RESUMEN
The inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of breast cancer needs to be adequately captured in pre-clinical models. We have created a large collection of breast cancer patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs), in which the morphological and molecular characteristics of the originating tumor are preserved through passaging in the mouse. An integrated platform combining in vivo maintenance of these PDTXs along with short-term cultures of PDTX-derived tumor cells (PDTCs) was optimized. Remarkably, the intra-tumor genomic clonal architecture present in the originating breast cancers was mostly preserved upon serial passaging in xenografts and in short-term cultured PDTCs. We assessed drug responses in PDTCs on a high-throughput platform and validated several ex vivo responses in vivo. The biobank represents a powerful resource for pre-clinical breast cancer pharmacogenomic studies (http://caldaslab.cruk.cam.ac.uk/bcape), including identification of biomarkers of response or resistance.
Asunto(s)
Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Neoplasias de la Mama , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Animales , Biomarcadores Farmacológicos , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Femenino , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Ratones , Pruebas de Farmacogenómica , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
In Rspondin-based 3D cultures, Lgr5 stem cells from multiple organs form ever-expanding epithelial organoids that retain their tissue identity. We report the establishment of tumor organoid cultures from 20 consecutive colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. For most, organoids were also generated from adjacent normal tissue. Organoids closely recapitulate several properties of the original tumor. The spectrum of genetic changes within the "living biobank" agrees well with previous large-scale mutational analyses of CRC. Gene expression analysis indicates that the major CRC molecular subtypes are represented. Tumor organoids are amenable to high-throughput drug screens allowing detection of gene-drug associations. As an example, a single organoid culture was exquisitely sensitive to Wnt secretion (porcupine) inhibitors and carried a mutation in the negative Wnt feedback regulator RNF43, rather than in APC. Organoid technology may fill the gap between cancer genetics and patient trials, complement cell-line- and xenograft-based drug studies, and allow personalized therapy design. PAPERCLIP.
Asunto(s)
Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales/métodos , Organoides , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos , Organoides/efectos de los fármacos , Medicina de Precisión , Ubiquitina-Proteína LigasasRESUMEN
Clinical responses to anticancer therapies are often restricted to a subset of patients. In some cases, mutated cancer genes are potent biomarkers for responses to targeted agents. Here, to uncover new biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to cancer therapeutics, we screened a panel of several hundred cancer cell lines--which represent much of the tissue-type and genetic diversity of human cancers--with 130 drugs under clinical and preclinical investigation. In aggregate, we found that mutated cancer genes were associated with cellular response to most currently available cancer drugs. Classic oncogene addiction paradigms were modified by additional tissue-specific or expression biomarkers, and some frequently mutated genes were associated with sensitivity to a broad range of therapeutic agents. Unexpected relationships were revealed, including the marked sensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma cells harbouring the EWS (also known as EWSR1)-FLI1 gene translocation to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. By linking drug activity to the functional complexity of cancer genomes, systematic pharmacogenomic profiling in cancer cell lines provides a powerful biomarker discovery platform to guide rational cancer therapeutic strategies.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Genes Relacionados con las Neoplasias/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Genómica , Humanos , Indoles/farmacología , Neoplasias/patología , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Farmacogenética , Ftalazinas/farmacología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas , Proteína Proto-Oncogénica c-fli-1/genética , Proteína EWS de Unión a ARN/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/tratamiento farmacológico , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologíaRESUMEN
Drug sensitivity testing utilizing preclinical disease models such as cancer cell lines is an important and widely used tool for drug development. Importantly, when combined with molecular data such as gene copy number variation or somatic coding mutations, associations between drug sensitivity and molecular data can be used to develop markers to guide patient therapies. The use of organoids as a preclinical cancer model has become possible following recent work demonstrating that organoid cultures can be derived from patient tumors with a high rate of success. A genetic analysis of colon cancer organoids found that these models encompassed the majority of the somatic variants present within the tumor from which it was derived, and capture much of the genetic diversity of colon cancer observed in patients. Importantly, the systematic sensitivity testing of organoid cultures to anticancer drugs identified clinical gene-drug interactions, suggestive of their potential as preclinical models for testing anticancer drug sensitivity. In this chapter, we describe how to perform medium/high-throughput drug sensitivity screens using 3D organoid cell cultures.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales/métodos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos/métodos , Organoides/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Organoides/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The protocol Drug Sensitivity Assays of Human Cancer Organoid Cultures has now been made available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.