaching a threshold of musculoskeletal discomfort. The findings suggest that an optimal schedule may vary with time and be individual-specific. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; Borg CR-10 scale: Borg Category Ratio-10 scale; IQR: interquartile range; LMD questionnaire: the localised musculoskeletal discomfort questionnaire; MHT: maximum holding time; SD: standard deviation.

Towards more credible shams for physical interventions: A Delphi survey.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In clinical trials of physical interventions, participant blinding is often poorly addressed and therapist blinding routinely omitted. This situation presents a substantial barrier to moving the field forward. Improving the success of blinding will be a vital step towards determining the true mechanisms of physical interventions. We used a Delphi approach to identify important elements of shams for physical interventions to maximise the likelihood of participant and therapist blinding in clinical trials. METHODS: Two expert groups were recruited: (1) experts in research methodology and (2) experts in deceptive and/or hypnotic techniques including magic. Magicians were included because they were considered a potentially rich source of innovation for developing credible shams due to their unique skills in altering perceptions and beliefs. Three rounds of survey were conducted, commencing with an open-ended question. Responses were converted to single 'items', which participants rated in the following two rounds using a 9-point Likert scale, categorised as 'Not important' (0-3), 'Depends' (4-6) and 'Essential' (7-9). Consensus was pre-defined as ≥80% agreement within a 3-point category. RESULTS: Thirty-eight experts agreed to participate (research methodology: n = 22; deceptive and/or hypnotic techniques: n = 16), and 30 experts responded to at least one round (research methodology: n = 19; deceptive and/or hypnotic techniques: n = 11). Of 79 items, five reached consensus in the 'Essential' category in both groups, which related to beliefs of participants (n = 3 items), interactions with researchers (n = 1 item) and standardisation of clinical assessments (n = 1 item). Thirteen additional items reached consensus in the 'Essential' category in one group. Experts in research methodology had one additional item reach consensus, related to authentic delivery of study information. The remaining 12 additional items that reached consensus in the deceptive and/or hypnotic techniques group related mainly to therapist attitude and behaviour and the clinical interaction. CONCLUSION: Experts agreed that, for shams to be believable, consideration of cognitive influences is essential. Contrary to the focus of previous shams for physical interventions, replicating the tactile sensation of the active treatment was not considered an essential part of sham development. Therefore, when designing sham-controlled clinical trials, researchers should carefully consider the cognitive credibility of the entire intervention experience, and not just the indistinguishability of the sham intervention itself. The findings provide new guidance to researchers on important contributors to blinding in physical intervention trials.

Development and validation of the Chinese version of the evidence-based practice profile questionnaire (EBP2Q).

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based practice (EBP) education or training are considered fundamental to building and strengthening an EBP culture, as well as to encouraging evidence-based academic and clinical practice in the nursing community. However, few valid and reliable instruments are available for the assessment of EBP teaching and learning in clinical nurses in China. Translation, reliability, and validity testing of the English Evidence-Based Practice Profile Questionnaire (EBP2Q), which has strong psychometric properties, may encourage evaluation and promote the implementation of EBP in Mainland China. METHODS: Based on established guidelines for the development of questionnaires, the English EBP2Q was translated and cross-culturally adapted. The Chinese version of the EBP2Q (EBP2Q-C) was validated using a sample of 543 nurses. Structural validity was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and the questionnaire was tested for convergent and criterion validity. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also evaluated. RESULTS: The content validity index demonstrated good content validity (≥0.98). An eight-factor structure was obtained in the exploratory factor analysis, and verified by a three-order factor model from the confirmatory factor analysis (χ2/df = 2.001; RMSEA = 0.065; SRMR = 0.077; and CFI = 0.884). The Spearman's rank correlation analysis of the EBP2Q-C with the Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire showed moderate correlations for Practice (0.58) and Confidence (0.68) and a low correlation for Sympathy (0.32). Criterion validity was demonstrated by significant differences in terms of nurses' highest education, present position, EBP training, involvement in research programs, and level of understanding of English. Both the overall Cronbach's α and the Cronbach's α for the domains exceeded 0.70. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the domains ranged between 0.75 and 0.96, indicating satisfactory repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: Except for the convergent validity of the Sympathy domain, the EBP2Q-C provided evidence of validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be applied in EBP education or training assessment in Mainland China.

Changes in physiotherapy students' knowledge and perceptions of EBP from first year to graduation: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Dedicated Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) courses are often included in health professional education programs. It is important to understand the effectiveness of this training. This study investigated EBP outcomes in entry-level physiotherapy students from baseline to completion of all EBP training (graduation). METHODS: Mixed methods with an explanatory sequential design. Physiotherapy students completed two psychometrically-tested health professional EBP instruments at baseline and graduation. The Evidence-Based Practice Profile questionnaire collected self-reported data (Terminology, Confidence, Practice, Relevance, Sympathy), and the Knowledge of Research Evidence Competencies instrument collected objective data (Actual Knowledge). Focus groups with students were conducted at graduation to gain a deeper understanding of the factors impacting changes in students' EBP knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and competency. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, 95% CI and effect sizes (ES) were used to examine changes in outcome scores from baseline to graduation. Transcribed focus group data were analysed following a qualitative descriptive approach with thematic analysis. A second stage of merged data analysis for mixed methods studies was undertaken using side-by-side comparisons to explore quantitatively assessed EBP measures with participants' personal perceptions. RESULTS: Data were analysed from 56 participants who completed both instruments at baseline and graduation, and from 21 focus group participants. Large ES were reported across most outcomes: Relevance (ES 2.29, p ≤ 0.001), Practice (1.8, p ≤ 0.001), Confidence (1.67, p ≤ 0.001), Terminology (3.13, p ≤ 0.001) and Actual Knowledge (4.3, p ≤ 0.001). A medium ES was found for Sympathy (0.49, p = 0.008). Qualitative and quantitative findings mostly aligned but for statistical terminology, participants' self-reported understanding was disparate with focus group reported experiences. Qualitative findings highlighted the importance of providing relevant context and positive role models for students during EBP training. CONCLUSIONS: Following EBP training across an entry-level physiotherapy program, there were qualitative and significant quantitative changes in participants' knowledge and perceptions of EBP. The qualitative and quantitative findings were mainly well-aligned with the exception of the Terminology domain, where the qualitative findings did not support the strength of the effect reported quantitatively. The findings of this study have implications for the timing and content of EBP curricula in entry-level health professional programs.

Implications of New Lumpectomy Margin Guidelines for Breast-Conserving Surgery: Changes in Reexcision Rates and Predicted Rates of Residual Tumor.

BACKGROUND: The 2014 guidelines endorsed by Society of Surgical Oncology, the American Society of Breast Surgeons, and the American Society for Radiation Oncology advocate "no ink on tumor" as the new margin requirement for breast-conserving therapy (BCT). We used our lumpectomy margins database from 2004 to 2006 to predict the effect of these new guidelines on BCT. METHODS: Patients with neoadjuvant therapy, pure ductal carcinoma-in situ, or incomplete margin data were excluded. We applied new ("no ink on tumor") and old (≥2 mm) margin guidelines and compared rates of positive margins, reexcision, and rates of residual disease found at reexcision. RESULTS: A total of 437 lumpectomy surgeries met the eligibility criteria. Eighty-six percent had invasive ductal carcinoma, 12% invasive lobular carcinoma, and 2% invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. Using a ≥2 mm margin standard, 36% of lumpectomies had positive margins compared to 18% using new guidelines (p < 0.0001). Seventy-seven percent of patients with "ink on tumor" had residual disease found at reexcision. Fifty percent of subjects with margins <2 mm had residual disease (p = 0.0013) but would not have undergone reexcision under the new guidelines. With margins of ≥2 mm, residual tumor was seen in the shaved margins of 14% of lumpectomies. Residual tumor was more common in reexcisions for ductal carcinoma-in situ <2 mm from a margin than for invasive cancer (53 vs. 40%), although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Use of new lumpectomy margin guidelines would have reduced reoperation for BCT by half in our patient cohort. However, residual disease was present in many patients who would not have been reexcised with the new guidelines. Long-term follow-up of local recurrence rates is needed to determine if this increase in residual disease is clinically significant.

Should New "No Ink On Tumor" Lumpectomy Margin Guidelines be Applied to Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)? A Retrospective Review Using Shaved Cavity Margins.

BACKGROUND: No consensus exists for clear margins for breast-conserving surgery for pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We examined the implications of applying a "no ink on tumor" standard for pure DCIS by correlating clear margin width with rates of residual disease. METHODS: Lumpectomies with complete shaved cavity margins (SCMs) for pure DCIS at our institution from 2004 to 2007 were reviewed and patients with microinvasive cancer or multifocal disease requiring multiple wires excluded. Rates of residual disease in shaved margins were determined based on margin status of the main lumpectomy specimen using margin widths of "ink on tumor," ≤1, >1 to <2, and ≥2 mm. RESULTS: Overall, 182 women undergoing lumpectomy for pure DCIS met eligibility criteria. In patients with "ink on tumor" in the main lumpectomy specimen, 88 % had residual disease in the SCMs. Rates of residual disease in SCMs for lumpectomies with margins of <2 mm (but not on ink) were 52 % compared with 13 % for lumpectomies with margins ≥2 mm (p < 0.0005). Multivariate analyses confirmed the association of lumpectomy margin width and residual tumor in shaved cavity margins. Odds of residual disease in the SCM for postmenopausal patients were 74 % less than for pre/perimenopausal women (odds ratio 0.26; confidence interval 0.08-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Application of a "no ink on tumor" lumpectomy margin standard to patients with DCIS results in a significant increase in the rates of residual disease in cavity margins compared with use of a ≥2-mm margin standard. Use of narrower margins may have important implications for use of adjuvant therapy.

How Comprehensively Is Evidence-Based Practice Represented in Australian Health Professional Accreditation Documents? A Systematic Audit.

UNLABELLED: PHENONENON: In many developed countries, accreditation documents, which reflect the practice standards of health professions, form the basis for evaluation of education programs for meeting the requirements for registration. The 2005 Sicily statement proposed a 5-step model of training in evidence-based practice (ask, access, appraise, apply, and assess). A key recommendation was that evidence-based practice should be incorporated into entry-level health professional training and registration. No previous research has assessed the extent to which this has occurred. APPROACH: We undertook a systematic audit of the accreditation documents for the registered health professions in Australia. The 11 health professional disciplines included in the audit were medicine, nursing and midwifery, pharmacy, physiotherapy, dentistry, psychology, occupational therapy, optometry, podiatry, osteopathy, and chiropractic. Two investigators independently identified the occurrence of the term evidence that related to "evidence-based practice" and the occurrences of terms related to the 5 steps in the accreditation documents. FINDINGS: Occurrence of the term evidence as it relates specifically to "evidence-based practice" ranged from 0 (pharmacy, dentistry and occupational therapy) to 8 (physiotherapy) in the accreditation documents. Overall, there were 77 occasions when terms relating to any of the 5 steps of evidence-based practice were used across all 11 accreditation documents. All 5 steps were included in the physiotherapy and psychology documents; 4 steps in medicine and optometry; 3 steps in pharmacy; 2 steps each in documents for chiropractic, osteopathy, and podiatry; and 1 step for nursing. There was no inclusion of terms relating to any of the 5 steps in the dentistry and occupational therapy documents. Insights: Terminology relating explicitly to evidence-based practice and to the 5 steps of evidence-based practice appears to be lacking in the accreditation documents for health professions registered in Australia. This is not necessarily reflective of the curricular content or quality, or dedication to evidence-based practice teaching. However, recognition and demand by accreditation bodies for skills in evidence-based practice may act as a driver for education providers to give greater priority to embedding this training in entry-level programs. Consequently, accreditation bodies are powerfully positioned to shape future directions, focus, and boundaries within and across professions. Future international audits of accreditation documents could provide insight into the global breadth of this phenomenon and contribute to closer scrutiny of the representation of evidence-based practice in future iterations of accreditation documents.

Development and validation of the guideline for reporting evidence-based practice educational interventions and teaching (GREET).

BACKGROUND: The majority of reporting guidelines assist researchers to report consistent information concerning study design, however, they contain limited information for describing study interventions. Using a three-stage development process, the Guideline for Reporting Evidence-based practice Educational interventions and Teaching (GREET) checklist and accompanying explanatory paper were developed to provide guidance for the reporting of educational interventions for evidence-based practice (EBP). The aim of this study was to complete the final development for the GREET checklist, incorporating psychometric testing to determine inter-rater reliability and criterion validity. METHODS: The final development for the GREET checklist incorporated the results of a prior systematic review and Delphi survey. Thirty-nine items, including all items from the prior systematic review, were proposed for inclusion in the GREET checklist. These 39 items were considered over a series of consensus discussions to determine the inclusion of items in the GREET checklist. The GREET checklist and explanatory paper were then developed and underwent psychometric testing with tertiary health professional students who evaluated the completeness of the reporting in a published study using the GREET checklist. For each GREET checklist item, consistency (%) of agreement both between participants and the consensus criterion reference measure were calculated. Criterion validity and inter-rater reliability were analysed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: Three consensus discussions were undertaken, with 14 items identified for inclusion in the GREET checklist. Following further expert review by the Delphi panelists, three items were added and minor wording changes were completed, resulting in 17 checklist items. Psychometric testing for the updated GREET checklist was completed by 31 participants (n = 11 undergraduate, n = 20 postgraduate). The consistency of agreement between the participant ratings for completeness of reporting with the consensus criterion ratings ranged from 19 % for item 4 Steps of EBP, to 94 % for item 16 Planned delivery. The overall consistency of agreement, for criterion validity (ICC 0.73) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.96), was good to almost perfect. CONCLUSION: The final GREET checklist comprises 17 items which are recommended for reporting EBP educational interventions. Further validation of the GREET checklist with experts in EBP research and education is recommended.

Allied health: integral to transforming health.

Objective South Australia is taking an innovative step in transforming the way its healthcare is organised and delivered to better manage current and future demands on the health system. In an environment of transforming health services, there are clear opportunities for allied health to assist in determining solutions to various healthcare challenges. A recent opinion piece proposed 10 clinician-driven strategies to assist in maximising value and sustainability of healthcare in Australia. The present study aimed to seek the perspectives of allied health clinicians, educators, researchers, policy makers and managers on these strategies and their relevance to allied health. Methods A survey of allied health practitioners was undertaken to capture their perspectives on the 10 clinician-driven strategies for maximising value and sustainability of healthcare in Australia. Survey findings were then layered with evidence from the literature. Results Highly relevant across allied health are the strategies of discontinuation of low value practices, targeting clinical interventions to those getting greatest benefit, active involvement of patients in shared decision making and self-management and advocating for integrated systems of care. Conclusions Allied health professionals have been involved in the South Australian healthcare system for a prolonged period, but their services are poorly recognised, often overlooked and not greatly supported in existing traditional practices. The results of the present study highlight ways in which healthcare services can implement strategies not only to improve the quality of patient outcomes, but also to offer innovative solutions for future, sustainable healthcare. The findings call for concerted efforts to increase the utilisation of allied health services to ensure the 'maximum value for spend' of the increasingly scarce health dollar. What is known about the topic? In medicine, clinician-driven strategies have been proposed to minimise inappropriate and costly care and maximise highly appropriate and less expensive care. These strategies were developed based on clinical experiences and with supporting evidence from scientific studies. What does this paper add? Major changes to the health system are required to slow down the growth in healthcare expenditure. This paper describes opportunities in which allied health practitioners can implement similar strategies not only to improve the quality of patient outcomes, but also to offer cost-effective solutions for a sustainable healthcare. What are the implications for practitioners? Allied health practitioners can provide solutions to healthcare challenges and assist in the transformation of healthcare in Australia. However, for this to happen, there should be concerted efforts to increase recognition of and support for the use of allied health services.

Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in Irradiated Breasts: Selecting Patients to Minimize Complications.

BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM) are increasingly common because of their cosmetic advantage. Radiotherapy (RT) has been a relative contraindication to immediate reconstruction because of concerns about increased complications. We aimed to evaluate outcomes of NSM plus immediate reconstruction in irradiated breasts and to determine additional risk factors for complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed NSM with immediate reconstruction from 2007 to 2013 at our institution. Complications were broken down into several categories. Potential risk factors for complications were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 982 NSM: 816 had no RT, 67 had prior RT, and 97 had postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). Compared to breasts with no RT, both prior RT and PMRT increased overall complications (10.2 vs. 21.7 and 17.5%, p = 0.003, 0.03, respectively) and nipple loss (0.9 vs. 4.3 and 4.1%, p = 0.04, 0.02, respectively), while PMRT increased rate of reconstruction failure (2.2 vs. 8.2%, p = 0.003). On multivariate regression analysis, prior RT [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, p = 0.006], PMRT (OR 2.29, p = 0.015), age >55 years (OR 2.03, p = 0.04), breast volume ≥800 cm(3) (OR 1.96, p = 0.04), smoking (OR 2.62, p = 0.001), and periareolar incision (OR 1.74, p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for complications requiring surgical revision. In irradiated breasts, complication rates were 13.4% without further risk factors and 17.5, 50, and 66.7% when 1, 2, and ≥3 additional independent risk factors were present, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although complication rates were higher in irradiated breasts, reconstruction failure and nipple/areola necrosis was infrequent. RT should not be a contraindication to NSM. Preoperative identification of risk factors and appropriate patient selection may reduce complication rates.

Breast Cancer Risk and Follow-up Recommendations for Young Women Diagnosed with Atypical Hyperplasia and Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS).

BACKGROUND: The risk of breast cancer in young women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia and (LCIS) is not well defined. The objectives were to evaluate outcomes and to help determine guidelines for follow-up in this population. METHODS: A retrospective review of women under age 35 diagnosed with ADH, ALH, LCIS, and severe ADH from 1987 to 2010 was performed. Patient characteristics, pathology and follow-up were determined from chart review. RESULTS: We identified 58 young women with atypical breast lesions. Median age at diagnosis was 31 years (range 19-34). 34 patients had ADH, 11 had ALH, 8 had LCIS, and 5 had severe ADH. 7 (12%) patients developed breast cancer. The median follow-up was 86 months (range 1-298). Median time to cancer diagnosis was 90 months (range 37-231). 4 cancers were on the same side, 3 were contralateral. 4 were IDC, 1 was ILC, and 2 were DCIS. Cancer was detected by screening mammogram in 4 patients, 2 by clinical exam, and 1 unknown. In the entire cohort, 26 (45%) patients had screening mammograms as part of their follow up, 12 patients had only clinical follow up, and 20 had no additional follow up. 13 patients required subsequent biopsies. CONCLUSION: Young women with atypical breast lesions are at a markedly increased risk for developing breast cancer and should be followed closely. Based on our findings, we recommend close clinical follow-up, MRI starting at age 25 through age 29, and screening mammograms for those over 30 in this high-risk group of patients.

Risk factors and predictors of severity score and complications of pediatric hemorrhagic cystitis.

PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed our institutional incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis, identified risk factors, and examined associations of risk factors with disease severity and genitourinary complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed charts of all consecutive pediatric patients treated from 1986 to 2010. We analyzed demographics, underlying diagnosis and treatment data to assess risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis. We also correlated disease severity scores with clinical predisposing factors, and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to examine associations between risk factors and outcomes. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic cystitis was observed in 97 of 6,119 children (1.6%), most of whom (75%) had severity scores of II or III. Mean ± SD age was 12.2 ± 6.3 years for patients with hemorrhagic cystitis and 10.5 ± 7 years for patients without hemorrhagic cystitis (p = 0.017). On univariate analysis increased risk of hemorrhagic cystitis was significantly associated with age greater than 5 years, male gender, cyclophosphamide or busulfan chemotherapy, bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, pelvic radiotherapy and underlying diagnoses of rhabdomyosarcoma, acute leukemia and aplastic anemia. On multivariate analysis age greater than 5 years, allogeneic bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and pelvic radiotherapy were significantly associated with increased risk of hemorrhagic cystitis. Older age, late onset hemorrhagic cystitis, positive urine culture for BK virus and bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation were associated with greater disease severity. Patients with higher severity scores more frequently experienced bladder perforation, hydronephrosis, overall hemorrhagic cystitis complications, and increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels during followup. CONCLUSIONS: Older age, previous bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and BK virus in the urine are risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis and are associated with a higher severity score. Higher severity scores are associated with increased rates of genitourinary complications and renal impairment.

A systematic review of how studies describe educational interventions for evidence-based practice: stage 1 of the development of a reporting guideline.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review was to identify which information is included when reporting educational interventions used to facilitate foundational skills and knowledge of evidence-based practice (EBP) training for health professionals. This systematic review comprised the first stage in the three stage development process for a reporting guideline for educational interventions for EBP. METHODS: The review question was 'What information has been reported when describing educational interventions targeting foundational evidence-based practice knowledge and skills?'MEDLINE, Academic Search Premier, ERIC, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, Informit health, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until October - December 2011. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials reporting original data on educational interventions specific to developing foundational knowledge and skills of evidence-based practice were included.Studies were not appraised for methodological bias, however, reporting frequency and item commonality were compared between a random selection of studies included in the systematic review and a random selection of studies excluded as they were not controlled trials. Twenty-five data items were extracted by two independent reviewers (consistency > 90%). RESULTS: Sixty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 29 randomised, n = 32 non-randomised). The most consistently reported items were the learner's stage of training, professional discipline and the evaluation methods used (100%). The least consistently reported items were the instructor(s) previous teaching experience (n = 8, 13%), and student effort outside face to face contact (n = 1, 2%). CONCLUSION: This systematic review demonstrates inconsistencies in describing educational interventions for EBP in randomised and non-randomised trials. To enable educational interventions to be replicable and comparable, improvements in the reporting for educational interventions for EBP are required. In the absence of a specific reporting guideline, there are a range of items which are reported with variable frequency. Identifying the important items for describing educational interventions for facilitating foundational knowledge and skills in EBP remains to be determined. The findings of this systematic review will be used to inform the next stage in the development of a reporting guideline for educational interventions for EBP.

A Delphi survey to determine how educational interventions for evidence-based practice should be reported: stage 2 of the development of a reporting guideline.

BACKGROUND: Undertaking a Delphi exercise is recommended during the second stage in the development process for a reporting guideline. To continue the development for the Guideline for Reporting Evidence-based practice Educational interventions and Teaching (GREET) a Delphi survey was undertaken to determine the consensus opinion of researchers, journal editors and educators in evidence-based practice (EBP) regarding the information items that should be reported when describing an educational intervention for EBP. METHODS: A four round online Delphi survey was conducted from October 2012 to March 2013. The Delphi panel comprised international researchers, educators and journal editors in EBP. Commencing with an open-ended question, participants were invited to volunteer information considered important when reporting educational interventions for EBP. Over three subsequent rounds participants were invited to rate the importance of each of the Delphi items using an 11 point Likert rating scale (low 0 to 4, moderate 5 to 6, high 7 to 8 and very high >8). Consensus agreement was set a priori as at least 80 per cent participant agreement. Consensus agreement was initially calculated within the four categories of importance (low to very high), prior to these four categories being merged into two (<7 and ≥7). Descriptive statistics for each item were computed including the mean Likert scores, standard deviation (SD), range and median participant scores. Mean absolute deviation from the median (MAD-M) was also calculated as a measure of participant disagreement. RESULTS: Thirty-six experts agreed to participate and 27 (79%) participants completed all four rounds. A total of 76 information items were generated across the four survey rounds. Thirty-nine items (51%) were specific to describing the intervention (as opposed to other elements of study design) and consensus agreement was achieved for two of these items (5%). When the four rating categories were merged into two (<7 and ≥7), 18 intervention items achieved consensus agreement. CONCLUSION: This Delphi survey has identified 39 items for describing an educational intervention for EBP. These Delphi intervention items will provide the groundwork for the subsequent consensus discussion to determine the final inclusion of items in the GREET, the first reporting guideline for educational interventions in EBP.

Prevention and Treatment of Lymphedema in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) affects many breast cancer survivors and drastically affects their quality of life. There are several surveillance methods for BCRL that are critical at early detection. Prevention of BCRL involves knowledge of alternatives to aggressive axillary surgery, avoidance of axillary surgery, and de-escalation of axillary surgery. There are also techniques to better delineate the anatomy in the axilla to avoid taking nodes that drain the upper extremity. A multidisciplinary approach with medical oncology and radiation oncology can also help avoid unnecessary surgery or radiation that can together strongly increase the risk of BCRL.

Telehealth usability in a university student physiotherapy clinic during COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: 'Telehealth' online delivery of physiotherapy was the only option during the Covid 19 pandemic in many areas. This was a challenge for physiotherapy training in student clinics where students, clinical educators (CEs) and clients were in three separate locations. The aim of this study was to determine the usability and acceptability of online delivery in a physiotherapy student clinic. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional design was used. Clients (adult clients or carers of paediatric clients), students and CEs participated in telehealth physiotherapy appointments over a Telehealth platform called NeoRehab. The three groups were then invited to complete the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ). The 21 item TUQ uses a 7-point Likert scale and covers six constructs (Usefulness, Ease of Use, Interface quality, Interaction quality, Reliability, Satisfaction). RESULTS: Data were analysed from 39 clients, 15 students, and seven CEs. The respective domain scores (SD) for Usefulness [(5.3 (1.5), 5.4 (0.7), 5.1 (0.7)] and Satisfaction [5.1 (1.6), 5.0 (1.0), 5.4 (0.7)] were similarly high across groups, while scores for Reliability [3.7 (1.5), 3.6 (1.0), 3.0 (0.5)] were similarly low across groups. Interface Quality [5.0 (1.5), 4.5 (1.2), 4.1 (0.8)] scores were similarly moderate. Ease of Use [5.6 (1.5), 5.3 (1.0), 4.1 (1.1)] scores were significantly higher in clients than CEs (p = 0.043). Interaction Quality [5.0 (1.4), 3.9 (1.3), 4.2 (0.9)] scores were significantly higher in clients compared with students (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: All groups agreed that the delivery format was useful, easy to use and provided a satisfactory service but was not reliable.